23 results on '"Arppe, L."'
Search Results
2. The dIANA database – Resource for isotopic paleodietary research in the Baltic Sea area
- Author
-
Etu-Sihvola, H., Bocherens, H., Drucker, D.G., Junno, A., Mannermaa, K., Oinonen, M., Uusitalo, J., and Arppe, L.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Author Correction: Solar superstorm of AD 774 recorded subannually by Arctic tree rings
- Author
-
Uusitalo, J., Arppe, L., Hackman, T., Helama, S., Kovaltsov, G., Mielikäinen, K., Mäkinen, H., Nöjd, P., Palonen, V., Usoskin, I., and Oinonen, M.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Solar superstorm of AD 774 recorded subannually by Arctic tree rings
- Author
-
Uusitalo, J., Arppe, L., Hackman, T., Helama, S., Kovaltsov, G., Mielikäinen, K., Mäkinen, H., Nöjd, P., Palonen, V., Usoskin, I., and Oinonen, M.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The palaeoenvironmental δ 13C record in European woolly mammoth tooth enamel
- Author
-
Arppe, L., Aaris-Sørensen, K., Daugnora, L., Lõugas, L., Wojtal, P., and Zupiņš, I.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Woolly mammoth ( Mammuthus primigenius Blum.) and its environment in northern Europe during the last glaciation
- Author
-
Ukkonen, P., Aaris-Sørensen, K., Arppe, L., Clark, P.U., Daugnora, L., Lister, A.M., Lõugas, L., Seppä, H., Sommer, R.S., Stuart, A.J., Wojtal, P., and Zupiņš, I.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Oxygen isotope values of precipitation and the thermal climate in Europe during the middle to late Weichselian ice age
- Author
-
Arppe, L. and Karhu, J.A.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. MIS 3 mammoth remains from Sweden—implications for faunal history, palaeoclimate and glaciation chronology
- Author
-
Ukkonen, P., Arppe, L., Houmark-Nielsen, M., Kjær, K.H., and Karhu, J.A.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Tree height strongly affects estimates of water-use efficiency responses to climate and CO2 using isotopes
- Author
-
Brienen, RJW, Gloor, E, Clerici, S, Newton, R, Arppe, L, Boom, A, Bottrell, S, Callaghan, M, Heaton, T, Helama, S, Helle, G, Leng, MJ, Mielikäinen, K, Oinonen, M, Timonen, M, Finnish Museum of Natural History, and Natural Sciences Unit
- Subjects
1171 Geosciences ,EUROPEAN FORESTS ,Science ,PINUS-SYLVESTRIS ,GROWTH DECLINE ,RAIN-FOREST ,PAST CENTURY ,RING DELTA-C-13 ,FAGUS-SYLVATICA ,C-3 PLANTS ,ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ,1172 Environmental sciences ,CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS - Abstract
Various studies report substantial increases in intrinsic water-use efficiency (Wi), estimated using carbon isotopes in tree rings, suggesting trees are gaining increasingly more carbon per unit water lost due to increases in atmospheric CO2. Usually, reconstructions do not, however, correct for the effect of intrinsic developmental changes in Wi as trees grow larger. Here we show, by comparingWi across varying tree sizes at one CO2 level, that ignoring such developmental effects can severely affect inferences of trees' Wi. Wi doubled or even tripled over a trees' lifespan in three broadleaf species due to changes in tree height and light availability alone, and there are also weak trends for Pine trees. Developmental trends in broadleaf species are as large as the trends previously assigned to CO2 and climate. Credible future tree ring isotope studies require explicit accounting for species-specific developmental effects before CO2 and climate effects are inferred.
- Published
- 2017
10. Tree height strongly affects estimates of water-use efficiency responses to climate and CO2 using isotopes.
- Author
-
Brienen, R. J. W., Gloor, E., Clerici, S., Newton, R., Arppe, L., Boom, A., Bottrell, S., Callaghan, M., Heaton, T., Helama, S., Helle, G., Leng, M. J., Mielikäinen, K., Oinonen, M., and Timonen, M.
