40 results on '"Bart, Stephen M."'
Search Results
2. Multiple Transmission Chains within COVID-19 Cluster, Connecticut, USA, 2020
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Bart, Stephen M., Flaherty, Eileen, Alpert, Tara, Carlson, Sherry, Fasulo, Lisa, Earnest, Rebecca, White, Elizabeth B., Dickens, Noel, Brito, Anderson F., Grubaugh, Nathan D., Hadler, James L., and Sosa, Lynn E.
- Subjects
Disease transmission -- Genetic aspects ,Fitness (Genetics) -- Health aspects ,Company distribution practices ,Health - Abstract
During widespread community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), transmission chains are sometimes unclear. Although often unavailable, viral genome sequencing can complement epidemiologic investigations. In fall 2020, [...]
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- 2021
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3. Effect of Predeparture Testing on Postarrival SARS-CoV-2-Positive Test Results Among International Travelers--CDC Traveler-Based Genomic Surveillance Program, Four U.S. Airports, March-September 2022
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Bart, Stephen M., Smith, Teresa C., Guagliardo, Sarah Anne J., Walker, Allison Taylor, Rome, Benjamin H., Li, Siyao Lisa, Aichele, Thomas W.S., Stein, Rob, Ernst, Ezra T., Morfino, Robert C., Cetron, Martin S., and Friedman, Cindy R.
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Travelers -- Health aspects ,Health - Abstract
Beginning December 6, 2021, all international air passengers boarding flights to the United States were required to show either a negative result from a SARS-CoV-2 viral test taken [less than [...]
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- 2023
4. Enhancement of Ebola virus infection by seminal amyloid fibrils
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Bart, Stephen M., Cohen, Courtney, Dye, John M., Shorter, James, and Bates, Paul
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- 2018
5. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Transmission Within Households--Four U.S. Jurisdictions, November 2021-February 2022
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Baker, Julia M., Nakayama, Jasmine Y., O'Hegarty, Michelle, McGowan, Andrea, Teran, Richard A., Bart, Stephen M., Mosack, Katie, Roberts, Nicole, Campos, Brooke, Paegle, Alina, McGee, John, Herrera, Robert, English, Kayla, Barrios, Carla, Davis, Alexandria, Roloff, Christine, Sosa, Lynn E., Brockmeyer, Jessica, Page, Lindsey, Bauer, Amy, Weiner, Joshua J., Khubbar, Manjeet, Bhattacharyya, Sanjib, Kirking, Hannah L., and Tate, Jacqueline E.
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Jurisdiction -- Health aspects ,Infection -- Prevention ,Disease transmission -- Prevention ,Health - Abstract
On February 25, 2022, this report was posted as an MMWR Early Release on the MMWR website (https:llwww.cdc.gov/mmwr). The B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant, first detected in November 2021, was responsible for [...]
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- 2022
6. Ebola virus mediated infectivity is restricted in canine and feline cells
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Han, Ziying, Bart, Stephen M., Ruthel, Gordon, Vande Burgt, Nathan H., Haines, Kathleen M., Volk, Susan W., Vite, Charles H., Freedman, Bruce D., Bates, Paul, and Harty, Ronald N.
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- 2016
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7. Early Identification of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.86 Variant by the Traveler-Based Genomic Surveillance Program--Dulles International Airport, August 2023
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Bart, Stephen M., Rothstein, Andrew P., Philipson, Casandra W., Smith, Teresa C., Simen, Birgitte B., Tamin, Azaibi, Atherton, Lydia J., Harcourt, Jennifer L., Walker, Allison Taylor, Payne, Daniel C., Ernst, Ezra T., Morfino, Robert C., Ruskey, Ian, and Friedman, Cindy R.
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Travelers -- Health aspects ,Airports -- Health aspects ,Health - Abstract
During August 13-14, 2023, a new SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant with a large number of mutations compared with previously circulating BA.2 variants (>30 amino acid differences in its spike protein) was [...]
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- 2023
8. Structural basis for substrate gripping and translocation by the ClpB AAA+ disaggregase
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Rizo, Alexandrea N., Lin, JiaBei, Gates, Stephanie N., Tse, Eric, Bart, Stephen M., Castellano, Laura M., DiMaio, Frank, Shorter, James, and Southworth, Daniel R.
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- 2019
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9. Repurposing Hsp104 to Antagonize Seminal Amyloid and Counter HIV Infection
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Castellano, Laura M., Bart, Stephen M., Holmes, Veronica M., Weissman, Drew, and Shorter, James
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- 2015
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10. Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Among Residents of Two Skilled Nursing Facilities Experiencing COVID-19 Outbreaks--Connecticut, December 2020-February 2021
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Britton, Amadea, Slifka, Kara M. Jacobs, Edens, Chris, Nanduri, Srinivas Acharya, Bart, Stephen M., Shang, Nong, Harizaj, Adora, Armstrong, Jillian, Xu, Kerui, Ehrlich, Hanna Y., Soda, Elizabeth, Derado, Gordana, Verani, Jennifer R., Schrag, Stephanie J., Jernigan, John A., Leung, Vivian H., and Parikh, Sunil
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Pfizer Inc. ,Vaccination -- Health aspects ,Long-term care of the sick -- Health aspects ,Vaccines -- Health aspects ,Long-term care facilities -- Health aspects ,Pharmaceutical industry -- Health aspects ,Health - Abstract
On March 15, 2021, this report wasposted as an MMWR Early Release on the MMWR website (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr). Residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs), particularly those in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), [...]
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- 2021
11. SARS-CoV-2 Delta outbreak among fully vaccinated nursing home residents likely initiated by a fully vaccinated staff member – Connecticut, July–August 2021
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Bart, Stephen M, Harizaj, Adora, Pearson, Claire L, Conteh, Tiara, Grogan, Erin, Downing, Randy, Kirking, Hannah L, Tate, Jacqueline E, Jernigan, John A, and Leung, Vivian
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SARS-CoV-2 transmission ,Connecticut ,AcademicSubjects/MED00290 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Brief Report ,COVID-19 ,COVID-19 vaccines ,Humans ,long-term care facilities ,Disease Outbreaks ,Nursing Homes - Abstract
During July-August 2021, a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak involving 21 residents (all fully vaccinated) and 10 staff (9 fully vaccinated) occurred in a Connecticut nursing home. The outbreak was likely initiated by a fully vaccinated staff member and propagated by fully vaccinated persons. Prior COVID-19 was protective among vaccinated residents.
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- 2021
12. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Outbreak at a College With High Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination Coverage—Connecticut, August 2021–September 2021.
