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1. The impact of low-mode symmetry on inertial fusion energy output in the burning plasma state

Author

Ralph, J. E., Ross, J. S., Zylstra, A. B., Kritcher, A. L., Robey, H. F., Young, C. V., Hurricane, O. A., Pak, A., Callahan, D. A., Baker, K. L., Casey, D. T., Döppner, T., Divol, L., Hohenberger, M., Pape, S. Le, Patel, P. K., Tommasini, R., Ali, S. J., Amendt, P. A., Atherton, L. J., Bachmann, B., Bailey, D., Benedetti, L. R., Berzak Hopkins, L., Betti, R., Bhandarkar, S. D., Biener, J., Bionta, R. M., Birge, N. W., Bond, E. J., Bradley, D. K., Braun, T., Briggs, T. M., Bruhn, M. W., Celliers, P. M., Chang, B., Chapman, T., Chen, H., Choate, C., Christopherson, A. R., Clark, D. S., Crippen, J. W., Dewald, E. L., Dittrich, T. R., Edwards, M. J., Farmer, W. A., Field, J. E., Fittinghoff, D., Frenje, J., Gaffney, J., Gatu Johnson, M., Glenzer, S. H., Grim, G. P., Haan, S., Hahn, K. D., Hall, G. N., Hammel, B. A., Harte, J., Hartouni, E., Heebner, J. E., Hernandez, V. J., Herrmann, H. W., Herrmann, M. C., Hinkel, D. E., Ho, D. D., Holder, J. P., Hsing, W. W., Huang, H., Humbird, K. D., Izumi, N., Jarrott, L. C., Jeet, J., Jones, O., Kerbel, G. D., Kerr, S. M., Khan, S. F., Kilkenny, J., Kim, Y., Geppert-Kleinrath, H., Geppert-Kleinrath, V., Kong, C., Koning, J. M., Kroll, J. J., Kruse, M. K. G., Kustowski, B., Landen, O. L., Langer, S., Larson, D., Lemos, N. C., Lindl, J. D., Ma, T., MacDonald, M. J., MacGowan, B. J., Mackinnon, A. J., MacLaren, S. A., MacPhee, A. G., Marinak, M. M., Mariscal, D. A., Marley, E. V., Masse, L., Meaney, K. D., Meezan, N. B., Michel, P. A., Millot, M., Milovich, J. L., Moody, J. D., Moore, A. S., Morton, J. W., Murphy, T. J., Newman, K., Di Nicola, J.-M. G., Nikroo, A., Nora, R., Patel, M. V., Pelz, L. J., Peterson, J. L., Ping, Y., Pollock, B. B., Ratledge, M., Rice, N. G., Rinderknecht, H. G., Rosen, M., Rubery, M. S., Salmonson, J. D., Sater, J., Schiaffino, S., Schlossberg, D. J., Schneider, M. B., Schroeder, C. R., Scott, H. A., Sepke, S. M., Sequoia, K., Sherlock, M. W., Shin, S., Smalyuk, V. A., Spears, B. K., Springer, P. T., Stadermann, M., Stoupin, S., Strozzi, D. J., Suter, L. J., Thomas, C. A., Town, R. P. J., Trosseille, C., Tubman, E. R., Volegov, P. L., Weber, C. R., Widmann, K., Wild, C., Wilde, C. H., Van Wonterghem, B. M., Woods, D. T., Woodworth, B. N., Yamaguchi, M., Yang, S. T., and Zimmerman, G. B.

Published
2024
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2. Burning plasma achieved in inertial fusion

Author

Zylstra, A. B., Hurricane, O. A., Callahan, D. A., Kritcher, A. L., Ralph, J. E., Robey, H. F., Ross, J. S., Young, C. V., Baker, K. L., Casey, D. T., Döppner, T., Divol, L., Hohenberger, M., Le Pape, S., Pak, A., Patel, P. K., Tommasini, R., Ali, S. J., Amendt, P. A., Atherton, L. J., Bachmann, B., Bailey, D., Benedetti, L. R., Berzak Hopkins, L., Betti, R., Bhandarkar, S. D., Biener, J., Bionta, R. M., Birge, N. W., Bond, E. J., Bradley, D. K., Braun, T., Briggs, T. M., Bruhn, M. W., Celliers, P. M., Chang, B., Chapman, T., Chen, H., Choate, C., Christopherson, A. R., Clark, D. S., Crippen, J. W., Dewald, E. L., Dittrich, T. R., Edwards, M. J., Farmer, W. A., Field, J. E., Fittinghoff, D., Frenje, J., Gaffney, J., Gatu Johnson, M., Glenzer, S. H., Grim, G. P., Haan, S., Hahn, K. D., Hall, G. N., Hammel, B. A., Harte, J., Hartouni, E., Heebner, J. E., Hernandez, V. J., Herrmann, H., Herrmann, M. C., Hinkel, D. E., Ho, D. D., Holder, J. P., Hsing, W. W., Huang, H., Humbird, K. D., Izumi, N., Jarrott, L. C., Jeet, J., Jones, O., Kerbel, G. D., Kerr, S. M., Khan, S. F., Kilkenny, J., Kim, Y., Geppert Kleinrath, H., Geppert Kleinrath, V., Kong, C., Koning, J. M., Kroll, J. J., Kruse, M. K. G., Kustowski, B., Landen, O. L., Langer, S., Larson, D., Lemos, N. C., Lindl, J. D., Ma, T., MacDonald, M. J., MacGowan, B. J., Mackinnon, A. J., MacLaren, S. A., MacPhee, A. G., Marinak, M. M., Mariscal, D. A., Marley, E. V., Masse, L., Meaney, K., Meezan, N. B., Michel, P. A., Millot, M., Milovich, J. L., Moody, J. D., Moore, A. S., Morton, J. W., Murphy, T., Newman, K., Di Nicola, J.-M. G., Nikroo, A., Nora, R., Patel, M. V., Pelz, L. J., Peterson, J. L., Ping, Y., Pollock, B. B., Ratledge, M., Rice, N. G., Rinderknecht, H., Rosen, M., Rubery, M. S., Salmonson, J. D., Sater, J., Schiaffino, S., Schlossberg, D. J., Schneider, M. B., Schroeder, C. R., Scott, H. A., Sepke, S. M., Sequoia, K., Sherlock, M. W., Shin, S., Smalyuk, V. A., Spears, B. K., Springer, P. T., Stadermann, M., Stoupin, S., Strozzi, D. J., Suter, L. J., Thomas, C. A., Town, R. P. J., Tubman, E. R., Trosseille, C., Volegov, P. L., Weber, C. R., Widmann, K., Wild, C., Wilde, C. H., Van Wonterghem, B. M., Woods, D. T., Woodworth, B. N., Yamaguchi, M., Yang, S. T., and Zimmerman, G. B.

Published
2022
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3. Measurement of hydrodynamic instability growth during the deceleration of an inertial confinement fusion implosion

Author

Pickworth, L.A., Smalyuk, V.A., Hammel, B.A., Weber, C., Clark, D.S., Robey, H.F., MacPhee, A.G., Pape, S. Le, Casey, D.T., Berzak-Hopkins, L., Zylstra, A., Kritcher, A., Walters, C.F., Bhandarkar, S.D., Stadermann, M., Johnson, S., Diaz, S., Ratledge, M., Alfonso, N., Landen, O.N., Pak, A.E., Izumi, N., Khan, S.F., Benedetti, L.R., Lahmann, B., and Hartouni, E.

Published
2020
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5. Plasma stopping-power measurements reveal transition from non-degenerate to degenerate plasmas

Author

Hayes, A. C., Gooden, M. E., Henry, E., Jungman, Gerard, Wilhelmy, J. B., Rundberg, R. S., Yeamans, C., Kyrala, G., Cerjan, C., Danielson, D. L., Daligault, Jérôme, Wilburn, C., Volegov, P., Wilde, C., Batha, S., Bredeweg, T., Kline, J. L., Grim, G. P., Hartouni, E. P., Shaughnessy, D., Velsko, C., Cassata, W. S., Moody, K., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Hinkel, D., Döppner, T., Le Pape, S., Graziani, F., Callahan, D. A., Hurricane, O. A., and Schneider, D.

Published
2020
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6. Publisher Correction: Burning plasma achieved in inertial fusion

Author

Zylstra, A. B., Hurricane, O. A., Callahan, D. A., Kritcher, A. L., Ralph, J. E., Robey, H. F., Ross, J. S., Young, C. V., Baker, K. L., Casey, D. T., Döppner, T., Divol, L., Hohenberger, M., Le Pape, S., Pak, A., Patel, P. K., Tommasini, R., Ali, S. J., Amendt, P. A., Atherton, L. J., Bachmann, B., Bailey, D., Benedetti, L. R., Berzak Hopkins, L., Betti, R., Bhandarkar, S. D., Biener, J., Bionta, R. M., Birge, N. W., Bond, E. J., Bradley, D. K., Braun, T., Briggs, T. M., Bruhn, M. W., Celliers, P. M., Chang, B., Chapman, T., Chen, H., Choate, C., Christopherson, A. R., Clark, D. S., Crippen, J. W., Dewald, E. L., Dittrich, T. R., Edwards, M. J., Farmer, W. A., Field, J. E., Fittinghoff, D., Frenje, J., Gaffney, J., Gatu Johnson, M., Glenzer, S. H., Grim, G. P., Haan, S., Hahn, K. D., Hall, G. N., Hammel, B. A., Harte, J., Hartouni, E., Heebner, J. E., Hernandez, V. J., Herrmann, H., Herrmann, M. C., Hinkel, D. E., Ho, D. D., Holder, J. P., Hsing, W. W., Huang, H., Humbird, K. D., Izumi, N., Jarrott, L. C., Jeet, J., Jones, O., Kerbel, G. D., Kerr, S. M., Khan, S. F., Kilkenny, J., Kim, Y., Geppert Kleinrath, H., Geppert Kleinrath, V., Kong, C., Koning, J. M., Kroll, J. J., Kruse, M. K. G., Kustowski, B., Landen, O. L., Langer, S., Larson, D., Lemos, N. C., Lindl, J. D., Ma, T., MacDonald, M. J., MacGowan, B. J., Mackinnon, A. J., MacLaren, S. A., MacPhee, A. G., Marinak, M. M., Mariscal, D. A., Marley, E. V., Masse, L., Meaney, K., Meezan, N. B., Michel, P. A., Millot, M., Milovich, J. L., Moody, J. D., Moore, A. S., Morton, J. W., Murphy, T., Newman, K., Di Nicola, J.-M. G., Nikroo, A., Nora, R., Patel, M. V., Pelz, L. J., Peterson, J. L., Ping, Y., Pollock, B. B., Ratledge, M., Rice, N. G., Rinderknecht, H., Rosen, M., Rubery, M. S., Salmonson, J. D., Sater, J., Schiaffino, S., Schlossberg, D. J., Schneider, M. B., Schroeder, C. R., Scott, H. A., Sepke, S. M., Sequoia, K., Sherlock, M. W., Shin, S., Smalyuk, V. A., Spears, B. K., Springer, P. T., Stadermann, M., Stoupin, S., Strozzi, D. J., Suter, L. J., Thomas, C. A., Town, R. P. J., Tubman, E. R., Trosseille, C., Volegov, P. L., Weber, C. R., Widmann, K., Wild, C., Wilde, C. H., Van Wonterghem, B. M., Woods, D. T., Woodworth, B. N., Yamaguchi, M., Yang, S. T., and Zimmerman, G. B.

Published
2022
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7. A direct-drive exploding-pusher implosion as the first step in development of a monoenergetic charged-particle backlighting platform at the National Ignition Facility

Author

Rosenberg, M.J., Zylstra, A.B., Séguin, F.H., Rinderknecht, H.G., Frenje, J.A., Gatu Johnson, M., Sio, H., Waugh, C.J., Sinenian, N., Li, C.K., Petrasso, R.D., LePape, S., Ma, T., Mackinnon, A.J., Rygg, J.R., Amendt, P.A., Bellei, C., Benedetti, L.R., Berzak Hopkins, L., Bionta, R.M., Casey, D.T., Divol, L., Edwards, M.J., Glenn, S., Glenzer, S.H., Hicks, D.G., Kimbrough, J.R., Landen, O.L., Lindl, J.D., MacPhee, A., McNaney, J.M., Meezan, N.B., Moody, J.D., Moran, M.J., Park, H.-S., Pino, J., Remington, B.A., Robey, H., Rosen, M.D., Wilks, S.C., Zacharias, R.A., McKenty, P.W., Hohenberger, M., Radha, P.B., Edgell, D., Marshall, F.J., Delettrez, J.A., Glebov, V.Yu., Betti, R., Goncharov, V.N., Knauer, J.P., Sangster, T.C., Herrmann, H.W., Hoffman, N.M., Kyrala, G.A., Leeper, R.J., Olson, R.E., Kilkenny, J.D., and Nikroo, A.

