Search

The use of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) and dual glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1 RA (GIP/GLP-1 RA) classes has increased substantially over the past several years for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity. Increased demand for these pharmacotherapies has resulted in temporary product shortages for both GLP-1 RA and dual GIP/GLP-1 RA medications. These shortages, in part, have led to entities producing and marketing compounded formulations that bypass regulatory measures, raising safety, quality, and efficacy concerns. Even as shortages resolve, compounded GLP-1 RA and GIP/GLP-1 RA products continue to be heavily marketed to people with diabetes and obesity. The purpose of this statement by the American Diabetes Association is to guide health care professionals and people with diabetes and/or obesity in these circumstances of medication unavailability to promote optimal care andmedication use safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025" from Diabetes Care presents the American Diabetes Association's clinical practice recommendations for diabetes care, focusing on person-centered collaborative care and involving an interprofessional team. It offers detailed guidance on communication, assessment, and management of diabetes, including lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, and preventive care. The document also addresses the importance of comprehensive medical evaluations, screening for autoimmune diseases, managing bone health, and receiving immunizations to prevent infectious diseases like COVID-19, hepatitis B, influenza, and pneumonia. Additionally, it discusses various health issues related to diabetes, such as fragility fractures, cognitive impairment, dental care, and obstructive sleep apnea, emphasizing the need for screening, lifestyle modifications, medication management, and interprofessional care to address these concerns effectively. [Extracted from the article]

The 2025 "Standards of Care in Diabetes" published in Diabetes Care by the American Diabetes Association reflects the evolving landscape of diabetes care, incorporating person-first language and inclusive terminology. Endorsements from various medical societies were received for different sections, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive care. The document details revisions across multiple sections, including recommendations for populations at risk, diagnosis and classification of diabetes, prevention strategies, and management of comorbidities, reflecting the latest evidence-based practices in diabetes care. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Introduction and Methodology: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025" from Diabetes Care discusses the importance of continuous medical care for diabetes, emphasizing self-management education and support. The American Diabetes Association's "Standards of Care" provides comprehensive guidelines for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers to improve diabetes outcomes across diverse populations. The document covers screening, diagnosis, and management of diabetes and its complications, with recommendations for various age groups and types of diabetes. The Standards of Care undergoes annual updates based on new evidence and expert recommendations, ensuring its relevance and reliability for healthcare professionals and individuals with diabetes. [Extracted from the article]