- Subjects
TREE height ,ISOTOPES ,CARBON isotopes ,TREE-rings ,CLIMATOLOGY ,TREE size - Abstract
Various studies report substantial increases in intrinsic water-use efficiency (Wi), estimated using carbon isotopes in tree rings, suggesting trees are gaining increasingly more carbon per unit water lost due to increases in atmospheric CO
2 . Usually, reconstructions do not, however, correct for the effect of intrinsic developmental changes in Wi as trees grow larger. Here we show, by comparing Wi across varying tree sizes at one CO2 level, that ignoring such developmental effects can severely affect inferences of trees' Wi. Wi doubled or even tripled over a trees' lifespan in three broadleaf species due to changes in tree height and light availability alone, and there are also weak trends for Pine trees. Developmental trends in broadleaf species are as large as the trends previously assigned to CO2 and climate. Credible future tree ring isotope studies require explicit accounting for species-specific developmental effects before CO2 and climate effects are inferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The palaeoenvironmental δ13C record in European woolly mammoth tooth enamel
- Author
-
Arppe, L., Aaris-Sørensen, K., Daugnora, L., Lõugas, L., Wojtal, P., and Zupiņš, I.
- Subjects
- *
WOOLLY mammoth , *CARBON isotopes , *PALEONTOLOGY , *DENTAL enamel , *PALEOCLIMATOLOGY - Abstract
Abstract: The carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of tooth enamel of woolly mammoth molars from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Denmark and southern Poland was analysed and the data were complemented with previously published δ13C values from Sweden, Finland and northwestern Russia, Switzerland and Britain. The δ13C values display a NE- to SW-trending geographical pattern, with more depleted compositions in the northeast, suggesting differences in the diet consumed by mammoths in the northeastern parts of the study area relative to mammoths in the southwesterly regions. While the pattern is probably a reflection of a number of controlling environmental parameters, with possible additional contribution from physiological factors, statistically significant correlations of the δ13C values to δ18O data from the same specimens and to palaeotemperature estimates imply a strong influence of climate over the δ13C values. The δ13C data do not provide convincing evidence of any temporal changes in diet. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. You eat what you find - Local patterns in vegetation structure control diets of African fungus-growing termites.
- Author
-
Vesala R, Rikkinen A, Pellikka P, Rikkinen J, and Arppe L
- Abstract
Fungus-growing termites and their symbiotic Termitomyces fungi are critically important carbon and nutrient recyclers in arid and semiarid environments of sub-Saharan Africa. A major proportion of plant litter produced in these ecosystems is decomposed within nest chambers of termite mounds, where temperature and humidity are kept optimal for the fungal symbionts. While fungus-growing termites are generally believed to exploit a wide range of different plant substrates, the actual diets of most species remain elusive. We studied dietary niches of two Macrotermes species across the semiarid savanna landscape in the Tsavo Ecosystem, southern Kenya, based on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotopes in Termitomyces fungus combs. We applied Bayesian mixing models to determine the proportion of grass and woody plant matter in the combs, these being the two major food sources available for Macrotermes species in the region. Our results showed that both termite species, and colonies cultivating different Termitomyces fungi, occupied broad and largely overlapping isotopic niches, indicating no dietary specialization. Including laser scanning derived vegetation cover estimates to the dietary mixing model revealed that the proportion of woody plant matter in fungus combs increased with increasing woody plant cover in the nest surroundings. Nitrogen content of fungus combs was positively correlated with woody plant cover around the mounds and negatively correlated with the proportion of grass matter in the comb. Considering the high N demand of large Macrotermes colonies, woody plant matter seems to thus represent a more profitable food source than grass. As grass is also utilized by grazing mammals, and the availability of grass matter typically fluctuates over the year, mixed woodland-grasslands and bushlands seem to represent more favorable habitats for large Macrotermes colonies than open grasslands., Competing Interests: None of the authors have any competing interests., (© 2022 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. New Ag 3 PO 4 comparison material for stable oxygen isotope analysis.
- Author
-
Watzinger A, Schott K, Hood-Nowotny R, Tamburini F, Arppe L, Cristini D, Knöller K, and Skrzypek G
- Abstract
Rationale: A silver phosphate reference material (Ag
3 PO4 ) for the measurement of stable oxygen isotope compositions is much needed; however, it is not available from the authorities distributing reference materials. This study aims to fill this gap by calibrating a new Ag3 PO4 stable isotope comparison material produced by the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)., Methods: Aliquots of Ag3 PO4 were distributed to four laboratories who frequently measure the δ18 O value in Ag3 PO4 ; the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), the University of Western Australia (UWA), the University of Helsinki (UH), and the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ). The instruments used to perform the measurements were high-temperature conversion elemental analysers coupled with continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometers. The working gas δ18 O value was set to 0‰ and the normalization was done by a three-point linear regression using the reference materials IAEA-601, IAEA-602, and NBS127., Results: The mean δ18 O value of the new BOKU Ag3 PO4 comparison material on the VSMOW-SLAP scale is 13.71‰ and the combined uncertainty is estimated as ±0.34‰. This estimated uncertainty is within the range typical for comparison materials of phosphates and sulphates. Consistent results from the different laboratories probably derived from similar instrumentation, and use of the same reference materials and normalization procedure. The matrix effect of the different reference materials used in this study was deemed negligible., Conclusions: The BOKU Ag3 PO4 can be used as an alternative comparison material for stable oxygen isotope analysis and is available for stable isotope research laboratories to facilitate calibration., (© 2021 The Authors. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Recurrent transitions to Little Ice Age-like climatic regimes over the Holocene.