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Bart, Stephen M, Curtiss, Christina C, Earnest, Rebecca, Lobe-Costonis, Rachel, Peterson, Hanna, McWilliams, Caroline, Billig, Kendall, Hadler, James L, Grubaugh, Nathan D, Arcelus, Victor J, and Sosa, Lynn E
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COLLEGE students , *SOCIAL participation , *MEDICAL masks , *COVID-19 , *PHYLOGENY , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *COVID-19 vaccines , *RISK assessment , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *GENOMES , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background During August 2021–September 2021, a Connecticut college experienced a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant outbreak despite high (99%) vaccination coverage, indoor masking policies, and twice-weekly testing. The Connecticut Department of Public Health investigated characteristics associated with infection and phylogenetic relationships among cases. Methods A case was a SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed by a viral test during August 2021–September 2021 in a student. College staff provided enrollment and case information. An anonymous online student survey collected demographics, SARS-CoV-2 case and vaccination history, and activities preceding the outbreak. Multivariate logistic regression identified characteristics associated with infection. Phylogenetic analyses compared 115 student viral genome sequences with contemporaneous community genomes. Results Overall, 199 of 1788 students (11%) had laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection; most were fully vaccinated (194 of 199, 97%). Attack rates were highest among sophomores (72 of 414, 17%) and unvaccinated students (5 of 18, 28%). Attending in-person classes with an infectious student was not associated with infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI],.5–2.2). Compared with uninfected students, infected students were more likely to be sophomores (aOR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.1–10.7), attend social gatherings before the outbreak (aOR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3–6.4), and complete a vaccine series ≥180 days prior (aOR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.8–16.2). Phylogenetic analyses suggested a common viral source for most cases. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 infection in this highly vaccinated college population was associated with unmasked off-campus social gatherings, not in-person classes. Students should stay up to date on vaccination to reduce infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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13. Aircraft Wastewater Surveillance for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants-- John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York City, August-September 2022
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Morfino, Robert C., Bart, Stephen M., Franklin, Andrew, Rome, Benjamin H., Rothstein, Andrew P., Aichele, Thomas W.S., Li, Siyao Lisa, Bivins, Aaron, Ernst, Ezra T., and Friedman, Cindy R.
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Wastewater -- Health aspects ,Health - Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 testing declines worldwide, surveillance of international travelers for SARS-CoV-2 enables detection of emerging variants and fills gaps in global genomic surveillance (1). Because SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in [...]
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- 2023
14. Concordance of Early and Late End Points for Community-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia Trials.
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Bart, Stephen M, Nambiar, Sumathi, Gopinath, Ramya, Rubin, Daniel, and Farley, John J
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CLINICAL trials , *GOVERNMENT regulation , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *INTERNATIONAL agencies , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *COMMUNITY-acquired pneumonia , *EVALUATION - Abstract
Background While there are ongoing regulatory convergence efforts, differences remain in primary end points recommended for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) trials. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends assessing CABP symptom resolution at an early time point (3–5 days after randomization). Other regulatory agencies recommend assessing overall clinical response at a later time point (5–10 days after therapy ends). Methods We analyzed participant-level data from 6 recent CABP trials submitted to the FDA (n = 4645 participants) to evaluate concordance between early and late end-point outcomes. We used multivariate logistic regression to identify factors associated with discordance. Results Early and late end-point outcomes were concordant for 85.6% of participants. The proportions of early end-point responders that ultimately failed and early end-point nonresponders that ultimately succeeded were similar (6.0% vs 8.4%, respectively). Early end-point response was highly predictive of late end-point success (positive predictive value, 92.9%). Multivariate logistic regression identified early end-point responders/late end-point failures as less likely to be obese and more likely to be infected with Chlamydophila pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus , have received antibacterial drug therapy prior to randomization, and have severe chest pain at baseline. The most common investigator-provided reasons for failure among early end-point responders/late end-point failures were receipt of nonstudy antibacterial drug therapy and loss to follow-up. Conclusions Early and late end-point outcomes were highly concordant. These data may be useful in the continuing efforts to reach international regulatory convergence on CABP clinical trial design recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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15. Multiple Transmission Chains within COVID-19 Cluster, Connecticut, USA, 20201.
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Bart, Stephen M., Flaherty, Eileen, Alpert, Tara, Carlson, Sherry, Fasulo, Lisa, Earnest, Rebecca, White, Elizabeth B., Dickens, Noel, Brito, Anderson F., Grubaugh, Nathan D., Hadler, James L., and Sosa, Lynn E.
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COVID-19 , *SARS-CoV-2 , *PHYSICAL fitness centers , *RESPIRATORY infections - Abstract
In fall 2020, a coronavirus disease cluster comprising 16 cases occurred in Connecticut, USA. Epidemiologic and genomic evidence supported transmission among persons at a school and fitness center but not a workplace. The multiple transmission chains identified within this cluster highlight the necessity of a combined investigatory approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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16. Multiple Transmission Chains within COVID-19 Cluster, Connecticut, USA, 20201.
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Bart, Stephen M., Flaherty, Eileen, Alpert, Tara, Carlson, Sherry, Fasulo, Lisa, Earnest, Rebecca, White, Elizabeth B., Dickens, Noel, Brito, Anderson F., Grubaugh, Nathan D., Hadler, James L., and Sosa, Lynn E.
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COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,PHYSICAL fitness centers ,RESPIRATORY infections - Abstract
In fall 2020, a coronavirus disease cluster comprising 16 cases occurred in Connecticut, USA. Epidemiologic and genomic evidence supported transmission among persons at a school and fitness center but not a workplace. The multiple transmission chains identified within this cluster highlight the necessity of a combined investigatory approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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17. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta Outbreak Among Fully Vaccinated Nursing Home Residents Likely Initiated by a Fully Vaccinated Staff Member – Connecticut, July–August 2021.
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Bart, Stephen M, Harizaj, Adora, Pearson, Claire L, Conteh, Tiara, Grogan, Erin, Downing, Randy, Kirking, Hannah L, Tate, Jacqueline E, Jernigan, John A, and Leung, Vivian
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IMMUNIZATION , *MEDICAL personnel , *NURSING care facilities , *COVID-19 , *COVID-19 pandemic , *SICK people - Abstract
During July–August 2021, a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak involving 21 residents (all fully vaccinated) and 10 staff (9 fully vaccinated) occurred in a Connecticut nursing home. The outbreak was likely initiated by a fully vaccinated staff member and propagated by fully vaccinated persons. Prior COVID-19 was protective among vaccinated residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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18. Trends in Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia Trials.
