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1. Anticoagulant therapy in COVID‐19: A narrative review

Author

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Ali Tavakoli Pirzaman, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Arefeh Babazadeh, Mohamad Ali Taghizadeh Moghadam, Seyed Rouhollah Miri, Terence T. Sio, Mark J. M. Sullman, Mohammad Barary, and Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subjects
Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), can manifest itself in several ways, including coagulopathy and thrombosis. These complications can be the first and sometimes only manifestations of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and can occur early or late in the course of the disease. However, these symptoms are more prevalent in hospitalized patients with venous thromboembolism, particularly those admitted to intensive care units. Moreover, various forms of arterial and venous thrombosis, or micro‐ or macro‐vasculature embolisms, have been reported during the current pandemic. They have led to harmful consequences, such as neurological and cardiac events, nearly all resulting from the hypercoagulable state caused by this viral infection. The severe hypercoagulability observed in patients with COVID‐19 accounts for most cases of the disease that become critical. Therefore, anticoagulants seem to be one of the most vital therapeutics for treating this potentially life‐threatening condition. In the current paper, we present a thorough review of the pathophysiology of COVID‐19‐induced hypercoagulable state and the use of anticoagulants to treat SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in different patient groups, as well as their pros and cons.

Published
2023
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2. Mistreatment with maggot therapy in diabetic foot ulcer causing an amputation

Author

Arefeh Babazadeh, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, and Sara Mohammadnia

Subjects
diabetes mellitus, diabetic foot ulcer, maggot therapy, mistreatment, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Key Clinical Message Maggot therapy is one of the treatments used in diabetic foot ulcer management. But if we do not pay attention to the indications and contraindications of it, there might be a failure in the treatment.

Published
2023
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3. Lyme neuroborreliosis: A case report

Author

Babak Sayad, Arefeh Babazadeh, Mohammad Barary, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Soheil Ebrahimpour, and Zeinab Mohseni Afshar

Subjects
borrelia infections, central nervous system infections, Lyme neuroborreliosis, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Key Clinical Message Lyme neuroborreliosis is the manifestation of Lyme borreliosis that impacts the nervous system. It gives rise to various neurological and psychiatric conditions, and its diagnosis is challenging. The timely administration of antibiotics is effective. Abstract A male patient, aged 55, was admitted to the emergency department due to the sudden onset of tonic–clonic seizures. All standard laboratory examinations yielded unremarkable outcomes, except a favorable Wright and 2‐mercaptoethanol test. The examination of cerebrospinal fluid revealed the presence of 380 white blood cells per milliliter. The protein level was also elevated, while the glucose level was within the normal range. The results of the serologic tests indicated the presence of both IgG and IgM antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi. Following the administration of ceftriaxone, a significant improvement was observed in the patient's medical status, and he was subsequently discharged. Lyme neuroborreliosis is the manifestation of Lyme borreliosis that impacts the nervous system. It gives rise to various neurological and psychiatric conditions, and its diagnosis is challenging. The timely administration of antibiotics is effective in treating patients.

Published
2023
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4. Joint modeling of longitudinal and competing risks for assessing blood oxygen saturation and its association with survival outcomes in COVID-19 patients

Author

Zahra Geraili, Karimollah HajianTilaki, Masomeh Bayani, Seyed R. Hosseini, Soraya Khafri, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Mostafa Javanian, Arefeh Babazadeh, and Mehran Shokri

Subjects
competing risk, covid-19, joint modeling of longitudinal and survival, linear mixed effect model, time-dependent cox regression model, Special aspects of education, LC8-6691, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the association between longitudinal and survival outcomes in the presence of competing risk events. To illustrate the application of joint modeling in clinical research, we assessed the blood oxygen saturation (SPO2) and its association with survival outcomes in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, we followed 300 COVID-19 patients, who were diagnosed with severe COVID-19 in the Rohani Hospital in Babol, the north of Iran from October 22, 2020 to March 5, 2021, where death was the event of interest, surviving was the competing risk event and SPO2 was the longitudinal outcome. Joint modeling analyses were compared to separate analyses for these data. RESULT: The estimation of the association parameter in the joint modeling verified the association between longitudinal outcome SPO2 with survival outcome of death (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.33, P = 0.001) and the competing risk outcome of surviving (HR = 4.18, P < 0.001). Based on the joint modeling, longitudinal outcome (SPO2) decreased in hypertension patients (β = -0.28, P = 0.581) and increased in those with a high level of SPO2 on admission (β = 0.75, P = 0.03). Also, in the survival submodel in the joint model, the risk of death survival outcome increased in patients with diabetes comorbidity (HR = 4.38, P = 0.026). CONCLUSION: The association between longitudinal measurements of SPO2 and survival outcomes of COVID-19 confirms that SPO2 is an important indicator in this disease. Thus, the application of this joint model can provide useful clinical evidence in the different areas of medical sciences.

Published
2024
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5. Clinical misdiagnosis of influenza infection with a confusing clinical course: A case report

Author

Arefeh Babazadeh, Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Mohammad Barary, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, and Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subjects
COVID‐19, diagnostic errors, H1N1 subtype, human, influenza A virus, influenza, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Abstract A 32‐year‐old woman with a history of hypothyroidism and major depressive disorder was admitted with severe weakness and somnolence. She had tachycardia and hypotension, indicative of severe dehydration, and was treated with a vasopressor and sodium bicarbonate, but her clinical manifestations deteriorated. A high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan showed a patchy ground glass appearance with interlobular septal thickening, suggesting pneumonia. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was requested for the influenza A virus (IAV), which was positive. The patient was treated with oseltamivir and discharged with improved clinical symptoms.

Published
2023
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6. Challenges posed by COVID‐19 in cancer patients: A narrative review

Author

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Mohammad Barary, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Amirmasoud Alijanpour, Babak Sayad, Dariush Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Rouhollah Miri, Terence T. Sio, Mark J. M. Sullman, Kristin Carson‐Chahhoud, and Arefeh Babazadeh

Subjects
cancer, COVID‐19, immunodeficiency, SARS‐CoV‐2, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

Abstract A novel coronavirus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), was identified as the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). In early 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID‐19 the sixth public health emergency of international concern. The COVID‐19 pandemic has substantially affected many groups within the general population, but particularly those with extant clinical conditions, such as having or being treated for cancer. Cancer patients are at a higher risk of developing severe COVID‐19 since the malignancy and chemotherapy may negatively affect the immune system, and their immunocompromised condition also increases the risk of infection. Substantial international efforts are currently underway to develop specific methods for diagnosing and treating COVID‐19. However, cancer patients’ risk profiles, management, and outcomes are not well understood. Thus, the main objective of this review is to discuss the relevant evidence to understand the prognosis of COVID‐19 infections in cancer patients more clearly, as well as helping to improve the clinical management of these patients.

Published
2022
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7. One-year prevalence and the association between SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold, comorbidity and outcomes in population of Babol, North of Iran (2020-2021).

Author

Mehrdad Halaji, Abazar Pournajaf, Farzin Sadeghi, Ali Hasanzadeh, Mohammad Chehrazi, Hemmat Gholinia, Fatemeh Hejazi Amiri, Saghar Saber Amoli, Mostafa Javanian, Masoumeh Bayani, Mahmoud Sadeghi Haddad Zavareh, Mehran Shokri, Arefeh Babazadeh, Mana Bazi Broun, Mohsen Mohammadi, Hamed Mehdinezhad, Mahmoud Monadi, Parviz Amri Maleh, Hamid Reza Nouri, Abdolreza Daraei, Mahdie Yousefnia Pasha, Mehdi Tourani, Seyed Raheleh Ahmadian, Nadia Esmailzadeh, Seyyedeh Maedeh Mirtabar, Shakiba Asadi, Behnaz Yousefghahary, Mansour Babaei, Majid Nabipour, and Yousef Yahyapour

Subjects
covid-19, hospitalized, health care worker, outpatient, cycle threshold (ct), Internal medicine, RC31-1245
Abstract

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the one-year prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, common comorbidities and demographic information among negative- and positive rRT-PCR in health care workers (HCW), hospitalized and outpatients. Also, the association between SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold (Ct) and the outcomes of patients were analyzed in Babol, northern Iran. Methods: This large retrospective cross-sectional study was performed between March 2020 and March 2021. The records of 19232 hospitalized, outpatients and HCW suspected to COVID-19 were collected from teaching hospitals in the North of Iran. Results: Out of the 19232 suspected to COVID-19 patients, 7251 (37.7%) had a positive rRT-PCR result; 652 (9%), 4599 (63.4%) and 2000 (27.6%) of those were categorized as HCW, hospitalized and outpatients, respectively. Moreover, between the hospitalized and the outpatient group, 10.2 and 0.8% cases died, whereas no death cases were reported in the HCW. Furthermore, it seems that death rate was significantly different between the three groups of Ct value, the highest mortality in those with Ct between 21 and 30 (group B=7.6%) and the lowest in the group with the highest Ct (between 31 and 40 = 5.5%) (p

Published
2022

8. Prevalence of Psychological Distress and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Associated Factors in Hospitalized Iranian COVID-19 Patients

Author

Mahobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Chehrazi, Farzan Kheirkhah, Angela Hamidia, Fatemeh Gheisari, Mahbobeh Khoozan, Romina Hemzepour, Alireza Sefidchian, Seyed Davood Hosseini, Alireza Azizi, Sakineh Javadian, Arman Masoudi, Seyedeh Mahboobeh Mirtabar, Mahmood Sadeghi, Mehran Shokri, Mahmood Monadi, Babak Yeganeh, Masomeh Bayani, Sima Mohseni Ahangar, Najmeh Alijanzadeh, Mostafa Javanian, and Arefeh Babazadeh

Subjects
inpatients, stress disorders, post-traumatic, psychological distress, intensive care unit, covid-19, iran, Medicine
Abstract

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms/distress and posttraumatic stress (PTS) and associated factors among inpatients with COVID-19 before discharge from the hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two teaching referral hospitals in Babol, Iran from July to November 2020. The subjects were inpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 who were clinically stable. Before their discharge from the hospital, the patients completed three questionnaires: demographic data, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Primary Care Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Screen for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5. Results: The subjects were 477 inpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 including 40 (8.4%) admitted to intensive care units. Their average age was 60.5±17.9 years; 53.9% were female. Most had symptoms of significant psychological distress (96.0%) and PTS (8.1%) prior to discharge. A higher level of education (-0.18; standard error (SE) = 0.05; p < 0.001) was a negative predictor of psychiatric distress. The admission to intensive care units (0.86; SE = 0.08; p< 0.001) was a positive predictor of psychiatric distress. Conclusions: Most COVID-19 inpatients suffered significant psychiatric distress and PTS symptoms before discharge. Appropriate mental health crisis interventions are recommended for COVID-19 patients during hospitalization.