- Author
-
Helama S, Stoffel M, Hall RJ, Jones PD, Arppe L, Matskovsky VV, Timonen M, Nöjd P, Mielikäinen K, and Oinonen M
- Abstract
Holocene climate variability is punctuated by episodic climatic events such as the Little Ice Age (LIA) predating the industrial-era warming. Their dating and forcing mechanisms have however remained controversial. Even more crucially, it is uncertain whether earlier events represent climatic regimes similar to the LIA. Here we produce and analyse a new 7500-year long palaeoclimate record tailored to detect LIA-like climatic regimes from northern European tree-ring data. In addition to the actual LIA, we identify LIA-like ca. 100-800 year periods with cold temperatures combined with clear sky conditions from 540 CE, 1670 BCE, 3240 BCE and 5450 BCE onwards, these LIA-like regimes covering 20% of the study period. Consistent with climate modelling, the LIA-like regimes originate from a coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice North Atlantic-Arctic system and were amplified by volcanic activity (multiple eruptions closely spaced in time), tree-ring evidence pointing to similarly enhanced LIA-like regimes starting after the eruptions recorded in 1627 BCE, 536/540 CE and 1809/1815 CE. Conversely, the ongoing decline in Arctic sea-ice extent is mirrored in our data which shows reversal of the LIA-like conditions since the late nineteenth century, our record also correlating highly with the instrumentally recorded Northern Hemisphere and global temperatures over the same period. Our results bridge the gaps between low- and high-resolution, precisely dated proxies and demonstrate the efficacy of slow and fast components of the climate system to generate LIA-like climate regimes., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00382-021-05669-0., (© The Author(s) 2021.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Sequential extraction of the phosphate and collagen fractions of small bone samples for analysis of multiple isotope systems (δ 18 O PO4 , δ 13 C, δ 15 N).
- Author
-
Sahlstedt E and Arppe L
- Subjects
- Animals, Goats, Humans, Paleontology, Bone and Bones chemistry, Collagen chemistry, Isotopes analysis, Mass Spectrometry methods, Phosphates chemistry
- Abstract
Rationale: Stable isotope analyses are used on precious archeological and paleontological materials despite their destructive nature, because the information gained by these methods on, for example, feeding habits, migration and health of individuals cannot otherwise be obtained. We approached this issue by devising a new sequential extraction scheme aimed at producing multiple (O, C, N) isotope proxies from small amounts of sample., Methods: The new extraction scheme includes dissolution of the bone in dilute HNO
3 followed by separate treatments of the collagenous and phosphate fractions. The collagen fraction is treated further adopting the methods presented in the literature for collagen extraction, modified to accommodate small sample sizes. The phosphate-containing fraction is purified from organic contaminants by H2 O2 and the phosphate is precipitated as Ag3 PO4 following methods presented in the literature. The use of HF as demineralization agent is also tested., Results: A starting amount of ca 2 mg produced enough material for meaurement by isotope ratio mass spectrometry of the collagen C and N isotope compositions and bone phosphate O isotope composition. We show that the isotopic data obtained from the sequential extraction scheme are comparable with the isotopic composition measured following conventional methodologies that are usually based on 100-500 mg sample sizes., Conclusions: The new sequential extraction scheme combines the preparation for stable isotope analysis of bone mineral and organic phases, thus minimizing the amounts of sample needed and damage caused on a sample piece. The method may allow analysis of skeletal samples previously excluded from isotope analysis due to material limitations., (© 2020 The Authors. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Buried in water, burdened by nature-Resilience carried the Iron Age people through Fimbulvinter.