Published
2016
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8. Results and future plans of the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX)

Author

Schmitt, J.C., Abrams, T., Baylor, L.R., Berzak Hopkins, L., Biewer, T., Bohler, D., Boyle, D., Granstedt, E., Gray, T., Hare, J., Jacobson, C.M., Jaworski, M., Kaita, R., Kozub, T., LeBlanc, B., Lundberg, D.P., Lucia, M., Maingi, R., Majeski, R., Merino, E., Ryou, A., Shi, E., Squire, J., Stotler, D., Thomas, C.E., Tritz, K., and Zakharov, L.

Published
2013
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9. Thermal decoupling of deuterium and tritium during the ICF shock-convergence phase

Author

Kabadi, N. V., Simpson, R., Adrian, P. J., Bose, A., Frenje, J. A., Gatu Johnson, M., Lahmann, B., C. K., Li, Parker, C. E., Seguin, F. H., Sutclife, G. D., Petrasso, R. D., Atzeni, S., Eriksson, J., Forrest, C., Fess, S., Yu Glebov, V., Janezic, R., Mannion, O., Rinderknecht, H. G., Rosenberg, M. J., Stoeckl, C., Kagan, G., Hoppe, M., Luo, R., Scho, M., Shuldberg, C., Sio, H. W., Sanchez, J., Berzak Hopkins, L., Schlossberg, D., Hahn, K., and Yeamans, C.

Subjects
inertial confinement fusion, shock-driven implosion, Plasma physics
Published
2021

10. Carbon ablator areal density at fusion burn: Observations and trends at the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Meaney, K. D., Kim, Y., Geppert-Kleinrath, H., Herrmann, H. W., Berzak Hopkins, L., Hoffman, N. M., Cerjan, C., Landen, O. L., Baker, K., Carrera, J., and Mariscal, E.

Subjects
INERTIAL confinement fusion, DEUTERIUM, GAMMA rays, NEUTRON scattering, METASTABLE states, DENSITY
Abstract

For inertial confinement fusion experiments, the pusher is composed of a high-density deuterium tritium cyrogenic fuel layer and an ablator, often made of carbon. In an ideal, no-mix implosion, increasing the areal density of the pusher transfers more pressure to the hot spot and increases the hot spot confinement time. There has been a lack of knowledge about the final compressed state of the ablator for implosions at the National Ignition Facility. 14 MeV fusion neutrons inelastically scattering on the remaining carbon ablator excites a nuclear metastable state that emits a prompt 4.4 MeV gamma ray. The gamma reaction history diagnostic data, when reduced by a new data analysis technique, can isolate and measure the carbon gamma rays, which are proportional to the areal density of the ablator during fusion burn. The trends over many National Ignition Facility campaigns show that the ablator areal density is weakly sensitive to the maximum shell velocity, the cold fuel radius, the ablator mass remaining, or the laser picket intensity. Controlled parameter scans reveal that, for specific campaigns, ablator compression has a strong dependence on laser coast time, high Z dopants, and the laser drive foot duration. Using a model of the compressed ablator density profile reveals that the greatest variation of the ablator areal density comes from its thickness, with highly compressed, thin layers having high areal density values. The compression and thickness of the ablator are other metrics that designers should understand to differentiate the types of capsule degradation and maximize the inertial confinement fusion performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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11. Hotspot conditions achieved in inertial confinement fusion experiments on the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Patel, P. K., Springer, P. T., Weber, C. R., Jarrott, L. C., Hurricane, O. A., Bachmann, B., Baker, K. L., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Callahan, D. A., Casey, D. T., Cerjan, C. J., Clark, D. S., Dewald, E. L., Divol, L., Döppner, T., Field, J. E., Fittinghoff, D., Gaffney, J., Geppert-Kleinrath, V., and Grim, G. P.

Subjects
INERTIAL confinement fusion, ALPHA rays, EXPERIMENTS
Abstract

We describe the overall performance of the major indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion campaigns executed at the National Ignition Facility. With respect to the proximity to ignition, we can describe the performance of current experiments both in terms of no-burn ignition metrics (metrics based on the hydrodynamic performance of targets in the absence of alpha-particle heating) and in terms of the thermodynamic properties of the hotspot and dense fuel at stagnation—in particular, the hotspot pressure, temperature, and areal density. We describe a simple 1D isobaric model to derive these quantities from experimental observables and examine where current experiments lie with respect to the conditions required for ignition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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12. Mixing in ICF implosions on the National Ignition Facility caused by the fill-tube.

Author

Weber, C. R., Clark, D. S., Pak, A., Alfonso, N., Bachmann, B., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Bunn, T., Crippen, J., Divol, L., Dittrich, T., Kritcher, A. L., Landen, O. L., Le Pape, S., MacPhee, A. G., Marley, E., Masse, L. P., Milovich, J. L., Nikroo, A., Patel, P. K., and Pickworth, L. A.

Subjects
INERTIAL confinement fusion, ABLATIVE materials
Abstract

The micrometer-scale tube that fills capsules with thermonuclear fuel in inertial confinement fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility is also one of the implosion's main degradation sources. It seeds a perturbation that injects the ablator material into the center, radiating away some of the hot-spot energy. This paper discusses how the perturbation arises in experiments using high-density carbon ablators and how the ablator mix interacts once it enters the hot-spot. Both modeling and experiments show an in-flight areal-density perturbation and localized x-ray emission at stagnation from the fill-tube. Simulations suggest that the fill-tube is degrading an otherwise 1D implosion by ∼2×, but when other degradation sources are present, the yield reduction is closer to 20%. Characteristics of the fill-tube assembly, such as the through-hole size and the glue mass, alter the dynamics and magnitude of the degradation. These aspects point the way toward improvements in the design, some of which (smaller diameter fill-tube) have already shown improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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13. A simulation-based model for understanding the time dependent x-ray drive asymmetries and error bars in indirectly driven implosions on the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Masse, L., Clark, D., MacLaren, S., Berzak Hopkins, L., Haan, S., Khan, S., Kritcher, A., Kyrala, G., Landen, O., Lindl, J., Ma, T., Patel, P., Ralph, J., Salmonson, J., Tipton, R., and Weber, C.

Subjects
INERTIAL confinement fusion, GREEN'S functions
Abstract

Time-dependent low-mode asymmetries are believed to play a leading role in limiting the performance of current inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [E. I. Moses et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 041006 (2009)]. These long wavelength modes are initiated and driven by asymmetries in the x-ray flux from the hohlraum; however, the underlying hydrodynamics of the implosion also act to modify and amplify these asymmetries. We present here a simulation-based model connecting the time-dependent drive asymmetry seen by the capsule to the measured inflight and hot spot symmetries. This approach is based on a Green's function analysis for which we evaluate the response of the capsule to impulses of drive asymmetry at a series of times. Our model sheds new light on the sensitivity to the drive asymmetry of an imploded capsule, giving a new tool for design. Inverting the problem and finding the drive asymmetry needed to match the experimental data allow us to tightly constrain the drive asymmetry seen by the capsule, providing an error estimate on the result. Doing so, we are able to point out when and how the complex hohlraum simulations start to deviate from what they should obtain to match the experimental data. Ultimately, we project to use this model to make some experimental recommendations to fix the time-dependent low-mode asymmetry of indirectly driven implosions and identify additional measurements to further constrain the asymmetries with a view to improving target design on the NIF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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14. Approaching a burning plasma on the NIF.

Author

Hurricane, O. A., Springer, P. T., Patel, P. K., Callahan, D. A., Baker, K., Casey, D. T., Divol, L., Döppner, T., Hinkel, D. E., Hohenberger, M., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Jarrott, C., Kritcher, A., Le Pape, S., Maclaren, S., Masse, L., Pak, A., Ralph, J., Thomas, C., and Volegov, P.

Subjects
INERTIAL confinement fusion, PLASMA heating, PLASMA sources
Abstract

The locus of National Ignition Facility (NIF) inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion data, in hot-spot burn-average areal density (ρR) and Brysk temperature (T) space, is shown and illustrates that several implosions are nearing a burning plasma state, where α-heating is the dominant source of plasma heating. A formula for diagnosing a burning plasma using measured/inferred data from ICF implosion experiments is given with the underlying derivation. Plotting ICF implosion performance against inferred hot-spot energy illustrates the key need to maximize the delivery of energy to an implosion hot-spot. A very compact analytical equation for α-heating is given, which shows that fundamentally, α-heating provides a discrete "boost" to p V γ of an implosion hot-spot. It is then shown numerically that the analytical expression for the amplification of p V γ is simply related to yield amplification and to other more famous metrics used for inferring yield amplification in experiments. Interestingly, the argument of the p V γ boost equation appears to provide a fundamental ignition condition that implicitly includes the effects of asymmetry, and it also exposes the origin of why there is uncertainty in defining single ignition criteria. The resulting analysis of NIF implosion data indicates that an increase in burn-average hot-spot temperature will be needed in order to ignite, and the strategy being pursued to achieve this goal is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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15. First demonstration of improved capsule implosions by reducing radiation preheat in uranium vs gold hohlraums.

Author

Dewald, E. L., Tommasini, R., Meezan, N. B., Landen, O. L., Khan, S., Rygg, R., Field, J., Moore, A. S., Sayre, D., MacKinnon, A. J., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Divol, L., Le Pape, S., Pak, A., Thomas, C. A., Farrell, M., Nikroo, A., and Hurricane, O.

Subjects
INERTIAL confinement fusion, DEPLETED uranium, HYDRODYNAMICS, NEUTRONS
Abstract

In indirectly-driven Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) implosions, supra-thermal M-band (>2 keV) radiation from principally 4–3 resonance line transitions generated during laser irradiation at the peak power of Au hohlraum walls can preheat the fusion capsule and reduce compressional pressure. Higher Z, un-lined depleted uranium (DU) hohlraums were used for the first time in ICF implosions on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to reduce M-band radiation levels while keeping the total radiation flux similar to Au hohlraums. First implosions in DU demonstrate an increase in in-flight density (+15%) of high density carbon capsules, and hence in stagnated hot spot temperature (+15%), hot spot x-ray (+200%) and fusion neutron yields (+100%) compared to Au hohlraums. We show analytically that these changes are consistent with the observed 40% reduction in M-band x-ray flux in DU, and are in agreement with 2D hydrodynamic simulations. This result had a major impact on ICF research on the NIF where a significant fraction of high neutron yield implosions are currently using un-lined DU hohlraums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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16. Increasing stagnation pressure and thermonuclear performance of inertial confinement fusion capsules by the introduction of a high-Z dopant.

Author

Berzak Hopkins, L., Divol, L., Weber, C., Le Pape, S., Meezan, N. B., Ross, J. S., Tommasini, R., Khan, S., Ho, D. D., Biener, J., Dewald, E., Goyon, C., Kong, C., Nikroo, A., Pak, A., Rice, N., Stadermann, M., Wild, C., Callahan, D., and Hurricane, O.

Subjects
*INERTIAL confinement fusion, *STAGNATION pressure, *PLASMA confinement, *THERMONUCLEAR fusion, *PLASMA instabilities, *RAYLEIGH-Taylor instability
Abstract

Inertial confinement fusion requires the inertia of the imploding mass to provide the necessary confinement such that the core reaches adequate high density, temperature, and pressure. Experiments utilize low-Z capsules filled with hydrogenic fuel, which are subject to multiple instabilities at the interfaces during the implosion. To improve the stability of the fuel:capsule interface and narrow the imploding shell profile, capsules are doped with a small atomic percentage of a high-Z material. A series of recent indirect-drive experiments executed at the National Ignition Facility with tungsten-doped high density carbon capsules has demonstrated that the presence of this dopant serves to increase the in-flight aspect ratio of the shell and increase the compression and neutron yield performance of both gas-filled and deuterium-tritium cryogenically layered targets. These experiments definitively demonstrate that benefits accrued by the introduction of a high-Z dopant into the capsule can outweigh the detrimentally reduced stability of the ablation front, avoiding shell breakup or significant radiative cooling of the hot spot. Future experiments will utilize these types of capsules to further increase nuclear performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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17. Development of new platforms for hydrodynamic instability and asymmetry measurements in deceleration phase of indirectly driven implosions on NIF.

