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Introduction: Solitary Thyroid Nodule (STN) has provoked increased concern owing to higher incidence of malignancy. The inter and intra observer variation in the histomorphological diagnosis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas (PTC) may sometimes pose a diagnostic difficulty. Aim: This study was undertaken to analyse immunohistochemical (IHC) markers (CK-19, CD-56, p53, Ki-67) to differentiate between benign and malignant surgically resected STN along with their utility in the identification of PTC. Materials and Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted over a period of 4 years. A technique of manual tissue array was employed for cases subjected to IHC. The primary antibodies used were CK-19, CD-56, p53 and Ki- 67. Analysis of the expression of IHC markers (p53, Ki-67) to distinguish between benign and malignant STN was done. Evaluation and correlation of expression of IHC markers (CK-19, CD-56) to determine its utility in reaching definitive diagnosis and assessing prognosis of PTC was tried. Results were subjected to statistical analysis. The results were considered to be significant when the p-value <0.05. Results: Out of the 160 cases of surgically resected STN specimens, 68 cases were non-neoplastic, 24 cases were benign and 68 cases were of malignant tumours (7 cases of follicular carcinoma (FCa), 61 cases of PTC). CK-19 was found to be a sensitive (83.61%) and a highly specific positive marker (100%) for the diagnosis of PTC. The difference in CD- 56 expression between PTC and non-PTC group was found to be highly statistically significant. CD-56 was found to be a sensitive (85.86%) and specific (82.25%) negative marker in differentiating PTC from follicular lesions/neoplasms. The difference in p53 expression between the malignant and nonmalignant STN cases was found to be highly statistically significant with a sensitivity and specificity 85.29% and 70.65% respectively. The statistical difference in mean Ki-67 Labeling Index (LI) was found to be significant between PTC versus FA, PTC versus non-neoplastic lesions, FA versus FCa and FVPTC versus FA. Conclusion: The panel of four IHC markers (CK-19, CD-56, p53, Ki-67) may be used for differentiating doubtful benign STN cases from malignant ones and also for definitive diagnosis of PTC along with histopathological examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancers of the urinary bladder account for about 3.2% of all cancers worldwide. Clear cell adenocarcinomas (CCAs) of urinary bladder are rare. CCA must be differentiated from benign condition such as nephrogenic adenoma (NA) as well as malignant conditions such as urothelial carcinoma with clear cells, metastasis from ovary and kidney, and urinary bladder myomelanocytic tumor. The diagnosis is based on characteristic histopathological and immunohistochemical features. We present a rare case of CCA of urinary bladder with aggressive clinical behavior in a 72-year-old female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive apocrine carcinomas of the breast are rare. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been increasingly used as a primary screening tool for breast lumps, with high level of sensitivity and specificity. Preoperatively, apocrine carcinoma needs to be distinguished from benign apocrine lesions and other eosinophilic and granular cell tumors. We report a rare case of invasive apocrine carcinoma in a 70-year-old female presenting with a breast lump and no axillary lymphadenopathy. FNAC was advised which yielded moderately cellular smears composed of loosely cohesive clusters of large, polygonal cells with centrally located pleomorphic, vesicular nucleus with prominent nucleoli and abundant, basophilic and granular cytoplasm. Based on above cytomorphological findings, diagnosis of apocrine carcinoma was offered. The patient then underwent right modified radical mastectomy with axillary clearance. Based on histomorphology and panel of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers the diagnosis was confirmed. Although apocrine/oncocytic cytomorphology is seen in few types of breast neoplasms, high index of suspicion and subsequent IHC study clinches the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In clinical practice, smooth muscle tumors of the vulva are rarely encountered. The histopathological subtype and grading is of utmost importance to the clinician and the patient. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, radiological, cyto-histological examination, and recently by application of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers. Leiomyomas occasionally occur with unusual patterns, making their identification more challenging clinically, radiologically, and cyto-histologically. We encountered a case of lipoleiomyoma of the vulva in a 38-year-old female. To the author's knowledge, this unusual variant of smooth muscle tumor, that is, lipoleiomyoma of the vulvar region has not been mentioned in the literature so far. The detailed clinical, cytomorphological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical study was carried out, which has prompted us to report this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of an eighteen-year-old male patient represented with swelling in right side of neck of three years duration. An examination revealed a large soft, euthermic, non-tender swelling in right submandibular region. The authors recommend the consideration of hamartomatous lesion in diagnosis of mass lesion of salivary gland and evaluation of the role of genetic abnormalities in hamartomatous lesion of the salivary gland.