- Author
-
Oinonen M, Alenius T, Arppe L, Bocherens H, Etu-Sihvola H, Helama S, Huhtamaa H, Lahtinen M, Mannermaa K, Onkamo P, Palo J, Sajantila A, Salo K, Sundell T, Vanhanen S, and Wessman A
- Subjects
- Archaeology, Bone and Bones chemistry, Finland, History, Ancient, Humans, Radiometric Dating, Agriculture history, Climate Change history, Feeding Behavior, Resilience, Psychological
- Abstract
Levänluhta is a unique archaeological site with the remains of nearly a hundred Iron Age individuals found from a water burial in Ostrobothnia, Finland. The strongest climatic downturn of the Common Era, resembling the great Fimbulvinter in Norse mythology, hit these people during the 6th century AD. This study establishes chronological, dietary, and livelihood synthesis on this population based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic and radiocarbon analyses on human remains, supported by multidisciplinary evidence. Extraordinarily broad stable isotopic distribution is observed, indicating three subgroups with distinct dietary habits spanning four centuries. This emphasizes the versatile livelihoods practiced at this boundary of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. While the impact of the prolonged cold darkness of the 6th century was devastating for European communities relying on cultivation, the broad range of livelihoods provided resilience for the Levänluhta people to overcome the abrupt climatic decline., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Human mitochondrial DNA lineages in Iron-Age Fennoscandia suggest incipient admixture and eastern introduction of farming-related maternal ancestry.
- Author
-
Översti S, Majander K, Salmela E, Salo K, Arppe L, Belskiy S, Etu-Sihvola H, Laakso V, Mikkola E, Pfrengle S, Putkonen M, Taavitsainen JP, Vuoristo K, Wessman A, Sajantila A, Oinonen M, Haak W, Schuenemann VJ, Krause J, Palo JU, and Onkamo P
- Subjects
- Agriculture, DNA, Mitochondrial genetics, Europe, Farmers statistics & numerical data, Farms, Finland, Genome, Mitochondrial genetics, History, Ancient, Humans, Iron, Oceans and Seas, Crosses, Genetic, DNA, Ancient analysis, DNA, Mitochondrial analysis, Human Migration history, Maternal Inheritance genetics, White People genetics
- Abstract
Human ancient DNA studies have revealed high mobility in Europe's past, and have helped to decode the human history on the Eurasian continent. Northeastern Europe, especially north of the Baltic Sea, however, remains less well understood largely due to the lack of preserved human remains. Finland, with a divergent population history from most of Europe, offers a unique perspective to hunter-gatherer way of life, but thus far genetic information on prehistoric human groups in Finland is nearly absent. Here we report 103 complete ancient mitochondrial genomes from human remains dated to AD 300-1800, and explore mtDNA diversity associated with hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers. The results indicate largely unadmixed mtDNA pools of differing ancestries from Iron-Age on, suggesting a rather late genetic shift from hunter-gatherers towards farmers in North-East Europe. Furthermore, the data suggest eastern introduction of farmer-related haplogroups into Finland, contradicting contemporary genetic patterns in Finns.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Caste-specific nutritional differences define carbon and nitrogen fluxes within symbiotic food webs in African termite mounds.
- Author
-
Vesala R, Arppe L, and Rikkinen J
- Subjects
- Animals, Isoptera classification, Isoptera microbiology, Kenya, Nitrogen Fixation, Plants, Carbon Radioisotopes analysis, Food Chain, Fungi physiology, Gastrointestinal Microbiome physiology, Isoptera physiology, Nitrogen Radioisotopes analysis, Symbiosis
- Abstract
Fungus-growing termites of the genus Macrotermes cultivate symbiotic fungi (Termitomyces) in their underground nest chambers to degrade plant matter collected from the environment. Although the general mechanism of food processing is relatively well-known, it has remained unclear whether the termites get their nutrition primarily from the fungal mycelium or from plant tissues partly decomposed by the fungus. To elucidate the flows of carbon and nitrogen in the complicated food-chains within the nests of fungus-growing termites, we determined the stable isotope signatures of different materials sampled from four Macrotermes colonies in southern Kenya. Stable isotopes of carbon revealed that the termite queen and the young larvae are largely sustained by the fungal mycelium. Conversely, all adult workers and soldiers seem to feed predominantly on plant and/or fungus comb material, demonstrating that the fungal symbiont plays a different nutritional role for different termite castes. Nitrogen stable isotopes indicated additional differences between castes and revealed intriguing patterns in colony nitrogen cycling. Nitrogen is effectively recycled within the colonies, but also a presently unspecified nitrogen source, most likely symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, seems to contribute to nitrogen supply. Our results indicate that the gut microbiota of the termite queen might be largely responsible for the proposed nitrogen fixation.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene.