Author

Pickworth, L. A., Hammel, B. A., Smalyuk, V. A., Robey, H. F., Tommasini, R., Benedetti, L. R., Berzak Hopkins, L., Bradley, D. K., Dayton, M., Felker, S., Field, J. E., Haan, S. W., Haid, B., Hatarik, R., Hartouni, E., Holunga, D., Hoppe, M., Izumi, N., Johnson, S., and Khan, S.

Subjects
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC instabilities, PLASMA instabilities, PERTURBATION theory, ACCELERATION (Mechanics) measurement, X-ray emission spectra (Materials analysis), ATOMIC number
Abstract

Hydrodynamic instabilities and asymmetries are a major obstacle in the quest to achieve ignition at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) as they cause pre-existing capsule perturbations to grow and ultimately quench the fusion burn in experiments. This paper reviews the development of two new experimental techniques to measure high-mode instabilities and low-mode asymmetries in the deceleration phase of indirect drive inertial confinement fusion implosions. In the first innovative technique, self-emission from the hot spot was enhanced with an argon dopant to “self-backlight” the shell in-flight, imaging the perturbations in the shell near peak velocity. Experiments with pre-imposed two-dimensional perturbations showed hydrodynamic instability growth of up to 7000× in areal density. These experiments discovered unexpected three-dimensional structures originating from the capsule support structures. These new 3-D structures became one of the primary concerns for the indirect drive ICF program that requires their origin to be understood and their impact mitigated. In a second complementary technique, the inner surface of the decelerating shell was visualized in implosions using x-ray emission of a high-Z dopant added to the inner surface of the capsule. With this technique, low mode asymmetry and high mode perturbations, including perturbations seeded by the gas fill tube and capsule support structure, were quantified near peak compression. Using this doping method, the role of perturbations and radiative losses from high atomic number materials on neutron yield was quantified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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18. Hydrodynamic instabilities seeded by the X-ray shadow of ICF capsule fill-tubes.

Author

MacPhee, A. G., Smalyuk, V. A., Landen, O. L., Weber, C. R., Robey, H. F., Alfonso, E. L., Baker, K. L., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Biener, J., Bunn, T., Casey, D. T., Clark, D. S., Crippen, J. W., Divol, L., Farrell, M., Felker, S., Field, J. E., Hsing, W. W., Kong, C., and Le Pape, S.

Subjects
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC instabilities, PLASMA inertial confinement, PLASMA confinement, PLASMA heating, ICR heating
Abstract

During the first few hundred picoseconds of indirect drive for inertial confinement fusion on the National Ignition Facility, x-ray spots formed on the hohlraum wall when the drive beams cast shadows of the fuel fill-tube on the capsule surface. Differential ablation at the shadow boundaries seeds perturbations which are hydrodynamically unstable under subsequent acceleration and can grow to impact capsule performance. We have characterized this shadow imprint mechanism and demonstrated two techniques to mitigate against it using (i) a reduced diameter fuel fill-tube, and (ii) a pre-pulse to blow down the fill-tube before the shadow forming x-ray spots from the main outer drive beams develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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19. First D+D neutron image at the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Volegov, P. L., Wilson, D. C., Danly, C. R., Fatherley, V. E., Geppert-Kleinrath, V., Merrill, F. E., Simpson, R., Wilde, C. H., Batha, S. H., Dewald, E. L., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Fittinghoff, D. N., Casey, D. T., Grim, G. P., Ayers, M. J., Hatarik, R., Yeamans, C. B., Kruse, M. K. G., Sayre, D. B., and Munro, D.

Subjects
DEUTERIUM, MAXIMUM likelihood statistics, TRITIUM, X-ray diffraction
Abstract

First time-integrated neutron images of a deuterium gas filled capsule were obtained using arrival time gating with the Neutron Imaging System at the National Ignition Facility. Images exist from DT (deuterium and tritium mixture) filled capsules in several energy bands but only at the Omega laser had DD (pure deuterium) filled capsules been imaged. A composite image was derived from an assembly of multiple penumbral neutron images using an iterative Maximum Likelihood reconstruction technique. This was compared with a simulated image from a radiation-hydrodynamic calculation. The observed image size, and shape agree, as do the primary DD, secondary DT neutron yields, and the burn duration. However, the observed cross-sectional profiles, although smaller in half width, extend outside the calculated, suggesting that deuterium has mixed outward into the carbon ablator. The observed X-ray image size (61 μm) is larger than the observed neutron image (51 μm). The calculations also reflect this. X-ray brightness includes carbon as well as deuterium emission. A bright spot, “meteor,” in the X-ray image is seen to move in time-gated images, but is not evident in the neutron image. It does not appear to degrade the neutron yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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20. Comparison of plastic, high density carbon, and beryllium as indirect drive NIF ablators.

Author

Kritcher, A. L., Clark, D., Haan, S., Yi, S. A., Zylstra, A. B., Callahan, D. A., Hinkel, D. E., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Hurricane, O. A., Landen, O. L., MacLaren, S. A., Meezan, N. B., Patel, P. K., Ralph, J., Thomas, C. A., Town, R., and Edwards, M. J.

Subjects
ABLATIVE materials, HYDRODYNAMICS, BERYLLIUM, PLASTICS, CARBON, SYMMETRY breaking
Abstract

Detailed radiation hydrodynamic simulations calibrated to experimental data have been used to compare the relative strengths and weaknesses of three candidate indirect drive ablator materials now tested at the NIF: plastic, high density carbon or diamond, and beryllium. We apply a common simulation methodology to several currently fielded ablator platforms to benchmark the model and extrapolate designs to the full NIF envelope to compare on a more equal footing. This paper focuses on modeling of the hohlraum energetics which accurately reproduced measured changes in symmetry when changes to the hohlraum environment were made within a given platform. Calculations suggest that all three ablator materials can achieve a symmetric implosion at a capsule outer radius of ∼1100 μm, a laser energy of 1.8 MJ, and a DT ice mass of 185 μg. However, there is more uncertainty in the symmetry predictions for the plastic and beryllium designs. Scaled diamond designs had the most calculated margin for achieving symmetry and the highest fuel absorbed energy at the same scale compared to plastic or beryllium. A comparison of the relative hydrodynamic stability was made using ultra-high resolution capsule simulations and the two dimensional radiation fluxes described in this work [Clark et al., Phys. Plasmas 25, 032703 (2018)]. These simulations, which include low and high mode perturbations, suggest that diamond is currently the most promising for achieving higher yields in the near future followed by plastic, and more data are required to understand beryllium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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21. Exploring the limits of case-to-capsule ratio, pulse length, and picket energy for symmetric hohlraum drive on the National Ignition Facility Laser.

Author

Callahan, D. A., Hurricane, O. A., Ralph, J. E., Thomas, C. A., Baker, K. L., Benedetti, L. R., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Casey, D. T., Chapman, T., Czajka, C. E., Dewald, E. L., Divol, L., Döppner, T., Hinkel, D. E., Hohenberger, M., Jarrott, L. C., Khan, S. F., Kritcher, A. L., Landen, O. L., and LePape, S.

Subjects
SYMMETRY breaking, BUBBLES, HYDRODYNAMICS, LASER beams
Abstract

We present a data-based model for low mode asymmetry in low gas-fill hohlraum experiments on the National Ignition Facility {NIF [Moses et al., Fusion Sci. Technol. 69, 1 (2016)]} laser. This model is based on the hypothesis that the asymmetry in these low fill hohlraums is dominated by the hydrodynamics of the expanding, low density, high-Z (gold or uranium) “bubble,” which occurs where the intense outer cone laser beams hit the high-Z hohlraum wall. We developed a simple model which states that the implosion symmetry becomes more oblate as the high-Z bubble size becomes large compared to the hohlraum radius or the capsule size becomes large compared to the hohlraum radius. This simple model captures the trends that we see in data that span much of the parameter space of interest for NIF ignition experiments. We are now using this model as a constraint on new designs for experiments on the NIF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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22. Variable convergence liquid layer implosions on the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Zylstra, A. B., Yi, S. A., Haines, B. M., Olson, R. E., Leeper, R. J., Braun, T., Biener, J., Kline, J. L., Batha, S. H., Berzak Hopkins, L., Bhandarkar, S., Bradley, P. A., Crippen, J., Farrell, M., Fittinghoff, D., Herrmann, H. W., Huang, H., Khan, S., Kong, C., and Kozioziemski, B. J.

Subjects
LIQUID fuels, HYDRODYNAMICS, PARTICLE range (Nuclear physics), FOAM
Abstract

Liquid layer implosions using the “wetted foam” technique, where the liquid fuel is wicked into a supporting foam, have been recently conducted on the National Ignition Facility for the first time [Olson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 245001 (2016)]. We report on a series of wetted foam implosions where the convergence ratio was varied between 12 and 20. Reduced nuclear performance is observed as convergence ratio increases. 2-D radiation-hydrodynamics simulations accurately capture the performance at convergence ratios (CR) ∼ 12, but we observe a significant discrepancy at CR ∼ 20. This may be due to suppressed hot-spot formation or an anomalous energy loss mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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23. Visualizing deceleration-phase instabilities in inertial confinement fusion implosions using an “enhanced self-emission” technique at the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Pickworth, L. A., Hammel, B. A., Smalyuk, V. A., Robey, H. F., Benedetti, L. R., Berzak Hopkins, L., Bradley, D. K., Field, J. E., Haan, S. W., Hatarik, R., Hartouni, E., Izumi, N., Johnson, S., Khan, S., Lahmann, B., Landen, O. L., Le Pape, S., MacPhee, A. G., Meezan, N. B., and Milovich, J.

Subjects
PARTICLE acceleration, INERTIAL confinement fusion, QUANTUM perturbations, X-ray emission spectroscopy, DEUTERIUM plasma
Abstract

High-mode perturbations and low-mode asymmetries were measured in the deceleration phase of indirectly driven, deuterium gas filled inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions at convergence ratios of 10 to 15, using a new “enhanced emission” technique at the National Ignition Facility [E. M. Campbell et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 429, 3 (1998)]. In these experiments, a high spatial resolution Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope was used to image the x-ray emission from the inner surface of a high-density-carbon capsule's shell. The use of a high atomic number dopant in the shell enabled time-resolved observations of shell perturbations penetrating into the hot spot. This allowed the effects of the perturbations and asymmetries on degrading neutron yield to be directly measured. In particular, mix induced radiation losses of ∼400 J from the hot spot resulted in a neutron yield reduction of a factor of ∼2. In a subsequent experiment with a significantly increased level of short-mode initial perturbations, shown through the enhanced imaging technique to be highly organized radially, the neutron yield dropped an additional factor of ∼2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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24. On krypton-doped capsule implosion experiments at the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Hui Chen, Ma, T., Nora, R., Barrios, M. A., Scott, H. A., Schneider, M. B., Berzak Hopkins, L., Casey, D. T., Hammel, B. A., Jarrott, L. C., Landen, O. L., Patel, P. K., Rosenberg, M. J., and Spears, B. K.

Subjects
KRYPTON, DOPING agents (Chemistry), SPECTRUM analysis, REFRIGERANTS, FUSION (Phase transformation)
Abstract

This paper presents the spectroscopic aspects of using Krypton as a dopant in NIF capsule implosions through simulation studies and the first set of NIF experiments. Using a combination of 2D hohlraum and 1D capsule simulations with comprehensive spectroscopic modeling, the calculations focused on the effect of dopant concentration on the implosion, and the impact of gradients in the electron density and temperature to the Kr line features and plasma opacity. Experimental data were obtained from three NIF Kr-dopant experiments, performed with varying Kr dopant concentrations between 0.01% and 0.03%. The implosion performance, hotspot images, and detailed Kr spectral analysis are summarized relative to the predictions. Data show that fueldopant spectroscopy can serve as a powerful and viable diagnostic for inertial confinement fusion implosions. Published by AIP Publishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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25. Symmetry control of an indirectly driven high-density-carbon implosion at high convergence and high velocity.

Author

Divol, L., Pak, A., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Le Pape, S., Meezan, N. B., Dewald, E. L., Ho, D. D.-M., Khan, S. F., Mackinnon, A. J., Ross, J. S., Turnbull, D. P., Weber, C., Celliers, P. M., Millot, M., Benedetti, L. R., Field, J. E., Izumi, N., Kyrala, G. A., Ma, T., and Nagel, S. R.