Published
2023
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9. Mortality in ICU COVID-19 Patients Is Associated with Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR): Utility of NLR as a Promising Immunohematological Marker

Author

Shahram Seyfi, Abbas Azadmehr, Khadijeh Ezoji, Majid Nabipour, Arefeh Babazadeh, Kiarash Saleki, Mehdi Mahmoodi, and Amir Hossein Pouladi

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Background. Achieving a suitable medical laboratory index is very important for the prediction of clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients hospitalized to the intensive care unit (ICU). The correlation between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and unfavorable outcome of COVID-19 patients hospitalized to ICU was the aim of this study. Methods. We evaluated a cross-sectional study of 312 COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized to the ICU (confirmed by PCR and CT-Scan), in Babol city, Mazandaran province. WBC, RBC, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, platelet count, NLR, C-reactive protein (CRP), ESR, MCV, MHC, and other factors were evaluated. Results. Our findings indicated that all patients aged 56 to 69 years with COVID-19 had a significant difference (P

Published
2023
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10. Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections after vaccination: a critical review

Author

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Mohammad Barary, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Amirmasoud Alijanpour, Dariush Hosseinzadeh, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Kosar Nazary, Terence T. Sio, Mark J. M. Sullman, Kristin Carson-Chahhoud, and Arefeh Babazadeh

Subjects
sars-cov-2, breakthrough, vaccination, covid-19, immunization, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950
Abstract

At the beginning of the current pandemic, it was believed that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection would induce lifelong immunity and that reinfections would be unlikely. However, after several cases of reinfection were documented in previously infected patients, this was understood to be a false assumption, and this waning humoral immunity has raised significant concerns. Accordingly, long-term and durable vaccine-induced antibody protection against infection have also become a challenge, as several breakthroughs of COVID-19 infection have been identified in individuals who were fully vaccinated. This review discusses the current evidence on breakthrough COVID-19 infections occurring after vaccination.

Published
2022
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11. COVID-19 vaccination challenges: A mini-review

Author

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Mohammad Barary, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Bardia Karim, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Kosar Nazary, Terence T. Sio, Mark J. M. Sullman, Kristin Carson-Chahhoud, Emaduddin Moudi, and Arefeh Babazadeh

Subjects
sars-cov-2, covid-19, vaccine, vaccine development, immunization, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950
Abstract

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the infection of many people across the globe, over six million deaths, and has placed an unprecedented burden on public health worldwide. The pandemic has led to the high-speed development and production of vaccines against the COVID-19, as vaccines can end the pandemic. At the beginning of the program, vaccinations were initially targeted only at high-risk groups, such as the elderly, those with comorbidities, or healthcare workers. Although most of the mentioned populations have received the two recommended doses, limited resources have left many authorities with an effective vaccine undersupply. Therefore, policies have been implemented to manage the available doses of the vaccines more efficiently. As there is no universally agreed consensus on this topic, we discuss the different recommendations and guidelines regarding the time interval between the two vaccine doses and explain the different scenarios for applying the two doses.

Published
2022
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12. Do we miss rare adverse events induced by COVID-19 vaccination?

Author

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Ali Tavakoli Pirzaman, Jackson J. Liang, Akanksha Sharma, Marzieh Pirzadeh, Arefeh Babazadeh, Erfan Hashemi, Niloofar Deravi, Sadaf Abdi, Amirreza Allahgholipour, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Zahra Vaziri, Terence T. Sio, Mark J. M. Sullman, Mohammad Barary, and Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subjects
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, drug-related side effects and adverse reactions, vaccination, pandemic (COVID-19), Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused many complications, the invention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines has also brought about several adverse events, from common side effects to unexpected and rare ones. Common vaccine-related adverse reactions manifest locally or systematically following any vaccine, including COVID-19 vaccines. Specific side effects, known as adverse events of particular interest (AESI), are unusual and need more evaluation. Here, we discuss some of the most critical rare adverse events of COVID-19 vaccines.

Published
2022
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13. Tuberculosis arthritis of ankle: A case report

Author

Babak Sayad, Arefeh Babazadeh, Sakineh Shabani, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Mohammad Barary, Soheil Ebrahimpour, and Zeinab Mohseni Afshar

Subjects
arthritis, infection, tuberculosis, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) primarily involves the respiratory tract, but any organ in the body can be affected. In recent years, extrapulmonary TB cases have significantly increased due to the prevalence of immunocompromised patients. Here, we report a case of unilateral ankle arthritis due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Published
2022
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14. Coronavirus disease 2019 infection in kidney transplant recipients: A clinical case series

Author

Masoumeh Asgharpour, Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Arefeh Babazadeh, and Sahar Oladzad

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Kidney transplant recipients appear to be at increased risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness due to some factors such as comorbidities and chronic immunosuppression. Here, we report four cases of COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients. The one case in this series with the high D-dimer levels and receiving tacrolimus had the worst outcome among reported patients. Other patients had better outcomes that probably due to the effect of immunosuppressive therapy in the prevention of COVID-19-induced cytokine storm. It was suggested that a high D-dimer level occurred in critical patients and likely prognostic and also, the immunosuppressive effect of some treatment regimens.

Published
2021
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15. Prognostic accuracy of inflammatory markers in predicting risk of ICU admission for COVID-19: application of time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves

Author

Zahra Geraili, Karimollah Hajian-Tilaki, Masomeh Bayani, Seyed Reza Hosseini, Soraya Khafri, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Mostafa Javanian, Arefeh Babazadeh, and Mehran Shokri

Subjects
Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Objective Intensive care unit (ICU) admission occurs at different times during hospitalization among patients with COVID-19. We aimed to evaluate the time-dependent receive operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve, AUC(t), and accuracy of baseline levels of inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting time to an ICU admission event in patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Methods In this observational study, we evaluated 724 patients with confirmed severe COVID-19 referred to Ayatollah Rohani Hospital, affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Results The AUC(t) of CRP and NLR reached 0.741 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.661–0.820) and 0.690 (95% CI: 0.607–0.772), respectively, in the first 3 days after hospital admission. The optimal cutoff values of CRP and NLR for stratification of ICU admission outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 were 78 mg/L and 5.13, respectively. The risk of ICU admission was significantly greater for patients with these cutoff values (CRP hazard ratio = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.58–5.62; NLR hazard ratio = 2.90; 95% CI: 1.45–5.77). Conclusions Using time-dependent ROC curves, CRP and NLR values at hospital admission were important predictors of ICU admission. This approach is more efficient than using standard ROC curves.

Published
2022
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16. Neurologic manifestations in patients with COVID-19: A case series

Author

Soheil Ebrahimpour, Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Sima Mohseni, Jila Masrour-roudsari, Sahar Oladzade, Masomeh Bayani, and Arefeh Babazadeh

Subjects
covid-19, neurologic manifestations, case series, Internal medicine, RC31-1245
Abstract

Background: There are very few reports about the neurological complications of COVID-19.We describe two COVID-19 patients with neurologic presentations. Case Presentation: Herein we present neurological manifestations in 2 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The patients showed most common symptoms of COVID-19 along with common conflicts in CT scans of lung such as ground-glass opacities (GGOs). First case revealed two episodes of generalized tonic–clonic seizures; brain CT scan in second patients revealed an extensive hypodense lesion in the left cerebellar hemisphere. All cases received supportive care, antibiotics, and antiviral medications. All cases were discharged with a good general condition. Conclusion: The current case series report the association between neurological involvements and COVID-19. Clinicians should be aware of neurologic symptoms in the setting of COVID-19, which might even be the first presentations of this infection.

Published
2020

17. Vital role of chest CT in diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Author

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Mostafa Javanian, VeneelaKrishna Rekha Vasigala, jila Masrour-Roudsari, and Arefeh Babazadeh

Subjects
covid-19, chest computed tomography (ct) scan, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), ground-glass opacities, Internal medicine, RC31-1245
Abstract

In December 2019, a new virus called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causing severe acute respiratory syndrome emerged in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread to other areas of China and other regions of the world. Since it was a discovery, COVID-19 has spread to several countries and to this date, affecting about 2,329,651 people and caused about 160,721 deaths. Since most COVID-19 infected cases were diagnosed with pneumonia and characteristic chest computed tomography (CT) scan patterns, radiological examinations have become an important tool in early diagnosis. Nowadays, CT findings combined with normal blood cells (WBCs), lymphopenia and a history of epidemiological exposure have been used as criteria for clinical diagnosis of COVID-19. It is noteworthy that reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test is still gold standard for the diagnosis. This review focuses on role of chest CT in the clinical evaluation of disease progression and more accurate diagnosis.

Published
2020

18. Phenotypic and Genotypic Detection of Metallo-Beta-Lactamases in Carbapenem Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

Author

Zahra Moulana, Arefeh Babazadeh, Zohreh Eslamdost, Mehran Shokri, and Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subjects
acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem resistance, metallo-beta-lactamases, modified hodge test, Internal medicine, RC31-1245
Abstract

Background: Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii has become a major concern for treating physicians. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metallo β-lactamase (MBL) genes (bla VIM , and blaIMP) among isolated multidrug-resistant A. baumannii . Methods: Fifty non-repetitive carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolates were collected. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by disk diffusion method. MICs were determined by E test method. The resistant strains were tested for the production of carbapenemases by the Modified Hodge Test (MHT) followed by EDTA-disk synergy test was performed for metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) phenotypic detection. Detection of bla VIM , and blaIMP was performed by PCR followed by sequencing. Results: All isolates had a multidrug resistant profile, and were all resistant to all antibiotics including the carbapenems but remained susceptible to colistin. Among these isolates, Carbapenemase production was confirmed by the Modified Hodge test for 42 (84%) isolates. Phenotypic method showed the production of MBL in 15 (30%) isolates. PCR techniques revealed that out of 50 isolates, 13 (26%) were positive for blaVIM and all were negative for blaIMP. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the high prevalence of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter species with MBL production is one of the main concerns in our country and this situation needs strict infection control measures.