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Bart, Stephen M, Rubin, Daniel, Kim, Peter, Farley, John J, and Nambiar, Sumathi
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PNEUMONIA-related mortality , *PNEUMONIA , *CLINICAL trials , *HUMAN research subjects , *ACINETOBACTER infections , *PATIENT selection , *AGE distribution , *POPULATION geography , *DRUG design , *NOSOCOMIAL infections , *OBSTRUCTIVE lung diseases , *VENTILATOR-associated pneumonia , *DRUG resistance in microorganisms , *GRAM-negative bacterial diseases , *LOGISTIC regression analysis - Abstract
Background New drug development for hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia (HABP) and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VABP) is critical. Challenges remain in the conduct of HABP/VABP trials, especially in the contexts of enrollment, endpoints, nonstudy antibacterial drug therapy, and antimicrobial resistance. Methods Four Phase 3 noninferiority trials (n = 2433 participants) submitted to the Food and Drug Administration after 2015 were analyzed for enrollment statistics, participant characteristics associated with 28-day all-cause mortality (ACM), microbiology, and receipt of nonstudy antibacterial drugs. All trials primarily enrolled patients with gram-negative bacterial infections. Results The mean trial length was 2.7 years and the mean recruitment rate was 0.17 participants/site/month. ACM at 28 days was 17.1% and was higher among participants diagnosed with ventilated HABP (31.9%) or VABP (19.0%) than nonventilated HABP (9.9%). VABP participants tended to be younger, less likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and more likely to have previously sustained an injury. Age, South American residence, diagnosis of ventilated HABP or VABP, and Acinetobacter baumannii infection were all associated with 28-day ACM in a multivariate logistic regression model. Infection by A. baumannii was most common in Eastern European and Asia/Pacific participants, and Eastern European isolates exhibited the highest levels of meropenem resistance. Concomitant nonstudy antibacterial drug therapy most commonly included beta-lactams and was initiated earliest in Western Europe. Conclusion This analysis of recent trials may assist in trial considerations for HABP/VABP development programs and promote needed antibacterial drug development for patients with serious infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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19. Geographic Shifts in Antibacterial Drug Clinical Trial Enrollment: Implications for Generalizability.
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Bart, Stephen M, Farley, John J, Bala, Shukal, Amini, Thushi, and Cox, Edward
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CLINICAL trials , *HUMAN research subjects , *PATIENT selection , *ANTI-infective agents , *POPULATION geography , *DRUG design , *RETROSPECTIVE studies , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *BACTERIAL diseases , *MEDICAL research - Abstract
Background As drug development has globalized, trials have increasingly enrolled participants from all parts of the world rather than just the United States and Western Europe. For antibacterial drug trials, understanding enrollment trends and regional differences is important for generalizability considerations. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 42 phase 3 trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration after 2001 for complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI), community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP), and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (ABSSSI) (n = 29 282 participants). Enrollment numbers, demographics, clinical characteristics, and microbiological data were compared to identify temporal and geographic trends. Results For cUTI, cIAI, and CABP trials, Eastern European enrollment greatly increased over the study period. For ABSSSI trials, North American enrollment increased. Demographic characteristics and regional microbiology among regions were broadly similar with several exceptions. For cIAI trials, Eastern European participants had the lowest proportion of participants with prior antibacterial drug therapy. For ABSSSI trials, North American participants more commonly reported intravenous drug use. Microbiological differences relative to North America included a greater proportion of Klebsiella pneumoniae among Asian cIAI isolates (17.8% vs 9.0%, P = .0057), a higher proportion of cephalosporin resistance in South American Enterobacteriaceae cUTI isolates (26.8% vs 15.7%, P = .044), and a lower proportion of Staphylococcus aureus in Eastern European ABSSSI isolates (43.7% vs 61.9%, P < .0001). Conclusions Geographic trends in recruitment for recent antibacterial clinical trials differ by indication. Regional similarities in demographic characteristics and microbiology across regions lessen concerns regarding generalizability due to shifting enrollment trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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20. Supramolecular Mechanism of Viral Envelope Disruption by Molecular Tweezers.
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Weil, Tatjana, Groß, Rüdiger, Röcker, Annika, Bravo-Rodriguez, Kenny, Heid, Christian, Sowislok, Andrea, Le, My-Hue, Erwin, Nelli, Dwivedi, Mridula, Bart, Stephen M., Bates, Paul, Wettstein, Lukas, Müller, Janis A., Harms, Mirja, Sparrer, Konstantin, Ruiz-Blanco, Yasser B., Stürzel, Christina M., von Einem, Jens, Lippold, Sina, and Read, Clarissa
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- 2021
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21. Predicting daily COVID-19 case rates from SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations across a diversity of wastewater catchments.
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Zulli, Alessandro, Pan, Annabelle, Bart, Stephen M., Crawford, Forrest W., Kaplan, Edward H., Cartter, Matthew, Ko, Albert I., Sanchez, Marcela, Brown, Cade, Cozens, Duncan, Brackney, Doug E., and Peccia, Jordan
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COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 testing ,SEWAGE purification ,REGRESSION analysis - Abstract
We assessed the relationship between municipality COVID-19 case rates and SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in the primary sludge of corresponding wastewater treatment facilities. Over 1700 daily primary sludge samples were collected from six wastewater treatment facilities with catchments serving 18 cities and towns in the State of Connecticut, USA. Samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations during a 10 month time period that overlapped with October 2020 and winter/spring 2021 COVID-19 outbreaks in each municipality. We fit lagged regression models to estimate reported case rates in the six municipalities from SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations collected daily from corresponding wastewater treatment facilities. Results demonstrate the ability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in primary sludge to estimate COVID-19 reported case rates across treatment facilities and wastewater catchments, with coverage probabilities ranging from 0.94 to 0.96. Lags of 0 to 1 days resulted in the greatest predictive power for the model. Leave-one-out cross validation suggests that the model can be broadly applied to wastewater catchments that range in more than one order of magnitude in population served. The close relationship between case rates and SARS-CoV-2 concentrations demonstrates the utility of using primary sludge samples for monitoring COVID-19 outbreak dynamics. Estimating case rates from wastewater data can be useful in locations with limited testing availability, testing disparities, or delays in individual COVID-19 testing programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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22. Supramolecular Mechanism of Viral Envelope Disruption by Molecular Tweezers.
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Weil, Tatjana, Groß, Rüdiger, Röcker, Annika, Bravo-Rodriguez, Kenny, Heid, Christian, Sowislok, Andrea, Le, My-Hue, Erwin, Nelli, Dwivedi, Mridula, Bart, Stephen M., Bates, Paul, Wettstein, Lukas, Müller, Janis A., Harms, Mirja, Sparrer, Konstantin, Ruiz-Blanco, Yasser B., Stürzel, Christina M., von Einem, Jens, Lippold, Sina, and Read, Clarissa
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- 2020
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23. A role for glycolipid biosynthesis in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus entry.