Subjects
CARBON, LASERS, FUEL, NUCLEAR fusion
Abstract

We report on the most recent and successful effort at controlling the trajectory and symmetry of a high density carbon implosion at the National Ignition Facility. We use a low gasfill (0.3 mg/cc He) bare depleted uranium hohlraum with around 1 MJ of laser energy to drive a 3-shock-ignition relevant implosion. We assess drive performance and we demonstrate symmetry control at convergence 1, 3-5, 12, and 27 to better than ±5 µm using a succession of experimental platforms. The symmetry control was maintained at a peak fuel velocity of 380 km/s. Overall, implosion symmetry measurements are consistent with the pole-equator symmetry of the X-ray drive on the capsule being better than 5% in the foot of the drive (when shocks are launched) and better than 1% during peak drive (main acceleration phase). This level of residual asymmetry should have little impact on implosion performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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26. Examining the radiation drive asymmetries present in the high foot series of implosion experiments at the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Pak, A., Divol, L., Kritcher, A. L., Ma, T., Ralph, J. E., Bachmann, B., Benedetti, L. R., Casey, D. T., Celliers, P. M., Dewald, E. L., Döppner, T., Field, J. E., Fratanduono, D. E., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Izumi, N., Khan, S. F., Landen, O. L., Kyrala, G. A., LePape, S., and Millot, M.

Subjects
RADIATION, AMPLITUDE modulation, AMPLITUDE estimation, HYDRODYNAMICS, LASERS
Abstract

This paper details and examines the origins of radiation drive asymmetries present during the initial High Foot implosion experiments. Such asymmetries are expected to reduce the stagnation pressure and the resulting yield of these experiments by several times. Analysis of reemission and dual axis shock timing experiments indicates that a flux asymmetry, with a P2/P0 amplitude that varies from -10% to -5%, is present during the first shock of the implosion. This first shock asymmetry can be corrected through adjustments to the laser cone fraction. A thin shell model and more detailed radiation hydrodynamic calculations indicate that an additional negative P2/P0 asymmetry during the second or portions of the third shock is required to reach the observed amount of asymmetry in the shape of the ablator at peak implosion velocity. In conjunction with symmetry data from the x-ray self emission produced at stagnation, these models also indicate that after the initially negative P2/P0 flux asymmetry, the capsule experiences a positive P2/P0 flux asymmetry that develops at or before ~2 ns into the peak of the laser power. Here, direct evidence for this inference, using measurements of the x-ray emission produced by the lasers irradiating the hohlraum, is presented. These data indicate that the reduction in the transmitted inner laser cone energy results from impeded propagation through the plasma associated with the ablation of the capsule target. This paper also correlates measurements of the outer cone laser deposition location with variations in the observed x-ray self emission shape from experiments conducted with nominally the same input conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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27. The near vacuum hohlraum campaign at the NIF: A new approach.

Author

Pape, S. Le, Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Divol, L., Meezan, N., Turnbull, D., Mackinnon, A. J., Ho, D., Ross, J. S., Khan, S., Pak, A., Dewald, E., Benedetti, L. R., Nagel, S., Biener, J., Callahan, D. A., Yeamans, C., Michel, P., Schneider, M., Kozioziemski, B., and Ma, T.

Subjects
*VACUUM, *CONES, *GEOMETRY, *MATHEMATICS, *IONS
Abstract

The near vacuum campaign on the National Ignition Facility has concentrated its efforts over the last year on finding the optimum target geometry to drive a symmetric implosion at high convergence ratio (30×). As the hohlraum walls are not tamped with gas, the hohlraum is filling with gold plasma and the challenge resides in depositing enough energy in the hohlraum before it fills up. Hohlraum filling is believed to cause symmetry swings late in the pulse that are detrimental to the symmetry of the hot spot at high convergence. This paper describes a series of experiments carried out to examine the effect of increasing the distance between the hohlraum wall and the capsule (case to capsule ratio) on the symmetry of the hot spot. These experiments have shown that smaller Case to Capsule Ratio (CCR of 2.87 and 3.1) resulted in oblate implosions that could not be tuned round. Larger CCR (3.4) led to a prolate implosion at convergence 30× implying that inner beam propagation at large CCR is not impeded by the expanding hohlraum plasma. A Case to Capsule ratio of 3.4 is a promising geometry to design a round implosion but in a smaller hohlraum where the hohlraum losses are lower, enabling a wider cone fraction range to adjust symmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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28. Symmetry control in subscale near-vacuum hohlraums.

Author

Turnbull, D., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Le Pape, S., Divol, L., Meezan, N., Landen, O. L., Ho, D. D., Mackinnon, A., Zylstra, A. B., Rinderknecht, H. G., Sio, H., Petrasso, R. D., Ross, J. S., Khan, S., Pak, A., Dewald, E. L., Callahan, D. A., Hurricane, O., Hsing, W. W., and Edwards, M. J.

Subjects
*SYMMETRY, *VACUUM, *GEOMETRIC shapes, *DIAMETER, *MATHEMATICS
Abstract

Controlling the symmetry of indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions remains a key challenge. Increasing the ratio of the hohlraum diameter to the capsule diameter (case-to-capsule ratio, or CCR) facilitates symmetry tuning. By varying the balance of energy between the inner and outer cones as well as the incident laser pulse length, we demonstrate the ability to tune from oblate, through round, to prolate at a CCR of 3.2 in near-vacuum hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility, developing empirical playbooks along the way for cone fraction sensitivity of various laser pulse epochs. Radiation-hydrodynamic simulations with enhanced inner beam propagation reproduce most experimental observables, including hot spot shape, for a majority of implosions. Specular reflections are used to diagnose the limits of inner beam propagation as a function of pulse length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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29. Integrated modeling of cryogenic layered highfoot experiments at the NIF.

Author

Kritcher, A. L., Hinkel, D. E., Callahan, D. A., Hurricane, O. A., Clark, D., Casey, D. T., Dewald, E. L., Dittrich, T. R., Döppner, T., Barrios Garcia, M. A., Haan, S., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Jones, O., Landen, O., Ma, T., Meezan, N., Milovich, J. L., Pak, A. E., Park, H.-S., and Patel, P. K.

Subjects
CRYOELECTRONICS, NEUTRON counters, NEUTRON emission, WAVELENGTHS, X-rays
Abstract

Integrated radiation hydrodynamic modeling in two dimensions, including the hohlraum and capsule, of layered cryogenic HighFoot Deuterium-Tritium (DT) implosions on the NIF successfully predicts important data trends. The model consists of a semi-empirical fit to low mode asymmetries and radiation drive multipliers to match shock trajectories, one dimensional inflight radiography, and time of peak neutron production. Application of the model across the HighFoot shot series, over a range of powers, laser energies, laser wavelengths, and target thicknesses predicts the neutron yield to within a factor of two for most shots. The Deuterium-Deuterium ion temperatures and the DT down scattered ratios, ratio of (10-12)/(13-15) MeV neutrons, roughly agree with data at peak fuel velocities <340 km/s and deviate at higher peak velocities, potentially due to flows and neutron scattering differences stemming from 3D or capsule support tent effects. These calculations show a significant amount alpha heating, 1-2.5× for shots where the experimental yield is within a factor of two, which has been achieved by increasing the fuel kinetic energy. This level of alpha heating is consistent with a dynamic hot spot model that is matched to experimental data and as determined from scaling of the yield with peak fuel velocity. These calculations also show that low mode asymmetries become more important as the fuel velocity is increased, and that improving these low mode asymmetries can result in an increase in the yield by a factor of several. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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30. First High-Convergence Cryogenic Implosion in a Near-Vacuum Hohlraum.

Author

Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Meezan, N. B., Le Pape, S., Divol, L., Mackinnon, A. J., Ho, D. D., Hohenberger, M., Jones, O. S., Kyrala, G., Milovich, J. L., Pak, A., Ralph, J. E., Ross, J. S., Benedetti, L. R., Biener, J., Bionta, R., Bond, E., Bradley, D., Caggiano, J., and Callahan, D.

Subjects
*CRYOGENICS, *DEUTERIUM compounds, *ABLATIVE materials, *LASER ablation, *HYDRODYNAMICS
Abstract

Recent experiments on the National Ignition Facility [M. J. Edwards et al., Phys. Plasmas 20, 070501 (2013)] demonstrate that utilizing a near-vacuum hohlraum (low pressure gas-filled) is a viable option for high convergence cryogenic deuterium-tritium (DT) layered capsule implosions. This is made possible by using a dense ablator (high-density carbon), which shortens the drive duration needed to achieve high convergence: a measured 40% higher hohlraum efficiency than typical gas-filled hohlraums, which requires less laser energy going into the hohlraum, and an observed better symmetry control than anticipated by standard hydrodynamics simulations. The first series of near-vacuum hohlraum experiments culminated in a 6.8 ns, 1.2 MJ laser pulse driving a 2-shock, high adiabat (α ~ 3.5) cryogenic DT layered high density carbon capsule. This resulted in one of the best performances so far on the NIF relative to laser energy, with a measured primary neutron yield of 1.8 × 1015 neutrons, with 20% calculated alpha heating at convergence ~27 × . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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31. Adiabat-shaping in indirect drive inertial confinement fusion.

Author

Baker, K. L., Robey, H. F., Milovich, J. L., Jones, O. S., Smalyuk, V. A., Casey, D. T., MacPhee, A. G., Pak, A., Celliers, P. M., Clark, D. S., Landen, O. L., Peterson, J. L., Berzak-Hopkins, L. F., Weber, C. R., Haan, S. W., Döppner, T. D., Dixit, S., Giraldez, E., Hamza, A. V., and Jancaitis, K. S.

Subjects
ADIABATIC flow, PLASMA confinement, FUSION (Phase transformation), LASER pulses, PLASMA lasers, PLASMA flow
Abstract

Adiabat-shaping techniques were investigated in indirect drive inertial confinement fusion experiments on the National Ignition Facility as a means to improve implosion stability, while still maintaining a low adiabat in the fuel. Adiabat-shaping was accomplished in these indirect drive experiments by altering the ratio of the picket and trough energies in the laser pulse shape, thus driving a decaying first shock in the ablator. This decaying first shock is designed to place the ablation front on a high adiabat while keeping the fuel on a low adiabat. These experiments were conducted using the keyhole experimental platform for both three and four shock laser pulses. This platform enabled direct measurement of the shock velocities driven in the glow-discharge polymer capsule and in the liquid deuterium, the surrogate fuel for a DT ignition target. The measured shock velocities and radiation drive histories are compared to previous three and four shock laser pulses. This comparison indicates that in the case of adiabat shaping the ablation front initially drives a high shock velocity, and therefore, a high shock pressure and adiabat. The shock then decays as it travels through the ablator to pressures similar to the original low-adiabat pulses when it reaches the fuel. This approach takes advantage of initial high ablation velocity, which favors stability, and high-compression, which favors high stagnation pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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32. The effect of laser pulse shape variations on the adiabat of NIF capsule implosions.

Author

Robey, H. F., MacGowan, B. J., Landen, O. L., LaFortune, K. N., Widmayer, C., Celliers, P. M., Moody, J. D., Ross, J. S., Ralph, J., LePape, S., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Spears, B. K., Haan, S. W., Clark, D., Lindl, J. D., and Edwards, M. J.

Subjects
LASER pulses, ADIABATIC flow, CRYOGENICS, PLASMA waves, DEUTERIUM plasma, SENSITIVITY analysis, PRESSURE
Abstract

Indirectly driven capsule implosions on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [Moses et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 041006 (2009)] are being performed with the goal of compressing a layer of cryogenic deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel to a sufficiently high areal density (ρR) to sustain the self-propagating burn wave that is required for fusion power gain greater than unity. These implosions are driven with a temporally shaped laser pulse that is carefully tailored to keep the DT fuel on a low adiabat (ratio of fuel pressure to the Fermi degenerate pressure). In this report, the impact of variations in the laser pulse shape (both intentionally and unintentionally imposed) on the in-flight implosion adiabat is examined by comparing the measured shot-to-shot variations in ρR from a large ensemble of DT-layered ignition target implosions on NIF spanning a two-year period. A strong sensitivity to variations in the early-time, low-power foot of the laser pulse is observed. It is shown that very small deviations (∼0.1% of the total pulse energy) in the first 2 ns of the laser pulse can decrease the measured ρR by 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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33. The I-Raum: A new shaped hohlraum for improved inner beam propagation in indirectly-driven ICF implosions on the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Robey, H. F., Berzak Hopkins, L., Milovich, J. L., and Meezan, N. B.