Published
2020

19. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), MERS and SARS: Similarity and difference

Author

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Mostafa Javanian, Veerendra Koppolu, Veneela Krishna Rekha Vasigala, Amir Hossein Hasanpour, and Arefeh Babazadeh

Subjects
covid-19, middle east respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19. Since its outbreak in December 2019, COVID-19 has swept the globe. By 17 July 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) had confirmed 13 119 239 cases and 573 752 deaths, and the numbers are still rising. Current evidence shows that COVID-19 is lower than severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome in terms of severity and mortality risk, although the infections are particularly more severe in patients with underlying medical conditions. The bulk of COVID-19 patients had close contact with confirmed cases, but an exact origin and specific transmission for COVID-19 are still unknown. As there is no approved antiviral treatment for COVID-19 infection, proper prevention and control practices are essential to control the infection. To have an insight view of COVID-19, we summarized and compared the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention measures of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and Middle East respiratory syndrome.

Published
2020
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20. COVID‐19 vaccine‐related new‐onset lichen planus

Author

Arefeh Babazadeh, Ronak Miladi, Mohammad Barary, Maria Shirvani, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Zeinab Aryanian, and Zeinab Mohseni Afshar

Subjects
COVID‐19, dermatology, lichen planus, SARS‐CoV‐2, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccines significantly impacted world health and well‐being. However, various adverse events have been observed following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccination. Cutaneous reactions have been prevalent following many vaccines, including COVID‐19 vaccines. Here, we present a case of new‐onset lichen planus in a patient who received the COVID‐19 vaccine at the same time as being infected with SARS‐CoV‐2. A 52‐year‐old woman presented to the clinic with extensive pruritic skin lesions. The eruptions had appeared a week after her second dose of the Sinopharm COVID‐19 vaccine. She mentioned a history of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection approximately 10 days following the first dose of her vaccine, causing a 1‐month delay in getting the second dose. Her past medical history was not significant. On examination, erythematous and squamous papules were demonstrated predominantly on the extremities, including inguinal and axillary folds. Moreover, desquamation of the lips was visible, and buccal lesions were also found. After consultation with a dermatologist, a skin biopsy was indicated for the patient, but she refused to undergo the procedure. Therefore, considering the typical appearance of the eruptions, lichen planus was suspected, for which she was treated with oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids.

Published
2022
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21. Knowledge and Attitude of Iranian University Students toward Genital Warts

Author

Zeinab Aryanian, Maedeh Mohammadi, Arefeh Babazadeh, Parvaneh Hatami, Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Azadeh Goodarzi, Ifa Etesami, Mohammad Barary, Soheil Ebrahimpour, and Parisa Sabbagh

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the well-known causes of cervical cancer and one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Since cervical cancer is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in women, this study was performed to investigate Iranian medical students’ knowledge and attitudes towards genital warts. This cross-sectional study assessed the perception and attitudes of 385 students at Babol University of Medical Sciences using a preconceived questionnaire. The participants’ mean age was 23.70 ± 3.27 years, with a range of 20–50 years. Evaluation of these students’ level of general information about HPV showed that 7 (1.8%) students had inadequate general information, 34 (8.8%) had moderate knowledge, and 344 (89.4%) had good general knowledge in this regard. There was also a significant association between students’ general knowledge of HPV and their field of study. Based on our results, the knowledge of the majority of Babol University of Medical Sciences students about genital warts was in a good range, and their knowledge about HPV routes of transmission was of moderate level. Moreover, the majority had an appropriate attitude to interact with people infected with HPV.

Published
2022
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22. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant: A Challenge with COVID-19

Author

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Ali Tavakoli Pirzaman, Bardia Karim, Shiva Rahimipour Anaraki, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Elaheh Sanjari Pireivatlou, Arefeh Babazadeh, Dariush Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Rouhollah Miri, Terence T. Sio, Mark J. M. Sullman, Mohammad Barary, and Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subjects
omicron, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, variants of concern, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there have been multiple peaks of the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virus 2) infection, mainly due to the emergence of new variants, each with a new set of mutations in the viral genome, which have led to changes in the pathogenicity, transmissibility, and morbidity. The Omicron variant is the most recent variant of concern (VOC) to emerge and was recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 26 November 2021. The Omicron lineage is phylogenetically distinct from earlier variants, including the previously dominant Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant. The reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) test, rapid antigen assays, and chest computed tomography (CT) scans can help diagnose the Omicron variant. Furthermore, many agents are expected to have therapeutic benefits for those infected with the Omicron variant, including TriSb92, molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and their combination, corticosteroids, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor blockers. Despite being milder than previous variants, the Omicron variant threatens many lives, particularly among the unvaccinated, due to its higher transmissibility, pathogenicity, and infectivity. Mounting evidence has reported the most common clinical manifestations of the Omicron variant to be fever, runny nose, sore throat, severe headache, and fatigue. This review summarizes the essential features of the Omicron variant, including its history, genome, transmissibility, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and the effectiveness of existing vaccines against this VOC.

Published
2023
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23. Bell’s Palsy Associated with COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report

Author

Arefeh Babazadeh, Mandana Afsharian, Siavash Vaziri, and Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subjects
bell palsy, covid-19, corticosteroids, Medicine
Abstract

The COVID-19 has a wide range of symptoms. This novel infectious disease may also trigger a vast range of neurological involvements. The current report describes a case of COVID-19 complicated with Bell’s palsy. A 64-year-old woman with diabetes was admitted due to abrupt left hemifacial weakness. On examination, her left hemifacial expression ability was impaired so that her face seemed asymmetrical during smiling, and numbness around the left nasolabial fold was detected. Furthermore, her ability to wink was impaired, and her eyebrow drooped. A brain computed tomography (CT) scan did not show any abnormalities. A lung CT scan was performed, which demonstrated bilateral ground-glass opacity (GGO), along with RT-PCR results indicative of COVID-19. A diagnosis of Bell’s palsy in the setting of COVID-19 infection was made. She received antiviral agents and corticosteroids. At two week follow-up, her symptoms had improved. During the COVID-19 epidemic, any newly occurred neurological involvement raises the suspicion of COVID-19 infection.

Published
2021
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24. C-Reactive Protein as a Prognostic Indicator in COVID-19 Patients

Author

Mahmoud Sadeghi-Haddad-Zavareh, Masomeh Bayani, Mehran Shokri, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Arefeh Babazadeh, Rahele Mehraeen, Emadoddin Moudi, Ali Rostami, Mohammad Barary, Akram Hosseini, Ali Bijani, and Mostafa Javanian

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

While some biomolecules have been explored to identify potential biomarkers for the prognosis of COVID-19 patients, there is no reliable prognostic indicator of the disease progression and severity. We aimed to evaluate the ability of the C-reactive protein (CRP) to predict COVID-19 infection outcome. This retrospective study was conducted on 429 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 30, 2020, and April 30, 2020. The study population was divided into severe (n = 175) and nonsevere cases (n = 254). Data on demographic characteristics, clinical features, and laboratory findings on admission were collected. The proportion of patients with increased CRP levels was significantly higher in severe cases than in nonsevere patients. Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve found that CRP could be used as an independent factor in predicting the severity of COVID-19. Also, patients with CRP >64.75 mg/L were more likely to have severe complications. In conclusion, CRP serum levels can predict the severity and progression of illness in patients with COVID-19.

Published
2021
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25. The Role of ACE2 Receptors of the Olfactory System in Anosmia in COVID-19: An Overview

Author

Mohammad Javad Nasr, Ali Alizadeh Khatir, Arefeh Babazadeh, and Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subjects
Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The latest data show that more than 211.7 million people were infected and more than 4.4 million deaths have been reported. The illness presents a wide range of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. Mild symptoms include cough, fever, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia and arthralgia, anosmia, and dysgeusia. Furthermore, this virus can affect the central nervous system (CNS) and present a range of mild to severe nervous symptoms, from headache and dysphoria to loss of consciousness, coma, paralysis, and acute cerebrovascular disease. The virus can enter nonneuronal cells of the olfactory epithelium and cause a complete loss of smell. Anosmia and hyposmia are commonly reported in clinics, and being asymptomatic or showing mild symptoms can be primary symptoms in early infected persons. Dysgeusia/hypogeusia is another symptom presented with anosmia/hyposmia. In this article, we reviewed the articles of anosmia and suggested a possible mechanism for this.

Published
2021
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26. Incidence and Predictive Factors of Latent Tuberclosis Infection amongst Personnel of Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in Babol, 2015-2016

Author

Masomeh Bayani, Mohammad Reza Hasanjani Roushan, Abdolghayoum Haji Li Doji, Arefeh Babazadeh, Soheil Ebrahimpour, and Mostafa Javanian

Subjects
latent tuberculosis, tuberculin skin test, medical personnel, Medicine
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The current study was designed to determine the incidence of latent TB and its predictive factors. METHODOLOGY: This was cross-sectional prospective study. Two tuberculin skin tests (TST) were performed in 400 health care staff (HCWs) of Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital Babol over one year and during the interview Age, Sex, Occupation, History of contact with tuberculosis and BCG scars were performed. Positive skin test was considered 10 mm; People with skin test less than 10 mm after one year were re-tested. An increase of more than 10 mm in the second test in negative PPD subjects was considered as a positive test. RESULTS: The prevalence of latent TB was 14.7% among the 400 health workers. 71.7% were women. The average age was 32.7 years. The incidence of latent tuberculosis was 6% (18 cases): technicians had the highest incidence (8.8%) and the nursing staff (6.6%), while services (2.5%) and administrative staff had the lowest incidence (0%). Out of these 18 people, 17 (94.4%) had reported a history of a patient with tuberculosis (TB) patient. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the study, the incidence of latent tuberculosis in this center is intermediate. The most important risk factor was the work experience of more than five years. Healthcare personnel training and infection control programs must be addressed adequately.

Published
2018
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27. Antimicrobial resistance pattern in ventilator—associated pneumonia in an intensive care unit of Babol, northern Iran

Author

Mahmoud Sadeghi-Haddad-Zavareh, Hadi Ahmadi Jouybari, Mostafa Javanian, Mehran Shokri, Masomeh Bayani, Mohammad Reza Hasanjani Roushan, Arefeh Babazadeh, Soheil Ebrahimpour, and Parviz Amri Maleh

Subjects
Antibacterial resistant, Ventilator-associated pneumonia, Intensive care unit, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Objective: To investigate antibiotic resistance pattern of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) generating microorganisms, and quantitative culture and determining antibiotic sensitivity. Methods: This cross sectional study was performed on 50 patients suffering from VAP in intensive care unit of Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol, Iran during 2014–2015. VAP was probable for them based on clinical signs and the criteria of Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score standards. Lower respiratory samples were given under bronchoalveolar lavage and quantitative culture was done on them. Afterwards by microdilution method, minimal inhibitory concentration based on respective microorganisms, considering clinical pulmonary infection score were determined. Results: From 50 investigated samples in this study, the most common microorganisms were Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) (70%) then Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%), Staphylococcus aureus (8%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (3%). In our study A. baumannii showed approximate 100% resistance to all antibiotics, in a way that A. baumannii resistance to imipenem and meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam each was 97.1%. The most resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 66.7% to each cefepime and ceftazidime and clavulanate/ticarcillin. Staphylococcus aureus showed 75% resistance to nafcillin, cloxacillin and resistance in case of vancomycin was not seen. Conclusion: In current study, A. baumannii had the most prevalence among VAP and this species is resistant to most of antibiotics. Using ceftazidime, cefepime and clavulanate/ticarcillin, in treatment of the patients suffering VAP is not reasonable.