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Drake, Mary Jane, Brennan, Benjamin, JrBriley, Kenneth, Bart, Stephen M., Sherman, Eric, Szemiel, Agnieszka M., Minutillo, Madeleine, Bushman, Frederic D., and Bates, Paul
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GLYCOLIPIDS ,GLYCOCONJUGATES ,TREATMENT of fever ,THROMBOCYTOPENIA ,BLOOD platelet disorders - Abstract
A novel bunyavirus was recently found to cause severe febrile illness with high mortality in agricultural regions of China, Japan, and South Korea. This virus, named severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), represents a new group within the Phlebovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae. Little is known about the viral entry requirements beyond showing dependence on dynamin and endosomal acidification. A haploid forward genetic screen was performed to identify host cell requirements for SFTSV entry. The screen identified dependence on glucosylceramide synthase (ugcg), the enzyme responsible for initiating de novo glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. Genetic and pharmacological approaches confirmed that UGCG expression and enzymatic activity were required for efficient SFTSV entry. Furthermore, inhibition of UGCG affected a post-internalization stage of SFTSV entry, leading to the accumulation of virus particles in enlarged cytoplasmic structures, suggesting impaired trafficking and/or fusion of viral and host membranes. These findings specify a role for glucosylceramide in SFTSV entry and provide a novel target for antiviral therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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24. cGMP and NHR Signaling Co-regulate Expression of Insulin-Like Peptides and Developmental Activation of Infective Larvae in Strongyloides stercoralis.
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Stoltzfus, Jonathan D., Bart, Stephen M., and Lok, James B.
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NEMATODES , *CAENORHABDITIS elegans , *G protein coupled receptors , *NUCLEAR receptors (Biochemistry) , *GUANYLIC acid - Abstract
The infectious form of the parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis is a developmentally arrested third-stage larva (L3i), which is morphologically similar to the developmentally arrested dauer larva in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We hypothesize that the molecular pathways regulating C. elegans dauer development also control L3i arrest and activation in S. stercoralis. This study aimed to determine the factors that regulate L3i activation, with a focus on G protein-coupled receptor-mediated regulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway signaling, including its modulation of the insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) pathway. We found that application of the membrane-permeable cGMP analog 8-bromo-cGMP potently activated development of S. stercoralis L3i, as measured by resumption of feeding, with 85.1±2.2% of L3i feeding in 200 µM 8-bromo-cGMP in comparison to 0.6±0.3% in the buffer diluent. Utilizing RNAseq, we examined L3i stimulated with DMEM, 8-bromo-cGMP, or the DAF-12 nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) ligand Δ7-dafachronic acid (DA)—a signaling pathway downstream of IIS in C. elegans. L3i stimulated with 8-bromo-cGMP up-regulated transcripts of the putative agonistic insulin-like peptide (ILP) -encoding genes Ss-ilp-1 (20-fold) and Ss-ilp-6 (11-fold) in comparison to controls without stimulation. Surprisingly, we found that Δ7-DA similarly modulated transcript levels of ILP-encoding genes. Using the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, we demonstrated that 400 nM Δ7-DA-mediated activation (93.3±1.1% L3i feeding) can be blocked using this IIS inhibitor at 100 µM (7.6±1.6% L3i feeding). To determine the tissues where promoters of ILP-encoding genes are active, we expressed promoter::egfp reporter constructs in transgenic S. stercoralis post-free-living larvae. Ss-ilp-1 and Ss-ilp-6 promoters are active in the hypodermis and neurons and the Ss-ilp-7 promoter is active in the intestine and a pair of head neurons. Together, these data provide evidence that cGMP and DAF-12 NHR signaling converge on IIS to regulate S. stercoralis L3i activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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25. cGMP and NHR Signaling Co-regulate Expression of Insulin-Like Peptides and Developmental Activation of Infective Larvae in Strongyloides stercoralis.
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Stoltzfus, Jonathan D., Bart, Stephen M., and Lok, James B.
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NEMATODES ,CAENORHABDITIS elegans ,G protein coupled receptors ,NUCLEAR receptors (Biochemistry) ,GUANYLIC acid - Abstract
The infectious form of the parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis is a developmentally arrested third-stage larva (L3i), which is morphologically similar to the developmentally arrested dauer larva in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We hypothesize that the molecular pathways regulating C. elegans dauer development also control L3i arrest and activation in S. stercoralis. This study aimed to determine the factors that regulate L3i activation, with a focus on G protein-coupled receptor-mediated regulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway signaling, including its modulation of the insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) pathway. We found that application of the membrane-permeable cGMP analog 8-bromo-cGMP potently activated development of S. stercoralis L3i, as measured by resumption of feeding, with 85.1±2.2% of L3i feeding in 200 µM 8-bromo-cGMP in comparison to 0.6±0.3% in the buffer diluent. Utilizing RNAseq, we examined L3i stimulated with DMEM, 8-bromo-cGMP, or the DAF-12 nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) ligand Δ7-dafachronic acid (DA)—a signaling pathway downstream of IIS in C. elegans. L3i stimulated with 8-bromo-cGMP up-regulated transcripts of the putative agonistic insulin-like peptide (ILP) -encoding genes Ss-ilp-1 (20-fold) and Ss-ilp-6 (11-fold) in comparison to controls without stimulation. Surprisingly, we found that Δ7-DA similarly modulated transcript levels of ILP-encoding genes. Using the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, we demonstrated that 400 nM Δ7-DA-mediated activation (93.3±1.1% L3i feeding) can be blocked using this IIS inhibitor at 100 µM (7.6±1.6% L3i feeding). To determine the tissues where promoters of ILP-encoding genes are active, we expressed promoter::egfp reporter constructs in transgenic S. stercoralis post-free-living larvae. Ss-ilp-1 and Ss-ilp-6 promoters are active in the hypodermis and neurons and the Ss-ilp-7 promoter is active in the intestine and a pair of head neurons. Together, these data provide evidence that cGMP and DAF-12 NHR signaling converge on IIS to regulate S. stercoralis L3i activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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26. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and the Effectiveness of Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA) as a Treatment for EBV Infection and Associated Cancers.
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Bart, Stephen M., Johnson, Timothy R., DeGol, Dylan J., and Henning, Jill D.
