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Introduction: Conservative and surgical approach timeline in post-operative spondylodiscitis (POS) following lumbar disc herniation (LDH) surgery is ill defined, and patients have a protracted recovery phase with social, psychological, and financial implications. Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis of patients operated by transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) in POS was done. Confirmed clinico-radiological diagnosed POS cases, not responding within three to four weeks were included. Normalisation of CRP and radiological stable reconstruction was assessed for objective clearance of POS and bony union. Results: Ninety-five patients were included in the study with minimum follow-up period of two years. The mean age was 51.63±13.63 years. There were organisms cultured in 55 patients (57.89%). The ODI improvement of the patients was noted to improve from 88.71±5.3 to 20.80±9.7 (8 weeks) and was incremental at 2 years follow-up (10.12±6.41) and maintained further at final follow-up at 9±4.3. Bony union achieved in all with stable reconstruction. The resumption of activities of daily living (ADL) was quick (15.90±8.20 days) and job (3.67±1.31 months) was achieved in all the patients. In poor outcomes, two patients didn’t respond, and one patient died due to uncontrolled infection. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and intervention is the key to effective management of POS. Utilisation of aggressive TLIF yields faster ADL resumption.

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Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe disease in humans, with mortality as high as 90%. The small-molecule antiviral drug remdesivir (RDV) has demonstrated a survival benefit in EBOV-exposed rhesus macaques. Here, we characterize the efficacy of multiple intravenous RDV dosing regimens on survival of rhesus macaques 42 days after intramuscular EBOV exposure. Thirty rhesus macaques underwent surgical implantation of telemetry devices for the fine-scale monitoring of body temperature and activity, as well as central venous catheters, to enable treatment administration and blood collection. Treatment, consisting of a loading dose of RDV followed by once-daily maintenance doses for 11 days, was initiated 4 days after virus exposure when all animals were exhibiting disease signs consistent with incipient EBOV disease as well as quantifiable levels of EBOV RNA in plasma. In the RDV treatment groups receiving loading/maintenance doses of 5/2.5 mg/kg, 10/5 mg/kg, and 20/10 mg/kg, a total of 6 of 8 (75%), 7 of 8 (87.5%), and 5 of 7 (71.4%) animals survived, respectively. In the vehicle control group, one of seven animals (14.3%) survived. The improved survival rate compared to the control group was statistically significant only for the 10/5 mg/kg RDV treatment group. This treatment regimen also resulted in a significantly lower systemic viral load compared to the vehicle control after a single RDV treatment. All three RDV regimens produced a significantly lower systemic viral load after two treatments. For most animals, RDV treatment, regardless of dose, resulted in the amelioration of many of the clinical–pathological changes associated with EBOV disease in this model.

Introduction: The nerve to mylohyoid is a branch of inferior alveolar nerve which arises just above the mandibular foramen. There is occasionally communicating branch between nerve to mylohyoid and lingual nerve. Knowledge of such variations has significance during oral and submandibular surgery. Aim: To detect and describe the existence and occurrence of anatomical variations in the innervation pattern of the nerve to mylohyoid by using the dissection technique. Materials and Methods: An observational study was carried out from January 2022 to April 2022 in a total of 15 embalmed and formalin-fixed cadavers in the Laboratory of Anatomy of SMBT Medical College, Nashik, Maharashtra. The nerve to the mylohyoid and lingual nerve were cleared and observed for any unusual communication between the two, if any. Results: In 13 (86.67%) cadavers, classical (normal) anatomical presentation of the nerve to mylohyoid was observed, whereas, in two male (13.33%) cadavers, the presence of communicating branch between the nerve to mylohyoid and lingual nerve was observed. In both the cadavers, the communicating branch was unilateral, in one cadaver on the right-side, and in the second cadaver same variation was noted on the left-side. Conclusion: The existence of communication between the nerve to mylohyoid and the lingual nerve is thought to be responsible for inadequate mandibular anesthesia. Through this study, surgeons will be aware of this variance, to explain unexpected findings in nerve injury following oral procedures.

Periodontitis is a microbial disease of tooth-supporting tissues that results in progressive destruction of surrounding soft and hard tissues with eventual loss of tooth or tooth mobility. A comprehensive literature search was performed by using the keywords: periodontitis, periodontal disease, combined with the word genes, mutation, or polymorphism. Gene polymorphism studies with a reported genotype frequency in chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP) patients were searched and reviewed. There has been a growing evidence of polymorphisms in the interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with CP and AgP in certain populations. However, carriage rates of the rare (R) allele of any polymorphism varied considerably among studies, and most of the studies appeared underpowered and did not correlate for other risk factors, hence furthermore researches are required including large sample size, different races, genotypes, and other risk factors which were found to be influential in expression and severity of CP and AgP to get a more comprehensive insight into the contribution of IL gene polymorphisms in CP and AgP.