Published
2018
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28. Unusual form of strongyloidiasis with gastric involvements: A case report

Author

Soheil Ebrahimpour, Mahmoud Sadeghi–Haddad–Zavareh, Zeinab Darabi Ahangar, Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Zeinab Sheidaie, Parisa sabbagh, and Arefeh Babazadeh

Subjects
Strongyloides stercoralis, Gastric involvement, Eosinophil, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Rationale: Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis) is an intestinal nematode with a complicated life cycle that can involve the gastrointestinal system. Infected patients are generally asymptomatic; but if symptomatic, the symptoms will include skin rash, respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Patient concerns: A 77-year old man presented with edema of the lower extremities and insignificant tenderness in the epigastric region. Diagnosis: The histopathology of gastric tissue showed severe inflammation and multiple ulcers in the cardia, antrum and proximal duodenum. A large number of rhabditiform larvae of S. stercoralis along with tissue hyperemia and infiltration of lymphoplasma cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils were found. Intervention: Treatment with albendazole. Outcome: Despite the albendazole treatment, the patient’s condition deteriorated and eventually died because of a sepsis-like syndrome. Lesson: Physicians should remain alert to the urgency due to threadworm, especially among the elderly people and immunosuppressed cases; and should ensure accurate diagnosis, suitable treatment and careful follow-up of these cases.

Published
2019
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29. Unusual isolated extrapulmonary sarcoidosis: Case report

Author

Soheil Ebrahimpour, Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Mahmoud Sadeghi-Haddad-Zavareh, Sahar Oladzad, and Arefeh Babazadeh

Subjects
Sarcoidosis, Lung, Liver, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous condition with unidentified etiology. This disease should be considered in differential diagnosis if non-caseating granulomas is noted in biopsies, because numerous cases presented with no clinical symptoms. Although the lung is the most common organ involved in the disease, there also is an extra-pulmonary form (

Published
2019
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30. Gastropericardial fistula: a case report

Author

Mehdi Zolfagharkhani, Alireza Sanei Motlagh, Sahar Oladzade, Arefeh Babazadeh, and Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subjects
Gastropericardial fistula, Diaphragmatic hernia, Pericarditis, Pneumopericardium, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Rationale: Gastropericardial fistula is a rare condition in which the patient presented with chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, pneumo/hydropericardium, or pericarditis. Alcohol intake or previous history of gastroesophageal surgery made the patient susceptible to fistula formation. Patient concerns: An 80-year-old male complained of sudden onset of dyspnea and respiratory distress. Nausea, hematemesis, and constipation were noted on clinical examination. Diagnosis: Herniation of the gastric fundus and massive pneumopericardium due to formation of fistula in the lesser curvature. Interventions: Urgent surgery was performed. Outcomes: The patient was discharged without any complication. Lessons: Although the lethal form of this condition is rare, gastroepicardial fistula should be included in the differential diagnosis workup of cases with stomach cardia and fundus ulceration.

Published
2019
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31. Incidence and risk factors for cytomegalovirus in kidney transplant patients in Babol, northern Iran

Author

Mostafa Javanian, Arefeh Babazadeh, Farshid Oliaei, Roghayeh Akbari, Abazar Akbarzadepasha, Ali Bijani, and Mahmoud Sadeghi

Subjects
Cytomegalovirus, Incidence, Renal transplantation, Internal medicine, RC31-1245
Abstract

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is an important cause of death and possibly transplant rejection in kidney transplant (KT) patients. This study was conducted to investigate the incidence and risk factors of CMV disease in kidney transplant patients. Methods: All end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who underwent kidney transplantation during 1998-2014 and their donors were assessed. All samples were followed-up for approximately 70 months. CMV was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or PP65 antigen in peripheral blood leukocytes along with clinical manifestations. Results: A total of 1450 cases participated in the current study. CMV was diagnosed in 178 out of 725 (24.6%) kidney recipients. The annual incidence of CMV disease was 4.2%. Patients older than 40 years had a higher incidence of CMV disease. The level of CMV disease incidence in the 41-60 age group was 4 fold compared to those under 20 of age group (P=0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the incidence of CMV disease in our region is relatively low and also age more than 40 years and EBV infection are the important risk factors in kidney transplant patients. So care and monitoring of these patients are crucial in the first 5 months.

Published
2017

32. Clinical and paraclinical findings and outcomes of COVID-19 infection in patients with kidney transplantation in affiliated hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences

Author

Haniyeh Pouraee, Masoumeh Asgharpour, Hemmat Gholinia, Soheil Ebrahimpour, and Arefeh Babazadeh

Subjects
kidney transplantation, covid-19, covid-19 mortality, covid-19 therapy, Internal medicine, RC31-1245
Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly threatens immunocompromised patients. We aimed to investigate the clinical and paraclinical findings and consequences of COVID-19 in kidney transplantation recipients. Methods: In this retrospective study, kidney transplant recipients admitted to Ayatollah Rouhani, Shahid Beheshti, and Shahid Yahyanejad referral hospitals of Babol, North of Iran, with a diagnosis of COVID-19, were examined. Information such as demographic and laboratory findings, clinical symptoms, and treatments received was entered into pre-prepared questionnaires. Results: Out of the 35 patients included in the study, 19 (54.3%) were males, and 16 (45.7%) were females. The mean age of patients was 47.46±11.28. Among the clinical symptoms, cough and decreased level of consciousness were associated with a higher mortality rate (P= 0.02). Furthermore, the mortality rate was found to be 17.1%. C-reactive protein (CRP) level, oxygen saturation percentage, and diffuse lung involvement were significantly associated with COVID-19 mortality (p

Published
2025

33. Acute pancreatitis with cytomegalovirus infection in a kidney transplant recipient: A case report

Author

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Arefeh Babazadeh, Soheil Ebrahimpour, and Sima Golmohammadi

Subjects
Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause significant inflammation. Besides, it is an important cause of pancreatitis in organ transplantations. We report a case of CMV pancreatitis in a 48-year-old male kidney transplant recipient who was admitted with elevated amylase (3 337 U/L) and lipase (1 160 U/L) enzymes, and abdominal pain. CMV infection was tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the result was positive. CMV viremia was successfully cleared with ganciclovir. Then the absence of some of more noticeable clinical symptoms of pancreatitis may not be a decisive reason not to rule out the disease in transplanted cases.

Published
2019
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34. The use of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19

Author

Soheil Ebrahimpour, Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Dariush Hosseinzadeh, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Arefeh Babazadeh, Amirreza Allahgholipour, Terence T. Sio, Mark J. M. Sullman, Kristin Carson-Chahhoud, Mohammad Barary, Afshar, Zeinab Mohseni, Hosseinzadeh, Dariush, Hosseinzadeh, Rezvan, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Allahgholipour, Amirreza, Sio, Terence T, Sullman, Mark JM, Carson-Chahhoud, Kristin, Barary, Mohammad, and Ebrahimpour, Soheil

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Pharmacology, therapy, SARS-CoV-2, Molecular Medicine, COVID-19, remdesivir, General Medicine, virus, antiviral
Abstract

Abstract: Remdesivir has appeared to be the most effective medication against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and is broadly administered to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients around the world. Remdesivir is an RNA polymerase inhibitor with a broad spectrum of antiviral activities against RNA viruses in in-vitro and in-vivo models of SARS-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir is the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved anti-SARS-CoV-2 treatment for adult and pediatric patients and has been used for not hospitalized and have mild-to-moderate COVID-19, and are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. However, questions have been raised about the value of remdesivir in treating COVID-19, and governing bodies worldwide have been hesitant to approve this medication. Nevertheless, in the context of the public health emergency and the urgent need for effective treatments for patients with COVID-19, remdesivir has been approved by several authorities worldwide. Here, we discuss the characteristics and applications of remdesivir, and various challenging studies with different outcomes about its efficacy are also reviewed.

Published
2023

35. Pustular psoriasis flare‐up in a patient with COVID‐19

Author

Mohammad Barary, Alireza Janbakhsh, Terence T. Sio, Mohamad Goldust, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Arefeh Babazadeh, Ronak Miladi, Uwe Wollina, Zeinab Aryanian, and Zeinab Mohseni Afshar

Subjects
Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Mini Review, Dermatology, Azithromycin, Covid, SARS‐CoV‐2, COVID‐19, Psoriasis, medicine, Humans, Pustular psoriasis, Hydroxyzine, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Hydroxychloroquine, medicine.disease, Generalized pustular psoriasis, Female, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

Introduction The various cutaneous manifestations have lately appeared in the setting of COVID‐19. Psoriasis flare‐ups have been reported during a COVID‐19 infection. Case presentation We present a case of a 32‐year‐old woman with COVID‐19 who presented with generalized pustular psoriasis. She received oral prednisolone, hydroxyzine, and topical clobetasol. The patient received follow‐up two weeks later and found that her lesions were favorably desquamating. Methods The PubMed, SCOPUS, and ISI Web of Science databases were thoroughly searched for English studies reporting psoriasis flare‐ups following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Ten case reports/series were included after screening. Conclusions Our case report brings awareness to clinicians for the possible cutaneous manifestation of COVID‐19, which should be considered part of the differential diagnoses.