Subjects
*PLASMA-beam interactions, *PLASMA pressure, *INERTIAL confinement fusion, *PLASMA density
Abstract

Recent work in indirectly-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility has indicated that late-time propagation of the inner cones of laser beams (23° and 30°) is impeded by the growth of a “bubble” of hohlraum wall material (Au or depleted uranium), which is initiated by and is located at the location where the higher-intensity outer beams (44° and 50°) hit the hohlraum wall. The absorption of the inner cone beams by this “bubble” reduces the laser energy reaching the hohlraum equator at late time driving an oblate or pancaked implosion, which limits implosion performance. In this article, we present the design of a new shaped hohlraum designed specifically to reduce the impact of this bubble by adding a recessed pocket at the location where the outer cones hit the hohlraum wall. This recessed pocket displaces the bubble radially outward, reducing the inward penetration of the bubble at all times throughout the implosion and increasing the time for inner beam propagation by approximately 1 ns. This increased laser propagation time allows one to drive a larger capsule, which absorbs more energy and is predicted to improve implosion performance. The new design is based on a recent National Ignition Facility shot, N170601, which produced a record neutron yield. The expansion rate and absorption of laser energy by the bubble is quantified for both cylindrical and shaped hohlraums, and the predicted performance is compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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34. Observation of a Reflected Shock in an Indirectly Driven Spherical Implosion at the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Le Pape, S., Divol, L., Berzak Hopkins, L., Mackinnon, A., Meezan, N. B., Casey, D., Frenje, J., Herrmann, H., McNaney, J., Ma, T., Widmann, K., Pak, A., Grimm, G., Knauer, J., Petrasso, R., Zylstra, A., Rinderknecht, H., Rosenberg, M., Gatu-Johnson, M., and Kilkenny, J. D.

Subjects
*COUPLING constants, *X-ray emission spectroscopy, *DEUTERIUM plasma, *MATHEMATICAL models of hydrodynamics, *SIMULATION methods & models, *HEAT conduction, *ELECTRON-ion collisions
Abstract

A 200 μm radius hot spot at more than 2 keV temperature, 1g/cm² density has been achieved on the National Ignition Facility using a near vacuum hohlraum. The implosion exhibits ideal one-dimensional behavior and 99% laser-to-hohlraum coupling. The low opacity of the remaining shell at bang time allows for a measurement of the x-ray emission of the reflected central shock in a deuterium plasma. Comparison with 1D hydrodynamic simulations puts constraints on electron-ion collisions and heat conduction. Results are consistent with classical (Spitzer-Harm) heat flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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35. Multibeam Stimulated Raman Scattering in Inertial Confinement Fusion Conditions.

Author

Michel, P., Divol, L., Dewald, E. L., Milovich, J. L., Hohenberger, M., Jones, O. S., Berzak Hopkins, L., Berger, R. L., Kruer, W. L., and Moody, J. D.

Subjects
*RAMAN scattering, *INELASTIC scattering, *LIGHT scattering, *LASER beams, *ELECTRONS
Abstract

Stimulated Raman scattering from multiple laser beams arranged in a cone sharing a common daughter wave is investigated for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) conditions in a inhomogeneous plasma. It is found that the shared electron plasma wave (EPW) process, where the lasers collectively drive the same EPW, can lead to an absolute instability when the electron density reaches a matching condition dependent on the cone angle of the laser beams. This mechanism could explain recent experimental observations of hot electrons at early times in ICF experiments, at densities well below quarter critical when two plasmon decay is not expected to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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36. Demonstration of High Performance in Layered Deuterium-Tritium Capsule Implosions in Uranium Hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Doppner, T., Callahan, D. A., Hurricane, O. A., Hinkel, D. E., Ma, T., Park, H.-S., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Casey, D. T., Celliers, P., Dewald, E. L., Dittrich, T. R., Haan, S. W., Kritcher, A. L., MacPhee, A., Le Pape, S., Pak, A., Patel, P. K., Springer, P. T., Salmonson, J. D., and Tommasini, R.

Subjects
*DEUTERIUM, *TRITIUM, *URANIUM, *HYDROGEN isotopes, *ACTINIDE elements
Abstract

We report on the first layered deuterium-tritium (DT) capsule implosions indirectly driven by a "highfoot" laser pulse that were fielded in depleted uranium hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility. Recently, high-foot implosions have demonstrated improved resistance to ablation-front Rayleigh-Taylor instability induced mixing of ablator material into the DT hot spot [Hurricane et a l, Nature (London) 506, 343 (2014)]. Uranium hohlraums provide a higher albedo and thus an increased drive equivalent to an additional 25 TW laser power at the peak of the drive compared to standard gold hohlraums leading to higher implosion velocity. Additionally, we observe an improved hot-spot shape closer to round which indicates enhanced drive from the waist. In contrast to findings in the National Ignition Campaign, now all of our highest performing experiments have been done in uranium hohlraums and achieved total yields approaching 1016 neutrons where more than 50% of the yield was due to additional heating of alpha particles stopping in the DT fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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37. Thin Shell, High Velocity Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Ma, T., Hurricane, O. A., Callahan, D. A., Barrios, M. A., Casey, D. T., Dewald, E. L., Dittrich, T. R., Döppner, T., Haan, S. W., Hinkel, D. E., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Le Pape, S., MacPhee, A. G., Pak, A., Park, H.-S., Patel, P. K., Remington, B. A., Robey, H. F., Salmonson, J. D., and Springer, P. T.

Subjects
*NUCLEAR fusion, *NUCLEAR reactions, *VELOCITY, *SPEED, *LASERS
Abstract

Experiments have recently been conducted at the National Ignition Facility utilizing inertial confinement fusion capsule ablators that are 175 and 165 fim in thickness, 10% and 15% thinner, respectively, than the nominal thickness capsule used throughout the high foot and most of the National Ignition Campaign. These three-shock, high-adiabat, high-foot implosions have demonstrated good performance, with higher velocity and better symmetry control at lower laser powers and energies than their nominal thickness ablator counterparts. Little to no hydrodynamic mix into the DT hot spot has been observed despite the higher velocities and reduced depth for possible instability feedthrough. Early results have shown good repeatability, with up to 1 /2 the neutron yield coming from α-particle self-heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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38. Multibeam Seeded Brillouin Sidescatter in Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments.

Author

Turnbull, D., Michel, P., Ralph, J. E., Divol, L., Ross, J. S., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Kritcher, A. L., Hinkel, D. E., and Moody, J. D.

Subjects
*BRILLOUIN scattering, *BRILLOUIN zones, *INERTIAL confinement fusion, *CONTROLLED fusion, *LIGHT scattering, *MULTIBEAM mapping
Abstract

We present the first observations of multibeam weakly seeded Brillouin sidescatter in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. Two seeding mechanisms have been identified and quantified: specular reflections ("glint") from opposite hemisphere beams, and Brillouin backscatter from neighboring beams with a different angle of incidence. Seeded sidescatter can dominate the overall coupling losses, so understanding this process is crucial for proper accounting of energy deposition and drive symmetry. Glint-seeded scattered light could also be used to probe hydrodynamic conditions inside ICF targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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39. High-Adiabat High-Foot Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosion Experiments on the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Park, H.-S., Hurricane, O. A., Callahan, D. A., Casey, D. T., Dewald, E. L., Dittrich, T. R., Döppner, T., Hinkel, D. E., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Le Pape, S., Ma, T., Patel, P. K., Remington, B. A., Robey, H. F., Salmonson, J. D., and Kline, J. L.

Subjects
*INERTIAL confinement fusion, *DEUTERIUM, *TRITIUM, *EXPERIMENTS, *SIMULATION methods & models
Abstract

This Letter reports on a series of high-adiabat implosions of cryogenic layered deuterium-tritium (DT) capsules indirectly driven by a "high-foot" laser drive pulse at the National Ignition Facility. High-foot implosions have high ablation velocities and large density gradient scale lengths and are more resistant to ablation-front Rayleigh-Taylor instability induced mixing of ablator material into the DT hot spot. Indeed, the observed hot spot mix in these implosions was low and the measured neutron yields were typically 50% (or higher) of the yields predicted by simulation. On one high performing shot (N130812), 1.7 MJ of laser energy at a peak power of 350 TW was used to obtain a peak hohlraum radiation temperature of ~300 eV. The resulting experimental neutron yield was (2.4±0.05)×1015 DT, the fuel ρR was (0.86±0.063) g/cm², and the measured Tion was (4.2±0.16) keV, corresponding to 8 kJ of fusion yield, with ~1/3 of the yield caused by self-heating of the fuel by a particles emitted in the initial reactions. The generalized Lawson criteria, an ignition metric, was 0.43 and the neutron yield was ~70% of the value predicted by simulations that include α-particle self-heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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40. Design of a High-Foot High-Adiabat ICF Capsule for the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Dittrich, T. R., Hurricane, O. A., Callahan, D. A., Dewald, E. L., Döppner, T., Hinkel, D. E., Berzak Hopkins, L. F., Le Pape, S., Ma, T., Milovich, J. L., Moreno, J. C., Patel, P. K., Park, H.-S., Remington, B. A., Salmonson, J. D., and Kline, J. L.

Subjects
*INERTIAL confinement fusion, *STAGNATION pressure, *EXPERIMENTAL design, *SIMULATION methods & models, *IONIZATION energy
Abstract

The National Ignition Campaign's [M. J. Edwards et al., Phys. Plasmas 20, 070501 (2013)] point design implosion has achieved DT neutron yields of 7.5×1014 neutrons, inferred stagnation pressures of 103 Gbar, and inferred areal densities (ρR) of 0.90 g/cm² (shot N111215), values that are lower than 1D expectations by factors of 10×, 3.3×, and 1.5×, respectively. In this Letter, we present the design basis for an inertial confinement fusion capsule using an alternate indirect-drive pulse shape that is less sensitive to issues that may be responsible for this lower than expected performance. This new implosion features a higher radiation temperature in the "foot" of the pulse, three-shock pulse shape resulting in an implosion that has less sensitivity to the predicted ionization state of carbon, modestly lower convergence ratio, and significantly lower ablation Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth than that of the NIC point design capsule. The trade-off with this new design is a higher fuel adiabat that limits both fuel compression and theoretical capsule yield. The purpose of designing this capsule is to recover a more ideal one-dimensional implosion that is in closer agreement to simulation predictions. Early experimental results support our assertions since as of this Letter, a high-foot implosion has obtained a record DT yield of 2.4×1015 neutrons (within ~70% of 1D simulation) with fuel ρR=0.84 g/cm² and an estimated ~1/3 of the yield coming from α-particle self-heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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41. Measurement of High-Pressure Shock Waves in Cryogenic Deuterium-Tritium Ice Layered Capsule Implosions on NIF.

Author

Robey, H. F., Moody, J. D., Celliers, P. M., Ross, J. S., Ralph, J., Le Pape, S., Berzak Hopkins, L., Parham, T., Sater, J., Mapoles, E. R., Holunga, D. M., Walters, C. F., Haid, B. J., Kozioziemski, B. J., Dylla-Spears, R. J., Krauter, K. G., Frieders, G., Ross, G., Bowers, M. W., and Strozzi, D. J.

Subjects
*SHOCK waves measurement, *CRYOGENICS, *DEUTERIUM, *TRITIUM, *ENTROPY
Abstract

The first measurements of multiple, high-pressure shock waves in cryogenic deuterium-tritium (DT) ice layered capsule implosions on the National Ignition Facility have been performed. The strength and relative timing of these shocks must be adjusted to very high precision in order to keep the DT fuel entropy low and compressibility high. All previous measurements of shock timing in inertial confinement fusion implosions [T. R. Boehly et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 195005 (2011), H. F. Robey et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 215004 (2012)] have been performed in surrogate targets, where the solid DT ice shell and central DT gas regions were replaced with a continuous liquid deuterium (D2) fill. This report presents the first experimental validation of the assumptions underlying this surrogate technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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42. Achievement of Target Gain Larger than Unity in an Inertial Fusion Experiment.