Ground-based active optical sensors (GBAOS) have been successfully used in agriculture to predict crop yield potential (YP) early in the season and to improvise N rates for optimal crop yield. However, the models were found weak or inconsistent due to environmental variation especially rainfall. The objectives of the study were to evaluate if GBAOS could predict YP across multiple locations, soil types, cultivation systems, and rainfall differences. This study was carried from 2011 to 2013 on corn (Zea mays L.) in North Dakota, and in 2017 in potatoes in Maine. Six N rates were used on 50 sites in North Dakota and 12 N rates on two sites, one dryland and one irrigated, in Maine. Two active GBAOS used for this study were GreenSeeker and Holland Scientific Crop Circle Sensor ACS 470 (HSCCACS-470) and 430 (HSCCACS-430). Rainfall data, with or without including crop height, improved the YP models in term of reliability and consistency. The polynomial model was relatively better compared to the exponential model. A significant difference in the relationship between sensor reading multiplied by rainfall data and crop yield was observed in terms of soil type, clay and medium textured, and cultivation system, conventional and no-till, respectively, in the North Dakota corn study. The two potato sites in Maine, irrigated and dryland, performed differently in terms of total yield and rainfall data helped to improve sensor YP models. In conclusion, this study strongly advocates the use of rainfall data while using sensorbased N calculator algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marburg virus (MARV) causes severe disease and high mortality in humans. The objective of this study was to characterize disease manifestations and pathogenesis in cynomolgus macaques exposed to MARV. The results of this natural history study may be used to identify features of MARV disease useful in defining the ideal treatment initiation time for subsequent evaluations of investigational therapeutics using this model. Twelve cynomolgus macaques were exposed to a target dose of 1000 plaque-forming units MARV by the intramuscular route, and six control animals were mock-exposed. The primary endpoint of this study was survival to Day 28 post-inoculation (PI). Anesthesia events were minimized with the use of central venous catheters for periodic blood collection, and temperature and activity were continuously monitored by telemetry. All mock-exposed animals remained healthy for the duration of the study. All 12 MARV-exposed animals (100%) became infected, developed illness, and succumbed on Days 8–10 PI. On Day 4 PI, 11 of the 12 MARV-exposed animals had statistically significant temperature elevations over baseline. Clinically observable signs of MARV disease first appeared on Day 5 PI, when 6 of the 12 animals exhibited reduced responsiveness. Ultimately, systemic inflammation, coagulopathy, and direct cytopathic effects of MARV all contributed to multiorgan dysfunction, organ failure, and death or euthanasia of all MARV-exposed animals. Manifestations of MARV disease, including fever, systemic viremia, lymphocytolysis, coagulopathy, and hepatocellular damage, could be used as triggers for initiation of treatment in future therapeutic efficacy studies.

Background: Thrombocytopenia (TCP) is the second most common haematological finding in pregnancy next to anaemia. It carries a risk for both the mother and the fetus, associated with substantial maternal or neonatal morbidity and mortality. However, a specific therapy, if instituted promptly, improves the outcome for affected patients and their offspring. In patients in India, TCP during pregnancy is an underexplored condition. Objectives: To assess the aetiology of TCP in pregnancy and to assess the maternal outcomes of TCP in pregnancy. Methodology: The authors included a total of 133 patients in their third trimester (>32 weeks), with a platelet count

The indole nucleus is a privileged heterocyclic scaffold, which is present in several natural and synthetic compounds. New synthetic strategies to access functionalized indoles have therefore attracted the attention of both synthetic and medicinal chemists over the decades. In this study, the bismuth nitrate-promoted disproportionative condensation of indoles with cyclohexanone in one pot, to yield C3-cyclohexyl substituted indoles and 1,3-di(1H-indol-3-yl)benzene derivatives is reported for the first time. Using 3-methylindole with cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and cycloheptanone results in new and different synthetic pathways. The plausible reaction mechanisms are presented and supported with DFT (M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p)) calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that one may quantitatively investigate radiative broadening of atomic transitions in the undergraduate laboratory using a traditional saturated absorption spectroscopy setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measure sub-MHz AC Stark shifts, also known as light shifts, in an undergraduate laboratory setting using Raman pump-probe spectroscopy to observe sub-natural linewidth spectral features in the transmission spectrum of a weak probe beam passing through a sample of cold 85Rb atoms confined in a magneto-optical trap. To make this observation a pair of inexpensive fast photodiodes and acousto-optic modulators is needed, in addition to equipment commonly found in advanced undergraduate optics labs with laser cooling and atom trapping setups. A theoretical description of light shifts accessible to junior and senior-level physics majors is provided. 2011 American Association of Physics Teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]