Published
2021

36. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant: A Challenge with Covid-19

Author

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Ali Tavakoli Pirzaman, Bardia Karim, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Arefeh Babazadeh, Dariush Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Rouhollah Miri, Terence T. Sio, Mark J. M. Sullman, Mohammad Barary, and Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subjects
medicine_pharmacology_other
Abstract

Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, there have been multiple peaks of the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virus 2) infection, mainly due to the emergence of new variants, each with a new set of mutations in the viral genome, which have led to changes in the pathogenicity, transmissibility, and morbidity. The Omicron variant is the most recent variant of concern (VOC) to emerge and was recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) on November 26, 2021. The Omicron lineage is phylogenetically distinct from earlier variants, including the previously dominant Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant. Previous research has reported the most common clinical manifestations of the Omicron variant to be fever, runny nose, sore throat, severe headache, and fatigue. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, rapid antigen assays, and chest computed tomography (CT) scans can help diagnose those with the Omicron variant. Furthermore, many agents are expected to have therapeutic benefits for those infected with the Omicron variant, including TriSb92, molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and their combination, corticosteroids, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor blockers. Despite being milder than previous variants, the Omicron variant threatens many lives, particularly among the unvaccinated, due to its higher transmissibility, pathogenicity, and infectivity. This review summarizes the essential features of the Omicron variant, including its history, genome, transmissibility, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and the effectiveness of existing vaccines against this VOC.

Published
2022
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37. C-Reactive Protein as a Prognostic Indicator in COVID-19 Patients

Author

Arefeh Babazadeh, Mehran Shokri, Ali Rostami, Emadoddin Moudi, Akram Hosseini, Mostafa Javanian, Ali Bijani, Masomeh Bayani, Rahele Mehraeen, Mahmoud Sadeghi-Haddad-Zavareh, Mohammad Barary, and Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Article Subject, 030106 microbiology, macromolecular substances, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Virology, Internal medicine, Medicine, In patient, 030212 general & internal medicine, Receiver operating characteristic, biology, business.industry, Disease progression, C-reactive protein, Retrospective cohort study, Infectious Diseases, Potential biomarkers, biology.protein, Population study, Parasitology, business, Research Article
Abstract

While some biomolecules have been explored to identify potential biomarkers for prognosis of the COVID-19 prognosis, there are no reliable prognostic indicators of disease progression and severity. We aimed to evaluate the ability of the C-reactive protein (CRP) to predict COVID-19 infection. This retrospective study was conducted on 429 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 30, 2020, and April 30, 2020. The study population was divided into severe cases (n = 175) and nonsevere cases (n = 254). Data on demographic characteristics, clinical features, and laboratory findings on admission were collected. The proportion of patients with increased CRP levels was significantly higher in severe cases than in nonsevere patients. Analysis of ROC curve found that CRP could be used as an independent factor in predicting the severity of COVID-19 infection. Also, patients with CRP > 64.75 mg/L were more likely to have severe complications. The serum levels of CRP can predict the severity and progression of illness in patients with COVID-19.

Published
2021

38. SARS-CoV-2 and Stroke Characteristics: A Report From the Multinational COVID-19 Stroke Study Group

Author

Saeideh Aghayari Sheikh Neshin, Guillaume Turc, Georgios Tsivgoulis, Fahimeh Vahabizad, Stefania Mondello, Oluwaseyi Olulana, Thomas Yasuda, Gelareh Banihashemi, Ali Reza Noorian, Mojdeh Ghabaee, Hany Mohamed Aref, Aristeidis H. Katsanos, Sahar Hojjat-Anasri Komachali, Alaleh Vaghefi Far, Saeed Ansari, Francisco Purroy, Leo H. Bonati, Sakineh Ranji-Burachaloo, Juan F. Arenillas, Afshin Borhani-Haghighi, Peyman Nowrouzi-Sohrabi, Ilaria Gandoglia, Zabihollah Babaeepour, Mohammad Hossein Harirchian, Alia Saberi, Vivek Sharma, Fabricio Buchadid Cardoso, Jusun Moon, Nitin Goyal, Arash Kia, Ronen R. Leker, Mercedeh Sepehrnia, João Sargento-Freitas, Apoorva Dev, Asadollah Mir Ghasemi, Mirna Sabra, Mohammad Ghorbani, Aicha Lyoubi, Bruce C.V. Campbell, Saeideh Salehizadeh, Christos Krogias, Shailesh Male, Mehrdad Roozbeh, Elahe Mohammadi-Vosough, Durgesh Chaudhary, Soheil Naderi, Nasrin Rahimian, Konark Malhotra, Mehmet Hanci, Mehdi Farhoudi, Arefeh Babazadeh, Ali Amini Harandi, Ghasem Farahmand, Massimo Del Sette, Martin Punter, Miljenko Crnjakovic, Faezeh Khodadadi, Gian Marco De Marchis, Ashkan Mowla, Nuno Reis Carreira, Fariborz Khorvash, Annemarei Ranta, Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Orkhan Alizada, Shima Shahjouei, Ana Paula Aires, Diana Aguiar de Sousa, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Ava Hamidi, Seyed Amir Ebrahimzadeh, Farhad Assarzadegan, Jong Ho Park, Hamidreza Mirkarimi, Mostafa Almasi-Dooghaee, Achille Cernigliaro, Jeffrey C Mai, Lawrence Nolan, Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh, Leila Poorsaadat, Yasaman Ahmadzadeh, João Pedro Marto, Humain Baharvahdat, Kristi Tempro, Seyed Aidin Sajedi, Teresa Mesquita, Bruno Gonçalves, Venkatesh Avula, Manuel Requena, Jason J. Chang, Mika Niemelä, Zeynab Sadat Hasheminejad, Branko Malojčić, Elsa Azevedo, Abhi Pandhi, Debdipto Misra, Ramin Zand, Vida Abedi, Marta Rubiera, Thorsten Steiner, Alireza Vafaei Sadr, Sepideh Paybast, Rohan Arora, Behnam Rezai Jahromi, Firas Kobeissy, Jiang Li, Daniel Bock, Behnam Sabayan, Eric Koza, Joan Montaner, Lev Lotman, Mercedes de Lera Alfonso, Carlo W. Cereda, Mahtab Ramezani, Matthew S. Tenser, Duchange, Nathalie, Geisinger Health System [Danville, PA, USA], National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Attikon University Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine [Scranton, PA, USA], University of Southern California (USC), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), University of Messina, Regional Health Authority of Sicily [Palermo], University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], PES University [Bangalore], Lebanese University [Beirut] (LU), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Hôpital Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis [Ile-de-France], University of Melbourne, Universidad de Valladolid [Valladolid] (UVa), Klinikum Frankfurt Höchst, University Hospital Virgen Macarena [Sevilla], Poursina Hospital, Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João [Porto], Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, University of Tennessee [Chattanooga] (UTC), Valiasr Hospital [Borujen], University Hospital Basel [Basel], Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Clinical Hospital Dubrava [Zagreb, Croatia] (CHD), University of Basel (Unibas), Galliera Hospital [Genova, Italy], Yasrebi Hospital [Kashan, Iran] (YH), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences [Tabriz, Iran] (TUOMS), Institut de psychiatrie et neurosciences de Paris (IPNP - U1266 Inserm), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Ruhr University Bochum (RUB), Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center [Jerusalem], Albany Medical College, Georgetown University Medical Center, Vidant Medical Center [Greenville, NC, USA] (VMC), Allegheny Health Network [Pittsburgh, PA, USA] (AHN), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Partenaires INRAE, University of Zagreb, Hospital De Egas Moniz [Lisbon], University of Ottawa [Ottawa], Ain Shams University (ASU), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Asan Medical Center [Seoul], University of Ulsan, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Universitat de Lleida, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital [Barcelona], Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], National University Health System [Singapore] (NUHS), Heidelberg University Hospital [Heidelberg], Hospital for Special Surgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Centro Médico de Campinas [São Paulo], Gheshm Hospital, Gilan University of Medical Sciences [Lahijan], Isfahan University of Medical Sciences [Iran] (MUI), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Modarres Hospital [Kashmar], Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences [Iran] (SUMS), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Salahadin Ayubi Hospital [Baneh], University of Western Ontario (UWO), Long Island Jewish Forest Hills [New York], Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], Department of Neurosciences, HUS Neurocenter, Neurokirurgian yksikkö, Clinicum, University of Geneva [Switzerland], Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Universidade do Porto, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), Hospital De Egas Moniz [Lisbon, Portugal] (Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental), and University of Helsinki

Subjects
Male, Cerebrovascular disorders, MESH: Geography, Epidemiology, International Cooperation, SUBTYPES, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Prospective Studies, Young adult, Cerebral Venous Thrombosis, MESH: Treatment Outcome, Subtypes, neuroimaging, MESH: Middle Aged, MESH: Risk, Geography, STATEMENT, cerebrovascular disorders, intracranial hemorrhages, stroke, venous thrombosis, virus diseases, Countries, 3. Good health, MESH: Young Adult, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, MESH: Intracranial Hemorrhages, COUNTRIES, medicine.medical_specialty, Registry, MESH: Health Expenditures, 03 medical and health sciences, 1ST-EVER ISCHEMIC-STROKE, [SDV.MHEP.CSC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, Humans, Aged, Ischemic Stroke, Advanced and Specialized Nursing, MESH: Humans, 3112 Neurosciences, MESH: Adult, medicine.disease, MESH: International Cooperation, nervous system, RISK-FACTORS, Observational study, Neurology (clinical), Statement, Health Expenditures, Young-Adults, MESH: Female, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, viruses, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial, Venous thrombosis, YOUNG-ADULTS, Risk-Factors, EPIDEMIOLOGY, MESH: COVID-19, Prospective cohort study, Stroke, MESH: Aged, musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology, CEREBRAL VENOUS THROMBOSIS, Middle Aged, [SDV.MHEP.CSC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, Treatment Outcome, MESH: Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, medicine.symptom, Interstroke, MESH: Ischemic Stroke, Adult, Risk, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Neuroimaging, macromolecular substances, Asymptomatic, Young Adult, INTERSTROKE, Aneurysm, Internal medicine, medicine, cardiovascular diseases, business.industry, COVID-19, Artery occlusions, MESH: Male, MESH: Prospective Studies, Intracranial hemorrhages, REGISTRY, MESH: Venous Thrombosis, 1st-Ever Ischemic-Stroke, business
Abstract

Background and Purpose: Stroke is reported as a consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in several reports. However, data are sparse regarding the details of these patients in a multinational and large scale. Methods: We conducted a multinational observational study on features of consecutive acute ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and cerebral venous or sinus thrombosis among SARS-CoV-2–infected patients. We further investigated the risk of large vessel occlusion, stroke severity as measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and stroke subtype as measured by the TOAST (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) criteria among patients with acute ischemic stroke. In addition, we explored the neuroimaging findings, features of patients who were asymptomatic for SARS-CoV-2 infection at stroke onset, and the impact of geographic regions and countries’ health expenditure on outcomes. Results: Among the 136 tertiary centers of 32 countries who participated in this study, 71 centers from 17 countries had at least 1 eligible stroke patient. Of 432 patients included, 323 (74.8%) had acute ischemic stroke, 91 (21.1%) intracranial hemorrhage, and 18 (4.2%) cerebral venous or sinus thrombosis. A total of 183 (42.4%) patients were women, 104 (24.1%) patients were P =0.02) and higher rate of mechanical thrombectomy (12.4% versus 2%; P Conclusions: We observed a considerably higher rate of large vessel occlusions, a much lower rate of small vessel occlusion and lacunar infarction, and a considerable number of young stroke when compared with the population studies before the pandemic. The rate of mechanical thrombectomy was significantly lower in countries with lower health expenditures.