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ENZYME inhibitors ,B cell lymphoma ,EPSTEIN-Barr virus ,EPSTEIN-Barr virus diseases ,HODGKIN'S disease ,VIRAL physiology ,INVESTIGATIONAL drugs ,DISEASE complications - Abstract
Since being discovered in 1964, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has become a growing concern. Clinically, EBV is responsible for many diseases, most notably infectious mononucleosis. In addition to mononucleosis, EBV causes several cancers such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is an anti-cancer drug that inhibits growth and proliferation of various EBV-related cancers. SAHA acts as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. The responsiveness of SAHA treatment stems from the induction of EBV's lytic cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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27. U.S. Preparedness and Response to Increasing Clade I Mpox Cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo - United States, 2024.
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McQuiston JH, Luce R, Kazadi DM, Bwangandu CN, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Anderson M, Prasher JM, Williams IT, Phan A, Shelus V, Bratcher A, Soke GN, Fonjungo PN, Kabamba J, McCollum AM, Perry R, Rao AK, Doty J, Christensen B, Fuller JA, Baird N, Chaitram J, Brown CK, Kirby AE, Fitter D, Folster JM, Dualeh M, Hartman R, Bart SM, Hughes CM, Nakazawa Y, Sims E, Christie A, and Hutson CL
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- Democratic Republic of the Congo epidemiology, Humans, United States epidemiology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S., Monkeypox virus isolation & purification, Mpox (monkeypox) epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control
- Abstract
Clade I monkeypox virus (MPXV), which can cause severe illness in more people than clade II MPXVs, is endemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), but the country has experienced an increase in suspected cases during 2023-2024. In light of the 2022 global outbreak of clade II mpox, the increase in suspected clade I cases in DRC raises concerns that the virus could spread to other countries and underscores the importance of coordinated, urgent global action to support DRC's efforts to contain the virus. To date, no cases of clade I mpox have been detected outside of countries in Central Africa where the virus is endemic. CDC and other partners are working to support DRC's response. In addition, CDC is enhancing U.S. preparedness by raising awareness, strengthening surveillance, expanding diagnostic testing capacity for clade I MPXV, ensuring appropriate specimen handling and waste management, emphasizing the importance of appropriate medical treatment, and communicating guidance on the recommended contact tracing, containment, behavior modification, and vaccination strategies., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Christopher K. Brown reports uncompensated participation on the Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Consortium Training Academy Advisory Board. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
- Published
- 2024
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28. Early Detection and Surveillance of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant BA.2.86 - Worldwide, July-October 2023.
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Lambrou AS, South E, Ballou ES, Paden CR, Fuller JA, Bart SM, Butryn DM, Novak RT, Browning SD, Kirby AE, Welsh RM, Cornforth DM, MacCannell DR, Friedman CR, Thornburg NJ, Hall AJ, Hughes LJ, Mahon BE, Daskalakis DC, Shah ND, Jackson BR, and Kirking HL
- Subjects
- Humans, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Wastewater, Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring, COVID-19
- Abstract
Early detection of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants is critical to guiding rapid risk assessments, providing clear and timely communication messages, and coordinating public health action. CDC identifies and monitors novel SARS-CoV-2 variants through diverse surveillance approaches, including genomic, wastewater, traveler-based, and digital public health surveillance (e.g., global data repositories, news, and social media). The SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.2.86 was first sequenced in Israel and reported on August 13, 2023. The first U.S. COVID-19 case caused by this variant was reported on August 17, 2023, after a patient received testing for SARS-CoV-2 at a health care facility on August 3. In the following month, eight additional U.S. states detected BA.2.86 across various surveillance systems, including specimens from health care settings, wastewater surveillance, and traveler-based genomic surveillance. As of October 23, 2023, sequences have been reported from at least 32 countries. Continued variant tracking and further evidence are needed to evaluate the full public health impact of BA.2.86. Timely genomic sequence submissions to global public databases aided early detection of BA.2.86 despite the decline in the number of specimens being sequenced during the past year. This report describes how multicomponent surveillance and genomic sequencing were used in real time to track the emergence and transmission of the BA.2.86 variant. This surveillance approach provides valuable information regarding implementing and sustaining comprehensive surveillance not only for novel SARS-CoV-2 variants but also for future pathogen threats., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
- Published
- 2023
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29. Notes from the Field: Early Identification of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.86 Variant by the Traveler-Based Genomic Surveillance Program - Dulles International Airport, August 2023.
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Bart SM, Rothstein AP, Philipson CW, Smith TC, Simen BB, Tamin A, Atherton LJ, Harcourt JL, Taylor Walker A, Payne DC, Ernst ET, Morfino RC, Ruskey I, and Friedman CR
- Subjects
- Humans, Airports, Genomics, Risk Assessment, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, COVID-19
- Abstract
Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Andrew P. Rothstein, Casandra W. Philipson, Birgitte B. Simen, and Robert C. Morfino own Ginkgo Bioworks employee stocks or restricted stock unit grants. Ezra T. Ernst owns XWELL employee stocks or restricted stock unit grants. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
- Published
- 2023
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30. Travel history among persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the United States, December 2020-February 2021.
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Dunajcik A, Haire K, Thomas JD, Moriarty LF, Springer Y, Villanueva JM, MacNeil A, Silk B, Nemhauser JB, Byrkit R, Taylor M, Queen K, Tong S, Lee J, Batra D, Paden C, Henderson T, Kunkes A, Ojo M, Firestone M, Martin Webb L, Freeland M, Brown CM, Williams T, Allen K, Kauerauf J, Wilson E, Jain S, McDonald E, Silver E, Stous S, Wadford D, Radcliffe R, Marriott C, Owes JP, Bart SM, Sosa LE, Oakeson K, Wodniak N, Shaffner J, Brown Q, Westergaard R, Salinas A, Hallyburton S, Ogale Y, Offutt-Powell T, Bonner K, Tubach S, Van Houten C, Hughes V, Reeb V, Galeazzi C, Khuntia S, McGee S, Hicks JT, Dinesh Patel D, Krueger A, Hughes S, Jeanty F, Wang JC, Lee EH, Assanah-Deane T, Tompkins M, Dougherty K, Naqvi O, Donahue M, Frederick J, Abdalhamid B, Powers AM, and Anderson M
- Abstract
The first three SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetic lineages classified as variants of concern (VOCs) in the United States (U.S.) from December 15, 2020 to February 28, 2021, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Gamma (P.1) lineages, were initially detected internationally. This investigation examined available travel history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases reported in the U.S. in whom laboratory testing showed one of these initial VOCs. Travel history, demographics, and health outcomes for a convenience sample of persons infected with a SARS-CoV-2 VOC from December 15, 2020 through February 28, 2021 were provided by 35 state and city health departments, and proportion reporting travel was calculated. Of 1,761 confirmed VOC cases analyzed, 1,368 had available data on travel history. Of those with data on travel history, 1,168 (85%) reported no travel preceding laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 and only 105 (8%) reported international travel during the 30 days preceding a positive SARS-CoV-2 test or symptom onset. International travel was reported by 92/1,304 (7%) of persons infected with the Alpha variant, 7/55 (22%) with Beta, and 5/9 (56%) with Gamma. Of the first three SARS-CoV-2 lineages designated as VOCs in the U.S., international travel was common only among the few Gamma cases. Most persons infected with Alpha and Beta variant reported no travel history, therefore, community transmission of these VOCs was likely common in the U.S. by March 2021. These findings underscore the importance of global surveillance using whole genome sequencing to detect and inform mitigation strategies for emerging SARS-CoV-2 VOCs., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.)