Author

Abu-Shawareb H, Acree R, Adams P, Adams J, Addis B, Aden R, Adrian P, Afeyan BB, Aggleton M, Aghaian L, Aguirre A, Aikens D, Akre J, Albert F, Albrecht M, Albright BJ, Albritton J, Alcala J, Alday C, Alessi DA, Alexander N, Alfonso J, Alfonso N, Alger E, Ali SJ, Ali ZA, Allen A, Alley WE, Amala P, Amendt PA, Amick P, Ammula S, Amorin C, Ampleford DJ, Anderson RW, Anklam T, Antipa N, Appelbe B, Aracne-Ruddle C, Araya E, Archuleta TN, Arend M, Arnold P, Arnold T, Arsenlis A, Asay J, Atherton LJ, Atkinson D, Atkinson R, Auerbach JM, Austin B, Auyang L, Awwal AAS, Aybar N, Ayers J, Ayers S, Ayers T, Azevedo S, Bachmann B, Back CA, Bae J, Bailey DS, Bailey J, Baisden T, Baker KL, Baldis H, Barber D, Barberis M, Barker D, Barnes A, Barnes CW, Barrios MA, Barty C, Bass I, Batha SH, Baxamusa SH, Bazan G, Beagle JK, Beale R, Beck BR, Beck JB, Bedzyk M, Beeler RG, Beeler RG, Behrendt W, Belk L, Bell P, Belyaev M, Benage JF, Bennett G, Benedetti LR, Benedict LX, Berger RL, Bernat T, Bernstein LA, Berry B, Bertolini L, Besenbruch G, Betcher J, Bettenhausen R, Betti R, Bezzerides B, Bhandarkar SD, Bickel R, Biener J, Biesiada T, Bigelow K, Bigelow-Granillo J, Bigman V, Bionta RM, Birge NW, Bitter M, Black AC, Bleile R, Bleuel DL, Bliss E, Bliss E, Blue B, Boehly T, Boehm K, Boley CD, Bonanno R, Bond EJ, Bond T, Bonino MJ, Borden M, Bourgade JL, Bousquet J, Bowers J, Bowers M, Boyd R, Boyle D, Bozek A, Bradley DK, Bradley KS, Bradley PA, Bradley L, Brannon L, Brantley PS, Braun D, Braun T, Brienza-Larsen K, Briggs R, Briggs TM, Britten J, Brooks ED, Browning D, Bruhn MW, Brunner TA, Bruns H, Brunton G, Bryant B, Buczek T, Bude J, Buitano L, Burkhart S, Burmark J, Burnham A, Burr R, Busby LE, Butlin B, Cabeltis R, Cable M, Cabot WH, Cagadas B, Caggiano J, Cahayag R, Caldwell SE, Calkins S, Callahan DA, Calleja-Aguirre J, Camara L, Camp D, Campbell EM, Campbell JH, Carey B, Carey R, Carlisle K, Carlson L, Carman L, Carmichael J, Carpenter A, Carr C, Carrera JA, Casavant D, Casey A, Casey DT, Castillo A, Castillo E, Castor JI, Castro C, Caughey W, Cavitt R, Celeste J, Celliers PM, Cerjan C, Chandler G, Chang B, Chang C, Chang J, Chang L, Chapman R, Chapman TD, Chase L, Chen H, Chen H, Chen K, Chen LY, Cheng B, Chittenden J, Choate C, Chou J, Chrien RE, Chrisp M, Christensen K, Christensen M, Christiansen NS, Christopherson AR, Chung M, Church JA, Clark A, Clark DS, Clark K, Clark R, Claus L, Cline B, Cline JA, Cobble JA, Cochrane K, Cohen B, Cohen S, Collette MR, Collins GW, Collins LA, Collins TJB, Conder A, Conrad B, Conyers M, Cook AW, Cook D, Cook R, Cooley JC, Cooper G, Cope T, Copeland SR, Coppari F, Cortez J, Cox J, Crandall DH, Crane J, Craxton RS, Cray M, Crilly A, Crippen JW, Cross D, Cuneo M, Cuotts G, Czajka CE, Czechowicz D, Daly T, Danforth P, Danly C, Darbee R, Darlington B, Datte P, Dauffy L, Davalos G, Davidovits S, Davis P, Davis J, Dawson S, Day RD, Day TH, Dayton M, Deck C, Decker C, Deeney C, DeFriend KA, Deis G, Delamater ND, Delettrez JA, Demaret R, Demos S, Dempsey SM, Desjardin R, Desjardins T, Desjarlais MP, Dewald EL, DeYoreo J, Diaz S, Dimonte G, Dittrich TR, Divol L, Dixit SN, Dixon J, Do A, Dodd ES, Dolan D, Donovan A, Donovan M, Döppner T, Dorrer C, Dorsano N, Douglas MR, Dow D, Downie J, Downing E, Dozieres M, Draggoo V, Drake D, Drake RP, Drake T, Dreifuerst G, Drury O, DuBois DF, DuBois PF, Dunham G, Durocher M, Dylla-Spears R, Dymoke-Bradshaw AKL, Dzenitis B, Ebbers C, Eckart M, Eddinger S, Eder D, Edgell D, Edwards MJ, Efthimion P, Eggert JH, Ehrlich B, Ehrmann P, Elhadj S, Ellerbee C, Elliott NS, Ellison CL, Elsner F, Emerich M, Engelhorn K, England T, English E, Epperson P, Epstein R, Erbert G, Erickson MA, Erskine DJ, Erlandson A, Espinosa RJ, Estes C, Estabrook KG, Evans S, Fabyan A, Fair J, Fallejo R, Farmer N, Farmer WA, Farrell M, Fatherley VE, Fedorov M, Feigenbaum E, Fehrenbach T, Feit M, Felker B, Ferguson W, Fernandez JC, Fernandez-Panella A, Fess S, Field JE, Filip CV, Fincke JR, Finn T, Finnegan SM, Finucane RG, Fischer M, Fisher A, Fisher J, Fishler B, Fittinghoff D, Fitzsimmons P, Flegel M, Flippo KA, Florio J, Folta J, Folta P, Foreman LR, Forrest C, Forsman A, Fooks J, Foord M, Fortner R, Fournier K, Fratanduono DE, Frazier N, Frazier T, Frederick C, Freeman MS, Frenje J, Frey D, Frieders G, Friedrich S, Froula DH, Fry J, Fuller T, Gaffney J, Gales S, Le Galloudec B, Le Galloudec KK, Gambhir A, Gao L, Garbett WJ, Garcia A, Gates C, Gaut E, Gauthier P, Gavin Z, Gaylord J, Geddes CGR, Geissel M, Génin F, Georgeson J, Geppert-Kleinrath H, Geppert-Kleinrath V, Gharibyan N, Gibson J, Gibson C, Giraldez E, Glebov V, Glendinning SG, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Goade S, Gobby PL, Goldman SR, Golick B, Gomez M, Goncharov V, Goodin D, Grabowski P, Grafil E, Graham P, Grandy J, Grasz E, Graziani FR, Greenman G, Greenough JA, Greenwood A, Gregori G, Green T, Griego JR, Grim GP, Grondalski J, Gross S, Guckian J, Guler N, Gunney B, Guss G, Haan S, Hackbarth J, Hackel L, Hackel R, 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Wilcox R, Wilcox S, Wild C, Wilde BH, Wilde CH, Wilhelmsen K, Wilke MD, Wilkens H, Wilkins P, Wilks SC, Williams EA, Williams GJ, Williams W, Williams WH, Wilson DC, Wilson B, Wilson E, Wilson R, Winters S, Wisoff PJ, Wittman M, Wolfe J, Wong A, Wong KW, Wong L, Wong N, Wood R, Woodhouse D, Woodruff J, Woods DT, Woods S, Woodworth BN, Wooten E, Wootton A, Work K, Workman JB, Wright J, Wu M, Wuest C, Wysocki FJ, Xu H, Yamaguchi M, Yang B, Yang ST, Yatabe J, Yeamans CB, Yee BC, Yi SA, Yin L, Young B, Young CS, Young CV, Young P, Youngblood K, Yu J, Zacharias R, Zagaris G, Zaitseva N, Zaka F, Ze F, Zeiger B, Zika M, Zimmerman GB, Zobrist T, Zuegel JD, and Zylstra AB

Abstract

On December 5, 2022, an indirect drive fusion implosion on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) achieved a target gain G&#95;{target} of 1.5. This is the first laboratory demonstration of exceeding "scientific breakeven" (or G&#95;{target}>1) where 2.05 MJ of 351 nm laser light produced 3.1 MJ of total fusion yield, a result which significantly exceeds the Lawson criterion for fusion ignition as reported in a previous NIF implosion [H. Abu-Shawareb et al. (Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001]. This achievement is the culmination of more than five decades of research and gives proof that laboratory fusion, based on fundamental physics principles, is possible. This Letter reports on the target, laser, design, and experimental advancements that led to this result.

Published
2024
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43. Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment.