Published
2021
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39. Clinical and laboratory findings of patients with the possible diagnosis of influenza hospitalized in affiliated hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences, 2015-2016

Author

Mehran Shokri, Masomeh Bayani, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Mostafa Javanian, and Arefeh Babazadeh

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Pharmacology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Pharmacology toxicology, Pharmacy, General Medicine, h1n1 influenza, Biochemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Family medicine, medicine, Possible diagnosis, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, business, iran, Molecular Biology, clinical and laboratory findings
Abstract

The clinical and para clinical manifestations of influenza in various patients have range from an autoimmune disease to a life-threatening respiratory infection. In addition, the severity of the disease is influenced by factors such as demographic factors, underlying diseases, and immune response. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the clinical, laboratory and epidemiological characteristics of patients with this type of influenza in Babol (north of Iran). This study was conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional study from October 2015 to March 2016. Subsequently, in this study, records of 123 patients with clinical signs of the influenza-like disease who have undergone the clinical sign in hospitals affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences were reviewed. Of 123 patients admitted to a possible diagnosis of influenza, 58 patients (47.2%) were PCR positive for H1N1, while seventy nine (64.2%) participants were women and 21 (17.1%) had diabetes or underlying lung disease. Most of the involved age groups were of individuals above the age of 50. These were followed by the 21-35 years-old. Fever (78%), cough (65.9%), shivering (58.5%) and myalgia (56.1%) were the most common clinical symptoms. Increased levels of transaminases (43.1%), leukocytosis (35.8%) and thrombocytopenia (34.2%) were as well reported in patients as the most frequently reported para clinical findings. In the present study, the most usual clinical symptoms were fever, cough, chill, and myalgia, while gastrointestinal symptoms were also noticeably observed in patients. In an experimental study, a significant number of patients showed leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia and increased transaminases.

Published
2018

40. The frequency of risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in tuberculosis patients in Babol, Northern Iran, during 2008-2015

Author

Arefeh Babazadeh, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Mehran Shokri, Rahmatollah Najafi, Masomeh Bayani, Zahra Geraili Afra, Mostafa Javanian, and Jalal Niromand

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Pharmacology, medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, business.industry, 030106 microbiology, Pharmacology toxicology, tuberculosis risk factors, Pharmacy, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Biochemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Internal medicine, Medicine, epidemiology, 030212 general & internal medicine, business, iran, Molecular Biology, pulmonary tuberculosis
Abstract

In the current study, we investigated the risk factors for tuberculosis in patients admitted to the Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in Babol, north of Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 207 patients with proven tuberculosis during the years 2008-2015. Demographic data such as age and sex, smoking, history of underlying illness, illness symptoms, and laboratory results were collected and analyzed at a significant level of less than 0.05. From 207 patients, 136 were male (65.7%), 71 were female (34.3%), and 76 of them (37.3%) were smokers. It is notable that most patients (29.5%) were over the age of 71. The relation between age profile and being tuberculosis has been studied, but the co-relation was found to be not significant. The most common complaint has been coughing (60.9%). While investigating underling diseases, the most common illness has found to be Diabetes (11.3%). Based our finding, there was a significant relationship between gender and smoking with tuberculosis. Accordingly, as smoking is one of the risk factors for tuberculosis, smokers and non-smokers should be informed that smoking carries the risk for tuberculosis. Such a program should be particularly addressed to males.

Published
2018

41. Unusual isolated extrapulmonary sarcoidosis: Case report

Author

Arefeh Babazadeh, ZeinabMohseni Afshar, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Sahar Oladzad, and Mahmoud Sadeghi-Haddad-Zavareh

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Lung, Sarcoidosis, business.industry, lcsh:Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, General Medicine, Disease, lcsh:RC86-88.9, medicine.disease, Dermatology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Liver, medicine, Etiology, Differential diagnosis, business
Abstract

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous condition with unidentified etiology. This disease should be considered in differential diagnosis if non-caseating granulomas is noted in biopsies, because numerous cases presented with no clinical symptoms. Although the lung is the most common organ involved in the disease, there also is an extra-pulmonary form (