Introduction: Immunohistochemical (IHC) markers of mucin family are associated with various Gallbladder Lesions (GBLs)., Aim: To study the distribution of GBL with respect to age and sex as well as to analyse the IHC profile of MUC1 and MUC5AC in GBLs and attempt correlation with clinical and histopathological findings., Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted over a period of six years. A technique of manual tissue array was employed for cases subjected to IHC using MUC1 and MUC5AC. Results were statistically analysed using software program "The Primer of Biostatistics 5.0"., Results: A total of 629 GBL were encountered. Out of 605 of non-neoplastic lesions, 32 (5.29%) expressed MUC1 while 515 (85.12%) cases expressed MUC5AC. Out of 24 cases of neoplastic GBL, 20 cases (83.33%) showed positivity for MUC1 and 9 cases (37.5%) were positive for MUC5AC. The rate of MUC1 expression was significantly higher in Gall Bladder Cancer (GBC) {18GB carcinoma (ca) +3 Carcinoma In Situ (CIS)} (85.71%) than chronic cholecystitis (4.71%). The positive rate of MUC5AC expression was significantly lower in GBC (28.57%) than chronic cholecystitis (87.19%). The percentage of cases showing MUC1 expression increased as the severity of disease progressed from hyperplasia to CIS. The percentage of cases showing MUC5AC expression decreased as the severity of disease progressed from hyperplasia to CIS., Conclusion: In this study, 96.18% cases were non neoplastic GBL of which chronic cholecystitis (87.77%) was predominant. 3.81% of the GBL constituted for neoplastic lesions of which 75% were GBC. MUC1 showed higher rates of expression in neoplastic GBL. MUC5AC showed higher rates of expression in non neoplastic GBL. Expression of MUC1 and MUC5AC might be closely related to pathogenesis of neoplastic and non neoplastic GBL.

Introduction: Granulomatous Mastitis (GM) is a rare, benign, inflammatory disease of the breast. It is a well known mimicker of malignancy, clinically and radiologically. Patients are often subjected to number of tests for the right diagnosis. Non-specific Granulomatous Mastitis (NGM) and Tubercular Mastitis (TBM) are chief among the various causes of GM. They are important to be diagnosed early as their treatment varies significantly. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is simple, patient friendly and primary investigation modality in cases of lump in breast., Aim: To find out the utility of FNAC in differentiating NGM and TBM., Materials and Methods: All cases of granulomatous mastitis diagnosed on cytology over eight years were retrospectively retrieved. The clinical and radiological history was obtained from the patient file. The slides were stained with haematoxylin and eosin stain as well as Leishman stains. Special stains like Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) stain were used for fungus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis respectively. Histopathological correlation of the available cases was done. Clinical presentation and cytological morphology of individual cases was studied in detail., Results: Twenty one cases of GM obtained, of which 16 were NGM and five were TBM. Both diseases were common among young reproductive women who presented with unilateral breast lump of varying duration. Almost 25% of NGM and 60% of TBM has clinical suspicion of malignancy. About 30% had radiological suspicion of malignancy. Nearly 62.5% of NGM patients had painful swelling and none of tubercular mastitis patients had pain. About 31% of NGM patients underwent prior abscess drainage and 40% of TBM patients gave history of tuberculosis. Almost 6.25% of NGM and 60% of TBM had axillary lymphadenopathy. Cytologically epithelioid cells were identified in 100% of patients whereas, granulomas were seen in 62.5% and 80% of NGM and TBM smears respectively. Langhans giant cells were frequent among TBM and foreign body giant cell among NGM. Caseous necrosis was seen in 60% of TBM and absent in NGM smears., Conclusion: Though, NGM and TBM is said to have overlapping features, our study highlights few clinical and cytological differences which aid in differentiating the two entities at primary level. FNAC along with special stain must be advocated as the primary tool of diagnosis in cases of GM.