Author

Abu-Shawareb H, Acree R, Adams P, Adams J, Addis B, Aden R, Adrian P, Afeyan BB, Aggleton M, Aghaian L, Aguirre A, Aikens D, Akre J, Albert F, Albrecht M, Albright BJ, Albritton J, Alcala J, Alday C, Alessi DA, Alexander N, Alfonso J, Alfonso N, Alger E, Ali SJ, Ali ZA, Alley WE, Amala P, Amendt PA, Amick P, Ammula S, Amorin C, Ampleford DJ, Anderson RW, Anklam T, Antipa N, Appelbe B, Aracne-Ruddle C, Araya E, Arend M, Arnold P, Arnold T, Asay J, Atherton LJ, Atkinson D, Atkinson R, Auerbach JM, Austin B, Auyang L, Awwal AS, Ayers J, Ayers S, Ayers T, Azevedo S, Bachmann B, Back CA, Bae J, Bailey DS, Bailey J, Baisden T, Baker KL, Baldis H, Barber D, Barberis M, Barker D, Barnes A, Barnes CW, Barrios MA, Barty C, Bass I, Batha SH, Baxamusa SH, Bazan G, Beagle JK, Beale R, Beck BR, Beck JB, Bedzyk M, Beeler RG, Beeler RG, Behrendt W, Belk L, Bell P, Belyaev M, Benage JF, Bennett G, Benedetti LR, Benedict LX, Berger R, Bernat T, Bernstein LA, Berry B, Bertolini L, Besenbruch G, Betcher J, Bettenhausen R, Betti R, Bezzerides B, Bhandarkar SD, Bickel R, Biener J, Biesiada T, Bigelow K, Bigelow-Granillo J, Bigman V, Bionta RM, Birge NW, Bitter M, Black AC, Bleile R, Bleuel DL, Bliss E, Bliss E, Blue B, Boehly T, Boehm K, Boley CD, Bonanno R, Bond EJ, Bond T, Bonino MJ, Borden M, Bourgade JL, Bousquet J, Bowers J, Bowers M, Boyd R, Bozek A, Bradley DK, Bradley KS, Bradley PA, Bradley L, Brannon L, Brantley PS, Braun D, Braun T, Brienza-Larsen K, Briggs TM, Britten J, Brooks ED, Browning D, Bruhn MW, Brunner TA, Bruns H, Brunton G, Bryant B, Buczek T, Bude J, Buitano L, Burkhart S, Burmark J, Burnham A, Burr R, Busby LE, Butlin B, Cabeltis R, Cable M, Cabot WH, Cagadas B, Caggiano J, Cahayag R, Caldwell SE, Calkins S, Callahan DA, Calleja-Aguirre J, Camara L, Camp D, Campbell EM, Campbell JH, Carey B, Carey R, Carlisle K, Carlson L, Carman L, Carmichael J, Carpenter A, Carr C, Carrera JA, Casavant D, Casey A, Casey DT, Castillo A, Castillo E, Castor JI, Castro C, Caughey W, Cavitt R, Celeste J, Celliers PM, Cerjan C, Chandler G, Chang B, Chang C, Chang J, Chang L, Chapman R, Chapman T, Chase L, Chen H, Chen H, Chen K, Chen LY, Cheng B, Chittenden J, Choate C, Chou J, Chrien RE, Chrisp M, Christensen K, Christensen M, Christopherson AR, Chung M, Church JA, Clark A, Clark DS, Clark K, Clark R, Claus L, Cline B, Cline JA, Cobble JA, Cochrane K, Cohen B, Cohen S, Collette MR, Collins G, Collins LA, Collins TJB, Conder A, Conrad B, Conyers M, Cook AW, Cook D, Cook R, Cooley JC, Cooper G, Cope T, Copeland SR, Coppari F, Cortez J, Cox J, Crandall DH, Crane J, Craxton RS, Cray M, Crilly A, Crippen JW, Cross D, Cuneo M, Cuotts G, Czajka CE, Czechowicz D, Daly T, Danforth P, Darbee R, Darlington B, Datte P, Dauffy L, Davalos G, Davidovits S, Davis P, Davis J, Dawson S, Day RD, Day TH, Dayton M, Deck C, Decker C, Deeney C, DeFriend KA, Deis G, Delamater ND, Delettrez JA, Demaret R, Demos S, Dempsey SM, Desjardin R, Desjardins T, Desjarlais MP, Dewald EL, DeYoreo J, Diaz S, Dimonte G, Dittrich TR, Divol L, Dixit SN, Dixon J, Dodd ES, Dolan D, Donovan A, Donovan M, Döppner T, Dorrer C, Dorsano N, Douglas MR, Dow D, Downie J, Downing E, Dozieres M, Draggoo V, Drake D, Drake RP, Drake T, Dreifuerst G, DuBois DF, DuBois PF, Dunham G, Dylla-Spears R, Dymoke-Bradshaw AKL, Dzenitis B, Ebbers C, Eckart M, Eddinger S, Eder D, Edgell D, Edwards MJ, Efthimion P, Eggert JH, Ehrlich B, Ehrmann P, Elhadj S, Ellerbee C, Elliott NS, Ellison CL, Elsner F, Emerich M, Engelhorn K, England T, English E, Epperson P, Epstein R, Erbert G, Erickson MA, Erskine DJ, Erlandson A, Espinosa RJ, Estes C, Estabrook KG, Evans S, Fabyan A, Fair J, Fallejo R, Farmer N, Farmer WA, Farrell M, Fatherley VE, Fedorov M, Feigenbaum E, Feit M, Ferguson W, Fernandez JC, Fernandez-Panella A, Fess S, Field JE, Filip CV, Fincke JR, Finn T, Finnegan SM, Finucane RG, Fischer M, Fisher A, Fisher J, Fishler B, Fittinghoff D, Fitzsimmons P, Flegel M, Flippo KA, Florio J, Folta J, Folta P, Foreman LR, Forrest C, Forsman A, Fooks J, Foord M, Fortner R, Fournier K, Fratanduono DE, Frazier N, Frazier T, Frederick C, Freeman MS, Frenje J, Frey D, Frieders G, Friedrich S, Froula DH, Fry J, Fuller T, Gaffney J, Gales S, Le Galloudec B, Le Galloudec KK, Gambhir A, Gao L, Garbett WJ, Garcia A, Gates C, Gaut E, Gauthier P, Gavin Z, Gaylord J, Geissel M, Génin F, Georgeson J, Geppert-Kleinrath H, Geppert-Kleinrath V, Gharibyan N, Gibson J, Gibson C, Giraldez E, Glebov V, Glendinning SG, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Goade S, Gobby PL, Goldman SR, Golick B, Gomez M, Goncharov V, Goodin D, Grabowski P, Grafil E, Graham P, Grandy J, Grasz E, Graziani F, Greenman G, Greenough JA, Greenwood A, Gregori G, Green T, Griego JR, Grim GP, Grondalski J, Gross S, Guckian J, Guler N, Gunney B, Guss G, Haan S, Hackbarth J, Hackel L, Hackel R, Haefner C, Hagmann C, Hahn KD, Hahn S, Haid BJ, Haines BM, Hall BM, Hall C, Hall GN, Hamamoto M, Hamel S, Hamilton CE, Hammel BA, Hammer JH, Hampton G, Hamza A, Handler A, Hansen S, Hanson D, Haque R, Harding D, Harding E, Hares JD, Harris DB, Harte JA, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett S, Hauer AA, Havre M, Hawley R, Hayes J, Hayes J, Hayes S, Hayes-Sterbenz A, Haynam CA, Haynes DA, Headley D, Heal A, Heebner JE, Heerey S, Heestand GM, Heeter R, Hein N, Heinbockel C, Hendricks C, Henesian M, Heninger J, Henrikson J, Henry EA, Herbold EB, Hermann MR, Hermes G, Hernandez JE, Hernandez VJ, Herrmann MC, Herrmann HW, Herrera OD, Hewett D, Hibbard R, Hicks DG, Hill D, Hill K, Hilsabeck T, Hinkel DE, Ho DD, Ho VK, Hoffer JK, Hoffman NM, Hohenberger M, Hohensee M, Hoke W, Holdener D, Holdener F, Holder JP, Holko B, Holunga D, Holzrichter JF, Honig J, Hoover D, Hopkins D, Berzak Hopkins L, Hoppe M, Hoppe ML, Horner J, Hornung R, Horsfield CJ, Horvath J, Hotaling D, House R, Howell L, Hsing WW, Hu SX, Huang H, Huckins J, Hui H, Humbird KD, Hund J, Hunt J, Hurricane OA, Hutton M, Huynh KH, Inandan L, Iglesias C, Igumenshchev IV, Izumi N, Jackson M, Jackson J, Jacobs SD, James G, Jancaitis K, Jarboe J, Jarrott LC, Jasion D, Jaquez J, Jeet J, Jenei AE, Jensen J, Jimenez J, Jimenez R, Jobe D, Johal Z, Johns HM, Johnson D, Johnson MA, Gatu Johnson M, Johnson RJ, Johnson S, Johnson SA, Johnson T, Jones K, Jones O, Jones M, Jorge R, Jorgenson HJ, Julian M, Jun BI, Jungquist R, Kaae J, Kabadi N, Kaczala D, Kalantar D, Kangas K, Karasiev VV, Karasik M, Karpenko V, Kasarky A, Kasper K, Kauffman R, Kaufman MI, Keane C, Keaty L, Kegelmeyer L, Keiter PA, Kellett PA, Kellogg J, Kelly JH, Kemic S, Kemp AJ, Kemp GE, Kerbel GD, Kershaw D, Kerr SM, Kessler TJ, Key MH, Khan SF, Khater H, Kiikka C, Kilkenny J, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kimko J, Kimmel M, Kindel JM, King J, Kirkwood RK, Klaus L, Klem D, Kline JL, Klingmann J, Kluth G, Knapp P, Knauer J, Knipping J, Knudson M, Kobs D, Koch J, Kohut T, Kong C, Koning JM, Koning P, Konior S, Kornblum H, Kot LB, Kozioziemski B, Kozlowski M, Kozlowski PM, Krammen J, Krasheninnikova NS, Kraus B, Krauser W, Kress JD, Kritcher AL, Krieger E, Kroll JJ, Kruer WL, Kruse MKG, Kucheyev S, Kumbera M, Kumpan S, Kunimune J, Kustowski B, Kwan TJT, Kyrala GA, Laffite S, Lafon M, LaFortune K, Lahmann B, Lairson B, Landen OL, Langenbrunner J, Lagin L, Land T, Lane M, Laney D, Langdon AB, Langer SH, Langro A, Lanier NE, Lanier TE, Larson D, Lasinski BF, Lassle D, LaTray D, Lau G, Lau N, Laumann C, Laurence A, Laurence TA, Lawson J, Le HP, Leach RR, Leal L, Leatherland A, LeChien K, Lechleiter B, Lee A, Lee M, Lee T, Leeper RJ, Lefebvre E, Leidinger JP, LeMire B, Lemke RW, Lemos NC, Le Pape S, Lerche R, Lerner S, Letts S, Levedahl K, Lewis T, Li CK, Li H, Li J, Liao W, Liao ZM, Liedahl D, Liebman J, Lindford G, Lindman EL, Lindl JD, Loey H, London RA, Long F, Loomis EN, Lopez FE, Lopez H, Losbanos E, Loucks S, Lowe-Webb R, Lundgren E, Ludwigsen AP, Luo R, Lusk J, Lyons R, Ma T, Macallop Y, MacDonald MJ, MacGowan BJ, Mack JM, Mackinnon AJ, MacLaren SA, MacPhee AG, Magelssen GR, Magoon J, Malone RM, Malsbury T, Managan R, Mancini R, Manes K, Maney D, Manha D, Mannion OM, Manuel AM, Mapoles E, Mara G, Marcotte T, Marin E, Marinak MM, Mariscal C, Mariscal DA, Mariscal EF, Marley EV, Marozas JA, Marquez R, Marshall CD, Marshall FJ, Marshall M, Marshall S, Marticorena J, Martinez D, Maslennikov I, Mason D, Mason RJ, Masse L, Massey W, Masson-Laborde PE, Masters ND, Mathisen D, Mathison E, Matone J, Matthews MJ, Mattoon C, Mattsson TR, Matzen K, Mauche CW, Mauldin M, McAbee T, McBurney M, Mccarville T, McCrory RL, McEvoy AM, McGuffey C, Mcinnis M, McKenty P, McKinley MS, McLeod JB, McPherson A, Mcquillan B, Meamber M, Meaney KD, Meezan NB, Meissner R, Mehlhorn TA, Mehta NC, Menapace J, Merrill FE, Merritt BT, Merritt EC, Meyerhofer DD, Mezyk S, Mich RJ, Michel PA, Milam D, Miller C, Miller D, Miller DS, Miller E, Miller EK, Miller J, Miller M, Miller PE, Miller T, Miller W, Miller-Kamm V, Millot M, Milovich JL, Minner P, Miquel JL, Mitchell S, Molvig K, Montesanti RC, Montgomery DS, Monticelli M, Montoya A, Moody JD, Moore AS, Moore E, Moran M, Moreno JC, Moreno K, Morgan BE, Morrow T, Morton JW, Moses E, Moy K, Muir R, Murillo MS, Murray JE, Murray JR, Munro DH, Murphy TJ, Munteanu FM, Nafziger J, Nagayama T, Nagel SR, Nast R, Negres RA, Nelson A, Nelson D, Nelson J, Nelson S, Nemethy S, Neumayer P, Newman K, Newton M, Nguyen H, Di Nicola JG, Di Nicola P, Niemann C, Nikroo A, Nilson PM, Nobile A, Noorai V, Nora R, Norton M, Nostrand M, Note V, Novell S, Nowak PF, Nunez A, Nyholm RA, O'Brien M, Oceguera A, Oertel JA, Okui J, Olejniczak B, Oliveira J, Olsen P, Olson B, Olson K, Olson RE, Opachich YP, Orsi N, Orth CD, Owen M, Padalino S, Padilla E, Paguio R, Paguio S, Paisner J, Pajoom S, Pak A, Palaniyappan S, Palma K, Pannell T, Papp F, Paras D, Parham T, Park HS, Pasternak A, Patankar S, Patel MV, Patel PK, Patterson R, Patterson S, Paul B, Paul M, Pauli E, Pearce OT, Pearcy J, Pedrotti B, Peer A, Pelz LJ, Penetrante B, Penner J, Perez A, Perkins LJ, Pernice E, Perry TS, Person S, Petersen D, Petersen T, Peterson DL, Peterson EB, Peterson JE, Peterson JL, Peterson K, Peterson RR, Petrasso RD, Philippe F, Phipps TJ, Piceno E, Ping Y, Pickworth L, Pino J, Plummer R, Pollack GD, Pollaine SM, Pollock BB, Ponce D, Ponce J, Pontelandolfo J, Porter JL, Post J, Poujade O, Powell C, Powell H, Power G, Pozulp M, Prantil M, Prasad M, Pratuch S, Price S, Primdahl K, Prisbrey S, Procassini R, Pruyne A, Pudliner B, Qiu SR, Quan K, Quinn M, Quintenz J, Radha PB, Rainer F, Ralph JE, Raman KS, Raman R, Rambo P, Rana S, Randewich A, Rardin D, Ratledge M, Ravelo N, Ravizza F, Rayce M, Raymond A, Raymond B, Reed B, Reed C, Regan S, Reichelt B, Reis V, Reisdorf S, Rekow V, Remington BA, Rendon A, Requieron W, Rever M, Reynolds H, Reynolds J, Rhodes J, Rhodes M, Richardson MC, Rice B, Rice NG, Rieben R, Rigatti A, Riggs S, Rinderknecht HG, Ring K, Riordan B, Riquier R, Rivers C, Roberts D, Roberts V, Robertson G, Robey HF, Robles J, Rocha P, Rochau G, Rodriguez J, Rodriguez S, Rosen M, Rosenberg M, Ross G, Ross JS, Ross P, Rouse J, Rovang D, Rubenchik AM, Rubery MS, Ruiz CL, Rushford M, Russ B, Rygg JR, Ryujin BS, Sacks RA, Sacks RF, Saito K, Salmon T, Salmonson JD, Sanchez J, Samuelson S, Sanchez M, Sangster C, Saroyan A, Sater J, Satsangi A, Sauers S, Saunders R, Sauppe JP, Sawicki R, Sayre D, Scanlan M, Schaffers K, Schappert GT, Schiaffino S, Schlossberg DJ, Schmidt DW, Schmitt MJ, Schneider DHG, Schneider MB, Schneider R, Schoff M, Schollmeier M, Schölmerich M, Schroeder CR, Schrauth SE, Scott HA, Scott I, Scott JM, Scott RHH, Scullard CR, Sedillo T, Seguin FH, Seka W, Senecal J, Sepke SM, Seppala L, Sequoia K, Severyn J, Sevier JM, Sewell N, Seznec S, Shah RC, Shamlian J, Shaughnessy D, Shaw M, Shaw R, Shearer C, Shelton R, Shen N, Sherlock MW, Shestakov AI, Shi EL, Shin SJ, Shingleton N, Shmayda W, Shor M, Shoup M, Shuldberg C, Siegel L, Silva FJ, Simakov AN, Sims BT, Sinars D, Singh P, Sio H, Skulina K, Skupsky S, Slutz S, Sluyter M, Smalyuk VA, Smauley D, Smeltser RM, Smith C, Smith I, Smith J, Smith L, Smith R, Sohn R, Sommer S, Sorce C, Sorem M, Soures JM, Spaeth ML, Spears BK, Speas S, Speck D, Speck R, Spears J, Spinka T, Springer PT, Stadermann M, Stahl B, Stahoviak J, Stanton LG, Steele R, Steele W, Steinman D, Stemke R, Stephens R, Sterbenz S, Sterne P, Stevens D, Stevers J, Still CB, Stoeckl C, Stoeffl W, Stolken JS, Stolz C, Storm E, Stone G, Stoupin S, Stout E, Stowers I, Strauser R, Streckart H, Streit J, Strozzi DJ, Suratwala T, Sutcliffe G, Suter LJ, Sutton SB, Svidzinski V, Swadling G, Sweet W, Szoke A, Tabak M, Takagi M, Tambazidis A, Tang V, Taranowski M, Taylor LA, Telford S, Theobald W, Thi M, Thomas A, Thomas CA, Thomas I, Thomas R, Thompson IJ, Thongstisubskul A, Thorsness CB, Tietbohl G, Tipton RE, Tobin M, Tomlin N, Tommasini R, Toreja AJ, Torres J, Town RPJ, Townsend S, Trenholme J, Trivelpiece A, Trosseille C, Truax H, Trummer D, Trummer S, Truong T, Tubbs D, Tubman ER, Tunnell T, Turnbull D, Turner RE, Ulitsky M, Upadhye R, Vaher JL, VanArsdall P, VanBlarcom D, Vandenboomgaerde M, VanQuinlan R, Van Wonterghem BM, Varnum WS, Velikovich AL, Vella A, Verdon CP, Vermillion B, Vernon S, Vesey R, Vickers J, Vignes RM, Visosky M, Vocke J, Volegov PL, Vonhof S, Von Rotz R, Vu HX, Vu M, Wall D, Wall J, Wallace R, Wallin B, Walmer D, Walsh CA, Walters CF, Waltz C, Wan A, Wang A, Wang Y, Wark JS, Warner BE, Watson J, Watt RG, Watts P, Weaver J, Weaver RP, Weaver S, Weber CR, Weber P, Weber SV, Wegner P, Welday B, Welser-Sherrill L, Weiss K, Widmann K, Wheeler GF, Whistler W, White RK, Whitley HD, Whitman P, Wickett ME, Widmayer C, Wiedwald J, Wilcox R, Wilcox S, Wild C, Wilde BH, Wilde CH, Wilhelmsen K, Wilke MD, Wilkens H, Wilkins P, Wilks SC, Williams EA, Williams GJ, Williams W, Williams WH, Wilson DC, Wilson B, Wilson E, Wilson R, Winters S, Wisoff J, Wittman M, Wolfe J, Wong A, Wong KW, Wong L, Wong N, Wood R, Woodhouse D, Woodruff J, Woods DT, Woods S, Woodworth BN, Wooten E, Wootton A, Work K, Workman JB, Wright J, Wu M, Wuest C, Wysocki FJ, Xu H, Yamaguchi M, Yang B, Yang ST, Yatabe J, Yeamans CB, Yee BC, Yi SA, Yin L, Young B, Young CS, Young CV, Young P, Youngblood K, Zacharias R, Zagaris G, Zaitseva N, Zaka F, Ze F, Zeiger B, Zika M, Zimmerman GB, Zobrist T, Zuegel JD, and Zylstra AB