Published
2019

42. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Author

Mohsen Bayati, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Nasir Salam, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Davide Rasella, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Ghulam Mustafa, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Fereshteh Ansari, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Leonardo Roever, Oghenowede Eyawo, Koustuv Dalal, Ana-Laura Manda, Ritesh G. Menezes, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Javad Yoosefi Lebni, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Aziz Eftekhari, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Jon Wakefield, Sanjay Zodpey, Birhanu Geta, Amaha Kahsay, Edris Hasanpoor, Brijesh Sathian, Kala M. Mehta, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Saeed Amini, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Abbas Yadegar, João Pedro Silva, Desmond Kuupiel, Anvar Asadi, Hamid Sharifi, Ebrahim Babaee, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Ian Davis, Mostafa Qorbani, Fatemeh Rajati, Samer Hamidi, Parvaiz A Koul, Foad Abd-Allah, Mojisola Oluwasanu, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Elias Merdassa Roro, Mihaela Hostiuc, Robert S. Bernstein, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Irina Filip, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Amir Khater, Lidia Morawska, Sangram Kishor Patel, Robert C. Reiner, Joshua O. Akinyemi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Reza Malekzadeh, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Irfan Ullah, Gabrielle B. Britton, Gelin Xu, Nathaniel J Henry, Thomas R. Hird, Ronny Westerman, Vera Marisa Costa, Reza Assadi, Tiffany K. Gill, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Meysam Olfatifar, Sezer Kisa, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Walter Mendoza, Mohammad Zamani, Nader Jafari Balalami, Mahdi Safdarian, Manfred S. Green, Mahesh P A, Nahid Neamati, Pallab K. Maulik, Ali H. Mokdad, Joshua Longbottom, Somayeh Bohlouli, Ahmad Daryani, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Mostafa Hosseini, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Nick Golding, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Shirin Nosratnejad, Haidong Wang, Shadi Rahimzadeh, Pushpendra Kumar, Mehdi Noroozi, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Brent Bell, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Yousef Veisani, Katie R Nielsen, Ionut Negoi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Joseph L Ward, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Ettore Beghi, Azeem Majeed, Ivy Shiue, Delia Hendrie, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Moslem Soofi, Ghobad Moradi, Mahsa Ghajarzadeh, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Milad Hasankhani, Mohamed I Hegazy, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Vahid Alipour, Ruth W Kimokoti, Afshin Maleki, Nafiseh Baheiraei, Noore Alam, Jalal Arabloo, Mariam Molokhia, Kimberly B. Johnson, Amber Sligar, Nicole Davis Weaver, Kerem Shuval, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Paul H. Lee, Reza Ghadimi, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Ehsan Sadeghi, Brandon V. Pickering, Animika Pandey, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Felix Greaves, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Joel M. Francis, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Yun Jin Kim, Agus Sudaryanto, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Hadi Pourjafar, Tomohide Yamada, Alireza Rafiei, Rosario Cárdenas, Mohammad Khazaei, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Michael Collison, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Yahya Salimi, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Soewarta Kosen, Al Artaman, Surendra Karki, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Lorenzo Monasta, Amit Arora, Christopher S Yilgwan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Adnan Kisa, Gholamreza Roshandel, Vahid Rashedi, Daniel Diaz, Amir Vahedian-Azimi, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Nuworza Kugbey, Zohreh Arefi, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Robert G. Weintraub, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Salman Khazaei, Olalekan A. Uthman, Mohamed Hsairi, Nuno Taveira, Masoud Foroutan, Jayendra Sharma, Hanna Demelash Desyibelew, Max Roser, Keivan Ahmadi, Yousef Khader, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Florian Fischer, Aziz Sheikh, Eun-Kee Park, Stefan Listl, Smita Pakhale, Brian J. Hall, Alireza Zangeneh, Ravi Mehrotra, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Mahdi Afshari, Son Hoang Nguyen, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Rupak Desai, Aziz Rezapour, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Gillian I. Hollerich, Reza Saeedi, Iman El Sayed, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Ben Lacey, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Roya Ebrahimi, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tommi Vasankari, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Job F M van Boven, Nataliya Foigt, Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Neeraj Bedi, Hamed Mirjalali, Payman Salamati, P N Sylaja, Ted R. Miller, George J. Milne, Alaa Badawi, Muhammad Usman, Amir Hasanzadeh, Michelle L. Bell, Giang Thu Vu, Masoud Behzadifar, Manasi Kumar, Mona M. Khater, Josip Car, Nafis Sadat, Mostafa Leili, Mehdi Sharif, Hadi Hassankhani, Mowafa Househ, Joshua A. Salomon, Morteza Mansourian, G Anil Kumar, João C. Fernandes, Tufa Kolola, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Masood Ali Shaikh, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Andrew T Olagunju, Bahram Armoon, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Samantha Perkins, Mohsen Mazidi, Stefan Lorkowski, Sagnik Dey, Edward J Mills, Ali Kabir, Maryam Khazaei-Pool, Mohammad Rabiee, Arianna Maever L. Amit, John S. Ji, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Martin McKee, Hadi Parsian, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Paramjit Gill, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Karen M. Tabb, Annie J. Browne, Abdallah M. Samy, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Nelson G.M. Gomes, Destallem Gebremedhin Gebre, Fakher Rahim, Sheetal D. Lad, Rajat Das Gupta, Yash Jobanputra, Rajesh Sharma, Davoud Adham, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Farah Daoud, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Meghnath Dhimal, Pranab Chatterjee, Javad Javidnia, Shafiu Mohammed, Amir Abdoli, Josep Maria Haro, Stefanie Watson, Behnam Nabavizadeh, Masoumeh Abbasi, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Marzieh Nojomi, G. K. Mini, Abbas Mosapour, Cyrus Cooper, Yirga Legesse Nirayo, Jagdish Khubchandani, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Faramarz Shaahmadi, Satar Rezaei, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Francesco Saverio Violante, Eyal Oren, Erfan Zabeh, Atte Meretoja, Nicholas Graetz, Kris J. Krohn, Anthony Masaka, Oladimeji Adebayo, Mikk Jürisson, Faris Lami, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Chloe Shields, Yahya Safari, Yasir Waheed, Dilaram Acharya, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Jan-Walter De Neve, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Alberto Ortiz, Samad Azari, Shymaa Enany, Maha Ezalarab, Salvatore Rubino, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Roghayeh Khabiri, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Yuming Guo, Sonia Saxena, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Takeshi Fukumoto, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Thomas Pilgrim, Yasser Vasseghian, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Farid Najafi, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Ali Rostami, Efat Mohamadi, Sameh Magdeldin, Hedley Quintana, Cyrus Alinia, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Roya Safari-Faramani, Leila Doshmangir, Kewal Krishan, Karen Sliwa, Nazrul Islam, Neal Marquez, Genet Melak Alamene, Andem Effiong, Khanh Bao Tran, Amir Kasaeian, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Hamidreza Haririan, Maha El Tantawi, Anders Larsson, André Faro, Rushdia Ahmed, Amir Shamshirian, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Yousef Moradi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Evanson Z. Sambala, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Mehdi Moradinazar, Lauren Woyczynski, Parul Puri, Yunquan Zhang, Navid Manafi, Vinay Nangia, Joan B. Soriano, Victor Adekanmbi, Sofia Androudi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Netsanet Fentahun, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, David L. Smith, Solomon Sisay, Giuseppe Gorini, Meysam Behzadifar, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Arefeh Babazadeh, Damaris K. Kinyoki, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Ziad El-Khatib, Zohreh Anbari, Abdol Sattar Pagheh, Ranjani Somayaji, Frank B. Osei, Nancy Fullman, Zahid A Butt, Ai-Min Wu, Tahereh Pashaei, Benn Sartorius, Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman, Sachin R Atre, Mehdi Ahmadi, Chalachew Genet Akal, Aubrey J. Levine, Mohammad Fareed, Quique Bassat, Khalid A Altirkawi, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Daem Roshani, Mina Anjomshoa, Jasvinder A. Singh, Yafeng Wang, Samath D Dharmaratne, Enrico Rubagotti, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Reinhard Busse, Abdullah Al Mamun, Yoshan Moodley, Mohammed Almalki, Peter W. Gething, Alireza Khatony, Usman Iqbal, Soraya Nouraei Motlagh, Roy Burstein, Hamed Zandian, Rakhi Dandona, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Majid Pirestani, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Chuanhua Yu, Arash Ziapour, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Pascual R. Valdez, Amir Jalali, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Kelechi Elizabeth Oladimeji, Tomislav Mestrovic, Isidora S. Vujcic, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Azin Nahvijou, Chi Linh Hoang, Christopher J L Murray, Mustafa Z. Younis, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Yuan-Pang Wang, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Aniruddha Deshpande, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Soghra Bagheri, Paul S. F. Yip, Sree Bhushan Raju, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Kebede Deribe, Junaid Khan, Mohammad Aghaali, Lalit Dandona, Masoud Moradi, Molly R Nixon, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Suraj Bhattarai, Yared Belete Belay, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Abbas Balouchi, Silvano Gallus, Mohammad Abdollahi, Long Hoang Nguyen, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Mehdi Naderi, Bernhard T. Baune, Lucas Earl, Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Farkhonde Salehi, Hamed Kalani, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Lee Ling Lim, Ulrich O Mueller, Laurie B. Marczak, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Navid Rabiee, Dinh-Toi Chu, Vasily Vlassov, Bradford D Gessner, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Sorin Hostiuc, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Mahdieh Abbasalizad-Farhangi, Takahiro Tabuchi, Philimon Gona, Bahar Ataeinia, Azra Ramezankhani, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Obinna Onwujekwe, Zohreh Rahimi, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, Neda Kianipour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Dhirendra N Sinha, Young-Ho Khang, Paula Moraga, Manoochehr Karami, Solomon Olum, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Amir Radfar, Kiomars Sharafi, Rohollah Kalhor, Benjamin K. Mayala, Mahmood Moosazadeh, David C. Schwebel, Jost B. Jonas, Quyen G. To, Ester Cerin, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, GeoHealth, HUS Neurocenter, Department of Neurosciences, Neurologian yksikkö, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Staff Services, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Islam, Nazrul [0000-0003-3982-4325], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Burstein R., Henry N.J., Collison M.L., Marczak L.B., Sligar A., Watson S., Marquez N., Abbasalizad-Farhangi M., Abbasi M., Abd-Allah F., Abdoli A., Abdollahi M., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abrigo M.R.M., Acharya D., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adham D., Afshari M., Aghaali M., Ahmadi K., Ahmadi M., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed R., Akal C.G., Akinyemi J.O., Alahdab F., Alam N., Alamene G.M., Alene K.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almalki M.J., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amegah A.K., Amini S., Amit A.M.L., Anbari Z., Androudi S., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Armoon B., Arora A., Artaman A., Asadi A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Ashraf-Ganjouei A., Assadi R., Ataeinia B., Atre S.R., Quintanilla B.P.A., Ayanore M.A., Azari S., Babaee E., Babazadeh A., Badawi A., Bagheri S., Bagherzadeh M., Baheiraei N., Balouchi A., Barac A., Bassat Q., Baune B.T., Bayati M., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Belay Y.B., Bell B., Bell M.L., Berbada D.A., Bernstein R.S., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bohlouli S., Breitborde N.J.K., Britton G., Browne A.J., Nagaraja S.B., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Car J., Cardenas R., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Cerin E., Chanie W.F., Chatterjee P., Chu D.-T., Cooper C., Costa V.M., Dalal K., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daoud F., Daryani A., Das Gupta R., Davis I., Davis Weaver N., Davitoiu D.V., De Neve J.-W., Demeke F.M., Demoz G.T., Deribe K., Desai R., Deshpande A., Desyibelew H.D., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhimal M., Diaz D., Doshmangir L., Duraes A.R., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Ebrahimi R., Ebrahimpour S., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., El-Khatib Z., Emamian M.H., Enany S., Eskandarieh S., Eyawo O., Ezalarab M., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Faro A., Fazaeli A.A., Fazlzadeh M., Fentahun N., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Gallus S., Gebre D.G., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremeskel G.G., Gessner B.D., Geta B., Gething P.W., Ghadimi R., Ghadiri K., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghashghaee A., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Golding N., Gomes N.G.M., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gorini G., Goulart B.N.G., Graetz N., Greaves F., Green M.S., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall B.J., Hamidi S., Haririan H., Haro J.M., Hasankhani M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Hegazy M.I., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hird T.R., Hoang C.L., Hollerich G., Rad E.H., Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsairi M., Ilesanmi O.S., Imani-Nasab M.H., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam N., Islam S.M.S., Jurisson M., Balalami N.J., Jalali A., Javidnia J., Jayatilleke A.U., Jenabi E., Ji J.S., Jobanputra Y.B., Johnson K., Jonas J.B., Shushtari Z.J., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kahsay A., Kalani H., Kalhor R., Karami M., Karki S., Kasaeian A., Kassebaum N.J., Keiyoro P.N., Kemp G.R., Khabiri R., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.S., Khang Y.-H., Khatab K., Khater A., Khater M.M., Khatony A., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khazaei-Pool M., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinyoki D.K., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kolola T., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Krohn K.J., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kuupiel D., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lami F.H., Larsson A.O., Lee P.H., Leili M., Levine A.J., Li S., Lim L.-L., Listl S., Longbottom J., Lopez J.C.F., Lorkowski S., Magdeldin S., Abd El Razek H.M., Abd El Razek M.M., Majeed A., Maleki A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manafi N., Manda A.-L., Mansourian M., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Mayala B.K., Mazidi M., McKee M., Mehrotra R., Mehta K.M., Meles G.G., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miller T.R., Miller-Petrie M.K., Mills E.J., Milne G.J., Mini G.K., Mir S.M., Mirjalali H., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad D.K., Darwesh A.M., Mezerji N.M.G., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi Y., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Mosapour A., Mousavi S.M., Mueller U.O., Muluneh A.G., Mustafa G., Nabavizadeh B., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Nahvijou A., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe D.E., Neamati N., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Ngunjiri J.W., Thi Nguyen H.L., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen S.H., Nielsen K.R., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Nixon M.R., Nnaji C.A., Nojomi M., Noroozi M., Nosratnejad S., Noubiap J.J., Motlagh S.N., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oladimeji K.E., Olagunju A.T., Olfatifar M., Olum S., Olusanya B.O., Oluwasanu M.M., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano D.D.V., Ortiz A., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Pagheh A.S., Pakhale S., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Park E.-K., Parsian H., Pashaei T., Patel S.K., Pepito V.C.F., Pereira A., Perkins S., Pickering B.V., Pilgrim T., Pirestani M., Piroozi B., Pirsaheb M., Plana-Ripoll O., Pourjafar H., Puri P., Qorbani M., Quintana H., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi Z., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahimzadeh S., Rajati F., Raju S.B., Ramezankhani A., Ranabhat C.L., Rasella D., Rashedi V., Rawal L., Reiner Jr R.C., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezaei S., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Roever L., Roro E.M., Roser M., Roshandel G., Roshani D., Rostami A., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Sabour S., Sadat N., Sadeghi E., Saeedi R., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Sahebkar A., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salehi F., Zahabi S.S., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Salomon J.A., Sambala E.Z., Samy A.M., Santric Milicevic M.M., Jose B.P.S., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Saxena S., Sbarra A.N., Schaeffer L.E., Schwebel D.C., Sepanlou S.G., Seyedmousavi S., Shaahmadi F., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamshirian A., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharifi H., Sharma J., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shiue I., Shuval K., Siddiqi T.J., Silva J.P., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Sisay M.M., Sisay S., Sliwa K., Smith D.L., Somayaji R., Soofi M., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sykes B.L., Sylaja P.N., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Tabuchi T., Taveira N., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Thirunavukkarasu S., To Q.G., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Vahedian-Azimi A., Valdez P.R., van Boven J.F.M., Vasankari T.J., Vasseghian Y., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vos T., Vu G.T., Vujcic I.S., Waheed Y., Wakefield J., Wang H., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Ward J.L., Weintraub R.G., Weldegwergs K.G., Weldesamuel G.T., Westerman R., Wiysonge C.S., Wondafrash D.Z., Woyczynski L., Wu A.-M., Xu G., Yadegar A., Yamada T., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yilgwan C.S., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Lebni J.Y., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zabeh E., Moghadam T.Z., Bin Zaman S., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zangeneh A., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Murray C.J.L., and Hay S.I.