- Published
- 2023
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31. Notes From the Field: Prevalence of Previous Dengue Virus Infection Among Children and Adolescents - U.S. Virgin Islands, 2022.
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Mac VV, Wong JM, Volkman HR, Perez-Padilla J, Wakeman B, Delorey M, Biggerstaff BJ, Fagre A, Gumbs A, Drummond A, Zimmerman B, Lettsome B, Medina FA, Paz-Bailey G, Lawrence M, Ellis B, Rosenblum HG, Carroll J, Roth J, Rossington J, Meeker JR, Joseph J, Janssen J, Ekpo LL, Carrillo M, Hernandez N, Charles P, Tosado R, Soto R, Battle S, Bart SM, Wanga V, Valentin W, Powell W, Battiste Z, Ellis EM, and Adams LE
- Subjects
- Humans, Child, Adolescent, United States Virgin Islands epidemiology, Prevalence, Dengue Virus, Dengue epidemiology
- Abstract
Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
- Published
- 2023
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32. Effect of Predeparture Testing on Postarrival SARS-CoV-2-Positive Test Results Among International Travelers - CDC Traveler-Based Genomic Surveillance Program, Four U.S. Airports, March-September 2022.
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Bart SM, Smith TC, Guagliardo SAJ, Walker AT, Rome BH, Li SL, Aichele TWS, Stein R, Ernst ET, Morfino RC, Cetron MS, and Friedman CR
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- Humans, United States epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Airports, Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S., COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control, Air Travel
- Abstract
Beginning December 6, 2021, all international air passengers boarding flights to the United States were required to show either a negative result from a SARS-CoV-2 viral test taken ≤1 day before departure or proof of recovery from COVID-19 within the preceding 90 days (1). As of June 12, 2022, predeparture testing was no longer mandatory but remained recommended by CDC (2,3). Various modeling studies have estimated that predeparture testing the day before or the day of air travel reduces transmission or importation of SARS-CoV-2 by 31%-76% (4-7). Postarrival SARS-CoV-2 pooled testing data from CDC's Traveler-based Genomic Surveillance program were used to compare SARS-CoV-2 test results among volunteer travelers arriving at four U.S. airports during two 12-week periods: March 20-June 11, 2022, when predeparture testing was required, and June 12-September 3, 2022, when predeparture testing was not required. In a multivariable logistic regression model, pooled nasal swab specimens collected during March 20-June 11 were 52% less likely to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 than were those collected during June 12-September 3, after adjusting for COVID-19 incidence in the flight's country of origin, sample pool size, and collection airport (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.39-0.58) (p<0.001). These findings support predeparture testing as a tool for reducing travel-associated SARS-CoV-2 transmission and provide important real-world evidence that can guide decisions for future outbreaks and pandemics., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Benjamin H. Rome, Siyao Lisa Li, Thomas W.S. Aichele, and Robert C. Morfino are employed by Ginkgo Bioworks and own Ginkgo Bioworks employee stocks or restricted stock units (RSU) grants. Ezra T. Ernst is employed by XWELL and owns XWELL employee stocks or RSU grants. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
- Published
- 2023
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33. Notes from the Field: Aircraft Wastewater Surveillance for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants - John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York City, August-September 2022.
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Morfino RC, Bart SM, Franklin A, Rome BH, Rothstein AP, Aichele TWS, Li SL, Bivins A, Ernst ET, and Friedman CR
- Subjects
- Humans, New York City epidemiology, Wastewater, Airports, Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring, Aircraft, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 epidemiology
- Abstract
Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Robert C. Morfino, Benjamin H. Rome, Andrew P. Rothstein, Siyao Lisa Li, and Thomas W. S. Aichele report Ginkgo Bioworks employee stocks or restricted stock units (RSU) grants. Aaron Bivins reports grants from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute, and Louisiana State University, payments from BioRad Laboratories, and equipment or materials from Ceres Nanosciences. Ezra T. Ernst reports XWELL employee stocks or RSU grants. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
- Published
- 2023
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34. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Transmission Within Households - Four U.S. Jurisdictions, November 2021-February 2022.
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Baker JM, Nakayama JY, O'Hegarty M, McGowan A, Teran RA, Bart SM, Mosack K, Roberts N, Campos B, Paegle A, McGee J, Herrera R, English K, Barrios C, Davis A, Roloff C, Sosa LE, Brockmeyer J, Page L, Bauer A, Weiner JJ, Khubbar M, Bhattacharyya S, Kirking HL, and Tate JE
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, COVID-19 epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Contact Tracing, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Serial Infection Interval, United States epidemiology, Vaccination, COVID-19 transmission, SARS-CoV-2
- Abstract
The B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant, first detected in November 2021, was responsible for a surge in U.S. infections with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, during December 2021-January 2022 (1). To investigate the effectiveness of prevention strategies in household settings, CDC partnered with four U.S. jurisdictions to describe Omicron household transmission during November 2021-February 2022. Persons with sequence-confirmed Omicron infection and their household contacts were interviewed. Omicron transmission occurred in 124 (67.8%) of 183 households. Among 431 household contacts, 227 were classified as having a case of COVID-19 (attack rate [AR] = 52.7%).
† The ARs among household contacts of index patients who had received a COVID-19 booster dose, of fully vaccinated index patients who completed their COVID-19 primary series within the previous 5 months, and of unvaccinated index patients were 42.7% (47 of 110), 43.6% (17 of 39), and 63.9% (69 of 108), respectively. The AR was lower among household contacts of index patients who isolated (41.2%, 99 of 240) compared with those of index patients who did not isolate (67.5%, 112 of 166) (p-value <0.01). Similarly, the AR was lower among household contacts of index patients who ever wore a mask at home during their potentially infectious period (39.5%, 88 of 223) compared with those of index patients who never wore a mask at home (68.9%, 124 of 180) (p-value <0.01). Multicomponent COVID-19 prevention strategies, including up-to-date vaccination, isolation of infected persons, and mask use at home, are critical to reducing Omicron transmission in household settings., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Lynn E. Sosa reports being a past Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists STD Subcommittee chair. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.- Published
- 2022
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35. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Associated With a Large Indoor Convention - New York City, November-December 2021.