- Author
-
Sikora M, Pitulko VV, Sousa VC, Allentoft ME, Vinner L, Rasmussen S, Margaryan A, de Barros Damgaard P, de la Fuente C, Renaud G, Yang MA, Fu Q, Dupanloup I, Giampoudakis K, Nogués-Bravo D, Rahbek C, Kroonen G, Peyrot M, McColl H, Vasilyev SV, Veselovskaya E, Gerasimova M, Pavlova EY, Chasnyk VG, Nikolskiy PA, Gromov AV, Khartanovich VI, Moiseyev V, Grebenyuk PS, Fedorchenko AY, Lebedintsev AI, Slobodin SB, Malyarchuk BA, Martiniano R, Meldgaard M, Arppe L, Palo JU, Sundell T, Mannermaa K, Putkonen M, Alexandersen V, Primeau C, Baimukhanov N, Malhi RS, Sjögren KG, Kristiansen K, Wessman A, Sajantila A, Lahr MM, Durbin R, Nielsen R, Meltzer DJ, Excoffier L, and Willerslev E
- Subjects
- Asia ethnology, DNA, Ancient analysis, Europe ethnology, Gene Pool, Haplotypes, History, 15th Century, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Humans, Indians, North American, Male, Siberia ethnology, Genome, Human genetics, Human Migration history
- Abstract
Northeastern Siberia has been inhabited by humans for more than 40,000 years but its deep population history remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the late Pleistocene population history of northeastern Siberia through analyses of 34 newly recovered ancient genomes that date to between 31,000 and 600 years ago. We document complex population dynamics during this period, including at least three major migration events: an initial peopling by a previously unknown Palaeolithic population of 'Ancient North Siberians' who are distantly related to early West Eurasian hunter-gatherers; the arrival of East Asian-related peoples, which gave rise to 'Ancient Palaeo-Siberians' who are closely related to contemporary communities from far-northeastern Siberia (such as the Koryaks), as well as Native Americans; and a Holocene migration of other East Asian-related peoples, who we name 'Neo-Siberians', and from whom many contemporary Siberians are descended. Each of these population expansions largely replaced the earlier inhabitants, and ultimately generated the mosaic genetic make-up of contemporary peoples who inhabit a vast area across northern Eurasia and the Americas.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Arctic moistening provides negative feedbacks to riparian plants.
- Author
-
Helama S, Arppe L, Mielikäinen K, and Oinonen M
- Subjects
- Arctic Regions, Biomass, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Finland, Floods, Carbon metabolism, Pinus sylvestris growth & development, Pinus sylvestris metabolism
- Abstract
Arctic moistening will affect the circumpolar forested riparian ecosystems. Upward trends observed for precipitation in high latitudes illustrate that the moistening may be underway to influence the woody biomass production near the inland waters, lakes and streams with effects on carbon pools and fluxes. Although the flooding and waterlogging tolerance of seedlings has been investigated, our understanding of responses in mature trees is still limited. Here we employ tree-ring δ
13 C and width data from a subarctic riparian setting in Lapland, where artificially high lake level (HLL) has already altered the ecophysiological and growth responses of riparian Pinus sylvestris trees to external drivers under conditions simulating moister environment. Prior to the HLL event, the carbon assimilation rate was primarily limited by irradiance as reflected in the δ13 C data and the radial growth of south-facing riparian trees remained increased in comparison to shaded upland trees. By contrast, the riparian trees were not similarly benefited during the HLL period when reduced assimilation depleted the riparian in comparison to upland δ13 C despite of increased irradiance. As a result, the radial growth of riparian trees was markedly reduced over the HLL event while the upland trees benefited from increased irradiance and summer time warming. Although the production of biomass at high latitudes is commonly considered temperature-limited, our results highlight the increasing role of Arctic moistening to limit the growth when increased precipitation (cloudiness) reduces the incoming solar radiation in general and when the riparian habitat becomes increasingly waterlogged in particular. The effects of high-latitude warming to induce higher biomass productivity may be restricted by negative feedbacks., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Volcanic dust veils from sixth century tree-ring isotopes linked to reduced irradiance, primary production and human health.