Subjects
Survival, RJ101, Mortalidad Infantil, HB, UNDER-5 MORTALITY, Global Health, Pediatrics, 0302 clinical medicine, 3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics, Child death, Infant Mortality, Epidemiology, Global health, Middle income country, Nacimiento vivo, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, Child, POPULATION, Developing world, education.field_of_study, Public health, Multidisciplinary, Geography, Mortality rate, wa_900, 1. No poverty, SUCCESS, Pediatrik, A900 Others in Medicine and Dentistry, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Child Mortality, Death children, VACCINATION, HEALTH, ws_100, INTERVENTIONS, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, United Nations, General Science & Technology, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Developing country, Article, Healthcare improvement science Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 18], ITC-HYBRID, 03 medical and health sciences, All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center, Social Justice, Recién nacido, Neonatal deaths, medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Organizational Objectives, Humans, education, Developing Countries, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Infant, CIVIL REGISTRATION, Paediatrics, Child survival, Newborn, PREVENTION, Infant mortality, wa_320, ws_200, Child mortality, Socioeconomic Factors, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Human medicine, Paediatrics, Public health, Developing world, business, Demography
Abstract

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations., A high-resolution, global atlas of mortality of children under five years of age between 2000 and 2017 highlights subnational geographical inequalities in the distribution, rates and absolute counts of child deaths by age.

Published
2019
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43. Department of error

Author

Abla Sibai, Fakher Rahim, Ali Rostami, Aletta Schutte, Mario Sekerija, Nasir Salam, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Sree Bhushan Raju, Agus Sudaryanto, Nataliya Foigt, Getenet Dessie, Fares Alahdab, Kalayu Brhane Mruts, Jalal Arabloo, Behzad Heibati, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Takahiro Tabuchi, Hosein Shabaninejad, Yasir Waheed, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Dilaram Acharya, Carla Farinha, Manoochehr Karami, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Ali Yadollahpour, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, John Ji, RAJESH SAGAR, Santosh Tadakamadla, GK Mini, Elisabete Weiderpass, Ayman Grada, Boris Bikbov, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, ABADI KAHSU GEBRE, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Victor Adekanmbi, Aleksandra Barac, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Irfan Ullah, Giancarlo Logroscino, Ashraf Nabhan, Bruno Sunguya, Rufus Adedoyin, João Fernandes, Batool Fatima, Sojib Bin Zaman, Joan B Soriano, Kairat Davletov, Edson Servan-Mori, Yasin J. Yasin, Lambert Tetteh Appiah, Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Tuhin Biswas, Neil Pearce, Janni Leung, Peter Gething, Ísis Machado, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Arya Haj-mirzaian, Rafael Lozano, Erkin Mirrakhimov, Ravi Mehrotra, Sok King Ong, Muhammad Usman, Hesham Al-Mekhlafi, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Fatemeh Rajati, Stephanie Robin Marie Zimsen, Norberto Perico, Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh, Klara Dokova, Eduardo Bernabe, Bach Tran, Sorin Hostiuc, Mustafa Younis, Mohammad Zamani, James Scott, Bruce Duncan, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Hamid Ahmadieh, Pallab Kumar Maulik, Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos, Michael Brauer, ANDRE RENZAHO, Tobias Pischon, Mehdi Yaseri, Yousef Khader, Arefeh Babazadeh, Angela Spinelli, Sasa Rajsic, Zikria Saleem, Tone Bjørge, Charles Wiysonge, AMANUEL GEBREMEDHIN, Moslem Soofi, Jacob Olusanya, Sargis Aghayan, Howard Hu, Hanne Christensen, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Vivekanand Jha, Andrew Olagunju, Mehran Shams-beyranvand, Giulia Carreras, Nelson Alvis-Guzmán, Alaa Alashi, Khurshid Alam, Prabhat Ranjan, Johanna Marianna Geleijnse, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Soraya Seedat, Hosein Safari, Alex Yeshaneh, Akilew Awoke Adane, Nuno Taveira, Deepesh Lad, Claudiu Herteliu, Ali Bijani, Haitham Shoman, Marc laurent Serre, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Luz Myriam Reynales - Shigematsu, Ted Miller, Young-Eun Kim, Zubair Kabir, Selina Deiparine, Nauman Khalid, Adnan Kisa, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Alberto Ortiz Arduan, Kevan Polkinghorne, Konrad Pesudovs, Meghnath Dhimal, Swayam Prakash, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Amha Admasie, RAVI PRAKASH JHA, Kebede Deribe, Alireza Esteghamati, Eduarda Fernandes, Shafiu Mohammed, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Derrick Bennett, Stefan Lorkowski, Karzan Mohammad, Fiona Charlson, Tissa Wijeratne, and Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman

Subjects
03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, business.industry, General & Internal Medicine, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, General Medicine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, business, 11 Medical and Health Sciences
Published
2019

44. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

Gregory A Roth, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomon M Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Haftom Temesgen Abebe, Molla Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Semaw F Abera, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Mina G Adib, Amha Admasie, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Kareha M Agesa, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Fares Alahdab, Khurshid Alam, Tahiya Alam, Animut Alebel, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Jordi Alonso, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Leopold N Aminde, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Nahla Hamed Anber, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Hossein Ansari, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Olatunde Aremu, Johan Ärnlöv, Amit Arora, Monika Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna K Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Zerihun Ataro, Suleman Atique, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Euripide F G A Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Yohanes Ayele, Rakesh Ayer, Peter S Azzopardi, Arefeh Babazadeh, Umar Bacha, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Ayele Geleto Bali, Katherine E Ballesteros, Maciej Banach, Kajori Banerjee, Marlena S Bannick, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Miguel A Barboza, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Simon Barquera, Lope H Barrero, Quique Bassat, Sanjay Basu, Bernhard T Baune, Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yannick Béjot, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Abate Bekele Belachew, Ezra Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L Bell, Aminu K Bello, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adam E Berman, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S Bernstein, Gregory J Bertolacci, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Ashish Bhalla, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Molly H Biehl, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Ver Bilano, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Donal Bisanzio, Tuhin Biswas, Brigette F Blacker, Berrak Bora Basara, Rohan Borschmann, Cristina Bosetti, Kayvan Bozorgmehr, Oliver J Brady, Luisa C Brant, Carol Brayne, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Paul Svitil Briant, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A Butt, Charlton S K H Callender, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Mate Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Juan J Carrero, Austin Carter, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Chris D Castle, Clara Castro, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Jung-Chen Chang, Fiona J Charlson, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal Chitheer, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J Christopher, Sheng-Chia Chung, Flavia M Cicuttini, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Aaron J Cohen, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Ewerton Cousin, Benjamin C Cowie, Michael H Criqui, Elizabeth A Cromwell, Christopher Stephen Crowe, John A Crump, Matthew Cunningham, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Paul I Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Siddharth K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, José Das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Aditya Prasad Dash, Adrian C Davis, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Fernando Pio De La Hoz, Jan-Walter De Neve, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa Degenhardt, Tizta T Degfie, Selina Deiparine, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Balem Betsu Demtsu, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Don C Des Jarlais, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Subhojit Dey, Samath D Dharmaratne, Daniel Dicker, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, Eric L Ding, M Ashworth Dirac, Shirin Djalalinia, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, Christl A Donnelly, E Ray Dorsey, Pratik P Doshi, Dirk Douwes-Schultz, Kerrie E Doyle, Tim R Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce B Duncan, Andre R Duraes, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Dumessa Edessa, David Edvardsson, Anne Elise Eggen, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Ziad El-Khatib, Hajer Elkout, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Matthias Endres, Aman Yesuf Endries, Benjamin Er, Holly E Erskine, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Reza Esmaeili, Alireza Esteghamati, Mahdi Fakhar, Hamed Fakhim, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Farzaneh Farhadi, Carla Sofia E sá Farinha, Andre Faro, Maryam S Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Valery L Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C Fernandes, Alize J Ferrari, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Samuel Finegold, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Nataliya A Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Carla Fornari, Tahvi D Frank, Takeshi Fukumoto, John E Fuller, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, João M Furtado, Neal D Futran, Silvano Gallus, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Miguel A Garcia-Gordillo, William M Gardner, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Bereket Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Johanna M Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Peter W Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Reza Ghadimi, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Mamata Ghimire, Katherine B Gibney, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K Gill, Richard F Gillum, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Maurice Giroud, Giorgia Giussani, Shifalika Goenka, Ellen M Goldberg, Srinivas Goli, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Taren M Gorman, Atsushi Goto, Alessandra C Goulart, Elena V Gnedovskaya, Ayman Grada, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander Gugnani, Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes, Yuming Guo, Prakash C Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Bishal Gyawali, Juanita A Haagsma, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Tekleberhan B Hagos, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Hilda L Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Josep Maria Haro, Mehedi Hasan, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Roderick J Hay, Simon I Hay, Yihua He, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Mohsen Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Pouria Heydarpour, Sousan Heydarpour, Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu, Hans W Hoek, Michael K Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, H Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J Hotez, Damian G Hoy, Thomas Hsiao, Guoqing Hu, John J Huang, Abdullatif Husseini, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Susan Hutfless, Bulat Idrisov, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Nazrul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Moti Tolera Jalu, Spencer L James, Mehdi Javanbakht, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Kathy J Jenkins, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, Catherine O Johnson, Sarah C Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Ankur Joshi, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Zhila Kazemi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Dhruv Satish Kazi, Adane Teshome Kefale, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Muhammad Ali Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Mona M Khater, Abdullah T Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar A Kiadaliri, Getiye D Kibret, Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam, Daniel N Kiirithio, Daniel Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Mika Kivimäki, Ann Kristin Skrindo 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Subjects
Overview, Disease, Territory, Causes of death, humanities
Abstract

Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. The Lancet Publishing Group

Published
2019

45. The immunopathogenesis of Zika virus: an overview

Author

Arefeh Babazadeh, Soheil Ebrahimpour, and Mostafa Javanian

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, biology, business.industry, Zika Virus Infection, 030106 microbiology, MEDLINE, Zika Virus, biology.organism_classification, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, RC31-1245, Zika virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, Family medicine, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Medicine, Humans, business
Published
2018

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