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Sami S, Horter L, Valencia D, Thomas I, Pomeroy M, Walker B, Smith-Jeffcoat SE, Tate JE, Kirking HL, Kyaw NTT, Burns R, Blaney K, Dorabawila V, Hoen R, Zirnhelt Z, Schardin C, Uehara A, Retchless AC, Brown VR, Gebru Y, Powell C, Bart SM, Vostok J, Lund H, Kaess J, Gumke M, Propper R, Thomas D, Ojo M, Green A, Wieck M, Wilson E, Hollingshead RJ, Nunez SV, Saady DM, Porse CC, Gardner K, Drociuk D, Scott J, Perez T, Collins J, Shaffner J, Pray I, Rust LT, Brady S, Kerins JL, Teran RA, Hughes V, Sepcic V, Low EW, Kemble SK, Berkley A, Cleavinger K, Safi H, Webb LM, Hutton S, Dewart C, Dickerson K, Hawkins E, Zafar J, Krueger A, Bushman D, Ethridge B, Hansen K, Tant J, Reed C, Boutwell C, Hanson J, Gillespie M, Donahue M, Lane P, Serrano R, Hernandez L, Dethloff MA, Lynfield R, Como-Sabetti K, Lutterloh E, Ackelsberg J, and Ricaldi JN
- Subjects
- Humans, New York City epidemiology, Public Health Surveillance, United States epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 transmission, Communicable Disease Control methods, Mass Gatherings, Patient Compliance, SARS-CoV-2
- Abstract
During November 19-21, 2021, an indoor convention (event) in New York City (NYC), was attended by approximately 53,000 persons from 52 U.S. jurisdictions and 30 foreign countries. In-person registration for the event began on November 18, 2021. The venue was equipped with high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration, and attendees were required to wear a mask indoors and have documented receipt of at least 1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine.* On December 2, 2021, the Minnesota Department of Health reported the first case of community-acquired COVID-19 in the United States caused by the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant in a person who had attended the event (1). CDC collaborated with state and local health departments to assess event-associated COVID-19 cases and potential exposures among U.S.-based attendees using data from COVID-19 surveillance systems and an anonymous online attendee survey. Among 34,541 attendees with available contact information, surveillance data identified test results for 4,560, including 119 (2.6%) persons from 16 jurisdictions with positive SARS-CoV-2 test results. Most (4,041 [95.2%]), survey respondents reported always wearing a mask while indoors at the event. Compared with test-negative respondents, test-positive respondents were more likely to report attending bars, karaoke, or nightclubs, and eating or drinking indoors near others for at least 15 minutes. Among 4,560 attendees who received testing, evidence of widespread transmission during the event was not identified. Genomic sequencing of 20 specimens identified the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant (AY.25 and AY.103 sublineages) in 15 (75%) cases, and the Omicron variant (BA.1 sublineage) in five (25%) cases. These findings reinforce the importance of implementing multiple, simultaneous prevention measures, such as ensuring up-to-date vaccination, mask use, physical distancing, and improved ventilation in limiting SARS-CoV-2 transmission, during large, indoor events.
† ., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Ruth Lynfield reports unpaid positions as the President of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists and on the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases Executive Board. Ruby Serrano reports honoraria from Ponce Health Sciences University. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.- Published
- 2022
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36. Predicting daily COVID-19 case rates from SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations across a diversity of wastewater catchments.
- Author
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Zulli A, Pan A, Bart SM, Crawford FW, Kaplan EH, Cartter M, Ko AI, Sanchez M, Brown C, Cozens D, Brackney DE, and Peccia J
- Abstract
We assessed the relationship between municipality COVID-19 case rates and SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in the primary sludge of corresponding wastewater treatment facilities. Over 1700 daily primary sludge samples were collected from six wastewater treatment facilities with catchments serving 18 cities and towns in the State of Connecticut, USA. Samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations during a 10 month time period that overlapped with October 2020 and winter/spring 2021 COVID-19 outbreaks in each municipality. We fit lagged regression models to estimate reported case rates in the six municipalities from SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations collected daily from corresponding wastewater treatment facilities. Results demonstrate the ability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in primary sludge to estimate COVID-19 reported case rates across treatment facilities and wastewater catchments, with coverage probabilities ranging from 0.94 to 0.96. Lags of 0 to 1 days resulted in the greatest predictive power for the model. Leave-one-out cross validation suggests that the model can be broadly applied to wastewater catchments that range in more than one order of magnitude in population served. The close relationship between case rates and SARS-CoV-2 concentrations demonstrates the utility of using primary sludge samples for monitoring COVID-19 outbreak dynamics. Estimating case rates from wastewater data can be useful in locations with limited testing availability, testing disparities, or delays in individual COVID-19 testing programs., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.)
- Published
- 2022
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37. Early introductions and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 in the United States.
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Alpert T, Brito AF, Lasek-Nesselquist E, Rothman J, Valesano AL, MacKay MJ, Petrone ME, Breban MI, Watkins AE, Vogels CBF, Kalinich CC, Dellicour S, Russell A, Kelly JP, Shudt M, Plitnick J, Schneider E, Fitzsimmons WJ, Khullar G, Metti J, Dudley JT, Nash M, Beaubier N, Wang J, Liu C, Hui P, Muyombwe A, Downing R, Razeq J, Bart SM, Grills A, Morrison SM, Murphy S, Neal C, Laszlo E, Rennert H, Cushing M, Westblade L, Velu P, Craney A, Cong L, Peaper DR, Landry ML, Cook PW, Fauver JR, Mason CE, Lauring AS, St George K, MacCannell DR, and Grubaugh ND
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, United States epidemiology, COVID-19 genetics, COVID-19 mortality, COVID-19 transmission, COVID-19 Testing, Models, Biological, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, SARS-CoV-2 metabolism, SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity
- Abstract
The emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7, first detected in the United Kingdom, has become a global public health concern because of its increased transmissibility. Over 2,500 COVID-19 cases associated with this variant have been detected in the United States (US) since December 2020, but the extent of establishment is relatively unknown. Using travel, genomic, and diagnostic data, we highlight that the primary ports of entry for B.1.1.7 in the US were in New York, California, and Florida. Furthermore, we found evidence for many independent B.1.1.7 establishments starting in early December 2020, followed by interstate spread by the end of the month. Finally, we project that B.1.1.7 will be the dominant lineage in many states by mid- to late March. Thus, genomic surveillance for B.1.1.7 and other variants urgently needs to be enhanced to better inform the public health response., Competing Interests: Declarations of interests M.J.M., G.K., J.M., J.T.D., M.N., N.B., and C.E.M. work for Tempus Labs. K.S.G. receives research support from Thermo Fisher for the development of assays for the detection and characterization of viruses. The remaining authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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38. Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Among Residents of Two Skilled Nursing Facilities Experiencing COVID-19 Outbreaks - Connecticut, December 2020-February 2021.