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, an interprofessional expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations and a full list of Professional Practice Committee members, please refer to Introduction and Methodology. Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organoid nevus syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome typified by cutaneous sebaceous nevus, seizures and epibulbar choristomas. The condition is associated with multiple ocular abnormalities. Herein, the authors aim to study and report the ophthalmic features of cases diagnosed with organoid nevus syndrome. The authors retrospectively evaluated the records of patients with the organoid nevus syndrome who had presented to a tertiary care eye hospital in northern India. The ocular features were studied and entered in MS excel and the data were evaluated. Data of 13 patients with the organoid nevus syndrome were found. All 13 patients had cutaneous features in the form of Sebaceous nevus of Jadasson, 8 patients had alopecia of the scalp area, 2 had history seizures and 10 had arachnoid cysts on neuroimaging of the head. All 13 patients had a complex choristoma involving the ocular surface. We conclude that the most common ophthalmologic features associated with organoid nevus are complex choristoma of the bulbar surface, scleral coat calcification and upper eyelid coloboma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcomes of voriconazole in terms of functional recovery and response on imaging in the management of invasive aspergillosis of orbit. This was a prospective non-comparative interventional study. Diagnosed cases of invasive orbital aspergillosis were studied in a tertiary care hospital. Intravenous voriconazole followed by oral treatment was given. Sinus debridement was done, where needed. The response to treatment was assessed clinically and on radiology. A total of 10 diagnosed cases of invasive orbital aspergillosis were studied. Nine cases (90%) occurred in immunocompetent patients. Predisposing sinus infection was seen in 8 patients (80%). The most common presenting complaint was the protrusion of eye. On voriconazole treatment, there was a statistically significant improvement in vision and extraocular movements from first week onwards (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively) and reduction in proptosis from second week onwards (p = 0.003). Imaging was done at three months follow-up which revealed a good response to treatment in 90% of patients. All patients tolerated the drug well except one who had transient hepatic dysfunction. The mean follow-up was 5.8 months (range: 3–12 months). There was no recurrence of disease till the last follow-up. Invasive orbital aspergillosis commonly presents as sino-orbital disease, mostly in immunocompetent adult patients. Voriconazole is a safe and effective drug with good short-term clinical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the clinical indications for orbital exenteration, demographic profile of these patients, and clinicopathologic correlations in the current times and to compare these results with previous published data. Methods: It was a retrospective study. All exenterations performed at a tertiary eye care center over a period of 20 years (from January 2001 to June 2020) were retrospectively evaluated. Patient records were reviewed to obtain demographic data, presenting symptoms and their duration, laterality, and clinical and histopathologic diagnosis. Results: A total of 352 cases (males:females = 222:130) who underwent exenteration were identified. Patients age ranged from 11 months to 87 years (mean: 43.86 years, median: 50 years). The most common indication for exenteration was found to be eyelid malignancy in 54.36%, followed by retinoblastoma in 18.75% and primary orbital tumors in 14.49%. Out of 156 cases of eyelid malignancies requiring exenteration, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most common histologic subtype (n = 94, 60.26%), followed by sebaceous gland carcinoma (n = 40, 25.64%) and basal cell carcinoma (n = 20, 12.82%). The most common primary orbital tumors requiring exenteration were adenocystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland in adults and rhabdomyosarcoma in the pediatric age group. Benign conditions requiring exenteration included fulminant fungal orbital infections and lymphangioma among others. Conclusion: The number of exenterations performed have significantly increased in terms of absolute numbers. However, the ratio of exenteration to other tumor-related surgeries, mainly excision biopsy, has reduced compared to that reported from a previous study. The most common indication in our study remains eyelid malignancy followed by intraocular malignancy. However, SCC has emerged as the most common tumor histologic subtype requiring exenterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe a staging system for optic nerve invasion using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and report any correlation with survival outcome. Methods: This was a ambispective study. Twenty-one patients with retinoblastoma who had optic nerve involvement on MRI were staged at baseline based on contrast enhancement and/or thickening and length of involvement. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) was noted according to proposed response evaluation criteria and results were correlated with survival outcome. Results: Baseline MRI staging was able to predict event-free survival (EFS) (P =.0015) using the log-rank test for trends. Patients with optic nerve enhancement alone showed 100% survival prognosis. Optic nerve thickening cases with complete or partial response to NACT showed better EFS (P >.90) than those with stable disease according to response evaluation criteria. Conclusions: The modified staging system for optic nerve invasion used in the current study significantly predicted EFS. The study also showed that response to NACT may be affected by baseline staging. The authors recommend that cases with optic nerve enhancement only, irrespective of the length of involvement (stage 0), may be treated with upfront enucleation. Cases with optic nerve thickening may be staged to evaluate the correlation with survival outcome in a larger cohort in future studies. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(2):98–105.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To highlight the clinical presentations and management outcomes of rhino-orbital mucormycosis during first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in North India. A retrospective observational study. 15 patients with mucormycosis (orbital disease) who presented during short span of 3 months (October–December 2020) in a tertiary-care referral institution were analysed. At presentation, 13 of 15 patients had uncontrolled diabetes. Four had history of COVID-19 infection. All patients had advanced orbital disease with sinusitis; cavernous sinus involvement was in nine and intracranial spread in three patients. Liposomal amphotericin-B was started and prompt orbital exenteration with sinus surgery was performed in 12 patients. All 12 patients survived with an average follow-up of 4.8 months. In the present series, cases with orbital spread of mucormycosis were mostly found in non-COVID uncontrolled diabetics. Exenteration was done in 80% of cases with advanced orbital disease. Prevention and early detection of infection at the stage of sino-nasal involvement might help to prevent spread and/or halt the orbital disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]