- Author
-
Helama S, Arppe L, Uusitalo J, Holopainen J, Mäkelä HM, Mäkinen H, Mielikäinen K, Nöjd P, Sutinen R, Taavitsainen JP, Timonen M, and Oinonen M
- Subjects
- Dust, Environmental Monitoring, Food Supply, Fossils, History, Medieval, Humans, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Trees chemistry, Volcanic Eruptions history
- Abstract
The large volcanic eruptions of AD 536 and 540 led to climate cooling and contributed to hardships of Late Antiquity societies throughout Eurasia, and triggered a major environmental event in the historical Roman Empire. Our set of stable carbon isotope records from subfossil tree rings demonstrates a strong negative excursion in AD 536 and 541-544. Modern data from these sites show that carbon isotope variations are driven by solar radiation. A model based on sixth century isotopes reconstruct an irradiance anomaly for AD 536 and 541-544 of nearly three standard deviations below the mean value based on modern data. This anomaly can be explained by a volcanic dust veil reducing solar radiation and thus primary production threatening food security over a multitude of years. We offer a hypothesis that persistently low irradiance contributed to remarkably simultaneous outbreaks of famine and Justinianic plague in the eastern Roman Empire with adverse effects on crop production and photosynthesis of the vitamin D in human skin and thus, collectively, human health. Our results provide a hitherto unstudied proxy for exploring the mechanisms of 'volcanic summers' to demonstrate the post-eruption deficiencies in sunlight and to explain the human consequences during such calamity years.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Tree height strongly affects estimates of water-use efficiency responses to climate and CO 2 using isotopes.
- Author
-
Brienen RJW, Gloor E, Clerici S, Newton R, Arppe L, Boom A, Bottrell S, Callaghan M, Heaton T, Helama S, Helle G, Leng MJ, Mielikäinen K, Oinonen M, and Timonen M
- Subjects
- Algorithms, Carbon Isotopes metabolism, Cedrela growth & development, Cedrela metabolism, Fagus growth & development, Fagus metabolism, Models, Theoretical, Pinus growth & development, Pinus metabolism, Quercus growth & development, Quercus metabolism, Species Specificity, Temperature, Time Factors, Trees growth & development, Carbon Dioxide metabolism, Climate, Trees metabolism, Water metabolism
- Abstract
Various studies report substantial increases in intrinsic water-use efficiency (W
i ), estimated using carbon isotopes in tree rings, suggesting trees are gaining increasingly more carbon per unit water lost due to increases in atmospheric CO2 . Usually, reconstructions do not, however, correct for the effect of intrinsic developmental changes in Wi as trees grow larger. Here we show, by comparing Wi across varying tree sizes at one CO2 level, that ignoring such developmental effects can severely affect inferences of trees' Wi . Wi doubled or even tripled over a trees' lifespan in three broadleaf species due to changes in tree height and light availability alone, and there are also weak trends for Pine trees. Developmental trends in broadleaf species are as large as the trends previously assigned to CO2 and climate. Credible future tree ring isotope studies require explicit accounting for species-specific developmental effects before CO2 and climate effects are inferred.Intrinsic water-use efficiency (Wi ) reconstructions using tree rings often disregard developmental changes in Wi as trees age. Here, the authors compare Wi across varying tree sizes at a fixed CO2 level and show that ignoring developmental changes impacts conclusions on trees' Wi responses to CO2 or climate.- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Echoes from the past: a healthy Baltic Sea requires more effort.
- Author
-
Kotilainen AT, Arppe L, Dobosz S, Jansen E, Kabel K, Karhu J, Kotilainen MM, Kuijpers A, Lougheed BC, Meier HE, Moros M, Neumann T, Porsche C, Poulsen N, Rasmussen P, Ribeiro S, Risebrobakken B, Ryabchuk D, Schimanke S, Snowball I, Spiridonov M, Virtasalo JJ, Weckström K, Witkowski A, and Zhamoida V
- Subjects
- Baltic States, Geologic Sediments, Oceans and Seas, Climate Change, Ecosystem
- Abstract
Integrated sediment multiproxy studies and modeling were used to reconstruct past changes in the Baltic Sea ecosystem. Results of natural changes over the past 6000 years in the Baltic Sea ecosystem suggest that forecasted climate warming might enhance environmental problems of the Baltic Sea. Integrated modeling and sediment proxy studies reveal increased sea surface temperatures and expanded seafloor anoxia (in deep basins) during earlier natural warm climate phases, such as the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Under future IPCC scenarios of global warming, there is likely no improvement of bottom water conditions in the Baltic Sea. Thus, the measures already designed to produce a healthier Baltic Sea are insufficient in the long term. The interactions between climate change and anthropogenic impacts on the Baltic Sea should be considered in management, implementation of policy strategies in the Baltic Sea environmental issues, and adaptation to future climate change.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.