- Author
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Britton A, Jacobs Slifka KM, Edens C, Nanduri SA, Bart SM, Shang N, Harizaj A, Armstrong J, Xu K, Ehrlich HY, Soda E, Derado G, Verani JR, Schrag SJ, Jernigan JA, Leung VH, and Parikh S
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, COVID-19 epidemiology, Connecticut epidemiology, Female, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 Vaccines administration & dosage, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Skilled Nursing Facilities
- Abstract
Residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs), particularly those in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), have experienced disproportionately high levels of COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality and were prioritized for early COVID-19 vaccination (1,2). However, this group was not included in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, and limited postauthorization vaccine effectiveness (VE) data are available for this critical population (3). It is not known how well COVID-19 vaccines protect SNF residents, who typically are more medically frail, are older, and have more underlying medical conditions than the general population (1). In addition, immunogenicity of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was found to be lower in adults aged 65-85 years than in younger adults (4). Through the CDC Pharmacy Partnership for Long-Term Care Program, SNF residents and staff members in Connecticut began receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine on December 18, 2020 (5). Administration of the vaccine was conducted during several on-site pharmacy clinics. In late January 2021, the Connecticut Department of Public Health (CT DPH) identified two SNFs experiencing COVID-19 outbreaks among residents and staff members that occurred after each facility's first vaccination clinic. CT DPH, in partnership with CDC, performed electronic chart review in these facilities to obtain information on resident vaccination status and infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Partial vaccination, defined as the period from >14 days after the first dose through 7 days after the second dose, had an estimated effectiveness of 63% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 33%-79%) against SARS-CoV-2 infection (regardless of symptoms) among residents within these SNFs. This is similar to estimated effectiveness for a single dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in adults across a range of age groups in noncongregate settings (6) and suggests that to optimize vaccine impact among this population, high coverage with the complete 2-dose series should be recommended for SNF residents and staff members., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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39. Early introductions and community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 in the United States.
- Author
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Alpert T, Brito AF, Lasek-Nesselquist E, Rothman J, Valesano AL, MacKay MJ, Petrone ME, Breban MI, Watkins AE, Vogels CBF, Kalinich CC, Dellicour S, Russell A, Kelly JP, Shudt M, Plitnick J, Schneider E, Fitzsimmons WJ, Khullar G, Metti J, Dudley JT, Nash M, Beaubier N, Wang J, Liu C, Hui P, Muyombwe A, Downing R, Razeq J, Bart SM, Grills A, Morrison SM, Murphy S, Neal C, Laszlo E, Rennert H, Cushing M, Westblade L, Velu P, Craney A, Fauntleroy KA, Peaper DR, Landry ML, Cook PW, Fauver JR, Mason CE, Lauring AS, George KS, MacCannell DR, and Grubaugh ND
- Abstract
The emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7, first detected in the United Kingdom, has become a global public health concern because of its increased transmissibility. Over 2500 COVID-19 cases associated with this variant have been detected in the US since December 2020, but the extent of establishment is relatively unknown. Using travel, genomic, and diagnostic data, we highlight the primary ports of entry for B.1.1.7 in the US and locations of possible underreporting of B.1.1.7 cases. Furthermore, we found evidence for many independent B.1.1.7 establishments starting in early December 2020, followed by interstate spread by the end of the month. Finally, we project that B.1.1.7 will be the dominant lineage in many states by mid to late March. Thus, genomic surveillance for B.1.1.7 and other variants urgently needs to be enhanced to better inform the public health response., Competing Interests: Declarations of Interests M.J.M, G.K., J.M., J.T.D., M.N., N.B., and C.E.M. work for Tempus Labs. K.S.G. receives research support from Thermo Fisher for the development of assays for the detection and characterization of viruses. All other authors declare no competing interests.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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40. cGMP and NHR signaling co-regulate expression of insulin-like peptides and developmental activation of infective larvae in Strongyloides stercoralis.
- Author
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Stoltzfus JD, Bart SM, and Lok JB
- Subjects
- Animals, Caenorhabditis elegans metabolism, Larva metabolism, Cyclic GMP metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation physiology, Helminth Proteins biosynthesis, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I biosynthesis, Second Messenger Systems physiology, Strongyloides stercoralis metabolism
- Abstract
The infectious form of the parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis is a developmentally arrested third-stage larva (L3i), which is morphologically similar to the developmentally arrested dauer larva in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We hypothesize that the molecular pathways regulating C. elegans dauer development also control L3i arrest and activation in S. stercoralis. This study aimed to determine the factors that regulate L3i activation, with a focus on G protein-coupled receptor-mediated regulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway signaling, including its modulation of the insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) pathway. We found that application of the membrane-permeable cGMP analog 8-bromo-cGMP potently activated development of S. stercoralis L3i, as measured by resumption of feeding, with 85.1 ± 2.2% of L3i feeding in 200 µM 8-bromo-cGMP in comparison to 0.6 ± 0.3% in the buffer diluent. Utilizing RNAseq, we examined L3i stimulated with DMEM, 8-bromo-cGMP, or the DAF-12 nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) ligand Δ7-dafachronic acid (DA)--a signaling pathway downstream of IIS in C. elegans. L3i stimulated with 8-bromo-cGMP up-regulated transcripts of the putative agonistic insulin-like peptide (ILP) -encoding genes Ss-ilp-1 (20-fold) and Ss-ilp-6 (11-fold) in comparison to controls without stimulation. Surprisingly, we found that Δ7-DA similarly modulated transcript levels of ILP-encoding genes. Using the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, we demonstrated that 400 nM Δ7-DA-mediated activation (93.3 ± 1.1% L3i feeding) can be blocked using this IIS inhibitor at 100 µM (7.6 ± 1.6% L3i feeding). To determine the tissues where promoters of ILP-encoding genes are active, we expressed promoter::egfp reporter constructs in transgenic S. stercoralis post-free-living larvae. Ss-ilp-1 and Ss-ilp-6 promoters are active in the hypodermis and neurons and the Ss-ilp-7 promoter is active in the intestine and a pair of head neurons. Together, these data provide evidence that cGMP and DAF-12 NHR signaling converge on IIS to regulate S. stercoralis L3i activation.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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