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Abstract Background The child cancer, neuroblastoma (NB), is characterised by a low incidence of mutations and strong oncogenic embryonal driver signals. Many new targeted epigenetic modifier drugs have failed in human trials as monotherapy. Methods We performed a high‐throughput, combination chromatin‐modifier drug screen against NB cells. We screened 13 drug candidates in 78 unique combinations. Results We found that the combination of two histone methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitors: GSK343, targeting EZH2, and SGC0946, targeting DOT1L, demonstrated the strongest synergy across 8 NB cell lines, with low normal fibroblast toxicity. High mRNA expression of both EZH2 and DOT1L in NB tumour samples correlated with the poorest patient survival. Combination HMT inhibitor treatment caused activation of ATF4‐mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses. In addition, glutathione and several amino acids were depleted by HMT inhibitor combination on mass spectrometry analysis. The combination of SGC0946 and GSK343 reduced tumour growth in comparison to single agents. Conclusion Our results support further investigation of HMT inhibitor combinations as a therapeutic approach in NB.

Summary: Peripheral neuroblastic tumors (PNTs) represent a spectrum of neural-crest-derived tumors, including neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma. Malignant cells in PNTs are theorized to interconvert between adrenergic/noradrenergic and mesenchymal/neural crest cell states. Here, single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of 10 PNTs demonstrates extensive transcriptomic heterogeneity. Trajectory modeling suggests that malignant neuroblasts move between adrenergic and mesenchymal cell states via an intermediate state that we term “transitional.” Transitional cells express programs linked to a sympathoadrenal development and aggressive tumor phenotypes such as rapid proliferation and tumor dissemination. Among primary bulk tumor patient cohorts, high expression of the transitional gene signature is predictive of poor prognosis compared with adrenergic and mesenchymal expression patterns. High transitional gene expression in neuroblastoma cell lines identifies a similar transitional H3K27-acetylation super-enhancer landscape. Collectively, our study supports the concept that PNTs have phenotypic plasticity and uncovers potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

SPI1 fusion genes in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) are commonly found with co-occurring NRAS mutations. Here, the authors show that the combination of these oncogenes is necessary to drive T-ALL in a murine model and that the oncogenic activity of the SPI1 fusion is dependent on β-catenin.