Abstract

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion.

Published
2022
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44. Experimental achievement and signatures of ignition at the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Zylstra AB, Kritcher AL, Hurricane OA, Callahan DA, Ralph JE, Casey DT, Pak A, Landen OL, Bachmann B, Baker KL, Berzak Hopkins L, Bhandarkar SD, Biener J, Bionta RM, Birge NW, Braun T, Briggs TM, Celliers PM, Chen H, Choate C, Clark DS, Divol L, Döppner T, Fittinghoff D, Edwards MJ, Gatu Johnson M, Gharibyan N, Haan S, Hahn KD, Hartouni E, Hinkel DE, Ho DD, Hohenberger M, Holder JP, Huang H, Izumi N, Jeet J, Jones O, Kerr SM, Khan SF, Geppert Kleinrath H, Geppert Kleinrath V, Kong C, Lamb KM, Le Pape S, Lemos NC, Lindl JD, MacGowan BJ, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, Marley EV, Meaney K, Millot M, Moore AS, Newman K, Di Nicola JG, Nikroo A, Nora R, Patel PK, Rice NG, Rubery MS, Sater J, Schlossberg DJ, Sepke SM, Sequoia K, Shin SJ, Stadermann M, Stoupin S, Strozzi DJ, Thomas CA, Tommasini R, Trosseille C, Tubman ER, Volegov PL, Weber CR, Wild C, Woods DT, Yang ST, and Young CV

Abstract

An inertial fusion implosion on the National Ignition Facility, conducted on August 8, 2021 (N210808), recently produced more than a megajoule of fusion yield and passed Lawson's criterion for ignition [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001]. We describe the experimental improvements that enabled N210808 and present the first experimental measurements from an igniting plasma in the laboratory. Ignition metrics like the product of hot-spot energy and pressure squared, in the absence of self-heating, increased by ∼35%, leading to record values and an enhancement from previous experiments in the hot-spot energy (∼3×), pressure (∼2×), and mass (∼2×). These results are consistent with self-heating dominating other power balance terms. The burn rate increases by an order of magnitude after peak compression, and the hot-spot conditions show clear evidence for burn propagation into the dense fuel surrounding the hot spot. These novel dynamics and thermodynamic properties have never been observed on prior inertial fusion experiments.

Published
2022
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45. Design of an inertial fusion experiment exceeding the Lawson criterion for ignition.

Author

Kritcher AL, Zylstra AB, Callahan DA, Hurricane OA, Weber CR, Clark DS, Young CV, Ralph JE, Casey DT, Pak A, Landen OL, Bachmann B, Baker KL, Berzak Hopkins L, Bhandarkar SD, Biener J, Bionta RM, Birge NW, Braun T, Briggs TM, Celliers PM, Chen H, Choate C, Divol L, Döppner T, Fittinghoff D, Edwards MJ, Gatu Johnson M, Gharibyan N, Haan S, Hahn KD, Hartouni E, Hinkel DE, Ho DD, Hohenberger M, Holder JP, Huang H, Izumi N, Jeet J, Jones O, Kerr SM, Khan SF, Geppert Kleinrath H, Geppert Kleinrath V, Kong C, Lamb KM, Le Pape S, Lemos NC, Lindl JD, MacGowan BJ, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, Marley EV, Meaney K, Millot M, Moore AS, Newman K, Di Nicola JG, Nikroo A, Nora R, Patel PK, Rice NG, Rubery MS, Sater J, Schlossberg DJ, Sepke SM, Sequoia K, Shin SJ, Stadermann M, Stoupin S, Strozzi DJ, Thomas CA, Tommasini R, Trosseille C, Tubman ER, Volegov PL, Wild C, Woods DT, and Yang ST

Abstract

We present the design of the first igniting fusion plasma in the laboratory by Lawson's criterion that produced 1.37 MJ of fusion energy, Hybrid-E experiment N210808 (August 8, 2021) [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001]. This design uses the indirect drive inertial confinement fusion approach to heat and compress a central "hot spot" of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel using a surrounding dense DT fuel piston. Ignition occurs when the heating from absorption of α particles created in the fusion process overcomes the loss mechanisms in the system for a duration of time. This letter describes key design changes which enabled a ∼3-6× increase in an ignition figure of merit (generalized Lawson criterion) [Phys. Plasmas 28, 022704 (2021)1070-664X10.1063/5.0035583, Phys. Plasmas 25, 122704 (2018)1070-664X10.1063/1.5049595]) and an eightfold increase in fusion energy output compared to predecessor experiments. We present simulations of the hot-spot conditions for experiment N210808 that show fundamentally different behavior compared to predecessor experiments and simulated metrics that are consistent with N210808 reaching for the first time in the laboratory "ignition."

Published
2022
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46. Time-Resolved Fuel Density Profiles of the Stagnation Phase of Indirect-Drive Inertial Confinement Implosions.

Author

Tommasini R, Landen OL, Berzak Hopkins L, Hatchett SP, Kalantar DH, Hsing WW, Alessi DA, Ayers SL, Bhandarkar SD, Bowers MW, Bradley DK, Conder AD, Di Nicola JM, Di Nicola P, Divol L, Fittinghoff D, Gururangan G, Hall GN, Hamamoto M, Hargrove DR, Hartouni EP, Heebner JE, Herriot SI, Hermann MR, Holder JP, Holunga DM, Homoelle D, Iglesias CA, Izumi N, Kemp AJ, Kohut T, Kroll JJ, LaFortune K, Lawson JK, Lowe-Webb R, MacKinnon AJ, Martinez D, Masters ND, Mauldin MP, Milovich J, Nikroo A, Okui JK, Park J, Prantil M, Pelz LJ, Schoff M, Sigurdsson R, Volegov PL, Vonhof S, Zobrist TL, Wallace RJ, Walters CF, Wegner P, Widmayer C, Williams WH, Youngblood K, Edwards MJ, and Herrmann MC

Abstract

The implosion efficiency in inertial confinement fusion depends on the degree of stagnated fuel compression, density uniformity, sphericity, and minimum residual kinetic energy achieved. Compton scattering-mediated 50-200 keV x-ray radiographs of indirect-drive cryogenic implosions at the National Ignition Facility capture the dynamic evolution of the fuel as it goes through peak compression, revealing low-mode 3D nonuniformities and thicker fuel with lower peak density than simulated. By differencing two radiographs taken at different times during the same implosion, we also measure the residual kinetic energy not transferred to the hot spot and quantify its impact on the implosion performance.

Published
2020
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47. X-ray streaked refraction enhanced radiography for inferring inflight density gradients in ICF capsule implosions.

Author

Dewald EL, Landen OL, Masse L, Ho D, Ping Y, Thorn D, Izumi N, Berzak Hopkins L, Kroll J, Nikroo A, and Koch JA

Abstract

In the quest for reaching ignition of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel capsule implosions, experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have shown lower final fuel areal densities than simulated. Possible explanations for reduced compression are higher preheat that can increase the ablator-DT ice density jump and induce mix at that interface or reverberating shocks. We are hence developing x-ray Refraction Enhanced Radiography (RER) to infer the inflight density profiles in layered fuel capsule implosions. We use a 5 μ m slit backlit by a Ni 7.8 keV He-α NIF laser driven x-ray source positioned at 20 mm from the capsule to cast refracted images of the inflight capsule onto a streak camera in a high magnification (M ∼ 60×) setup. Our first experiments have validated our setup that recorded a streaked x-ray fringe pattern from an undriven high density carbon (HDC) capsule consistent with ray tracing calculations at the required ∼6 μ m and 25 ps resolution. Streaked RER was then applied to inflight layered HDC capsule implosions using a hydrogen-tritium fuel mix rather than DT to reduce neutron yields and associated backgrounds. The first RER of an imploding capsule revealed strong features associated with the ablation front and ice-ablator interface that are not visible in standard absorption radiographs.

Published
2018
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48. Fusion Energy Output Greater than the Kinetic Energy of an Imploding Shell at the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Le Pape S, Berzak Hopkins LF, Divol L, Pak A, Dewald EL, Bhandarkar S, Bennedetti LR, Bunn T, Biener J, Crippen J, Casey D, Edgell D, Fittinghoff DN, Gatu-Johnson M, Goyon C, Haan S, Hatarik R, Havre M, Ho DD, Izumi N, Jaquez J, Khan SF, Kyrala GA, Ma T, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, MacGowan BJ, Meezan NB, Milovich J, Millot M, Michel P, Nagel SR, Nikroo A, Patel P, Ralph J, Ross JS, Rice NG, Strozzi D, Stadermann M, Volegov P, Yeamans C, Weber C, Wild C, Callahan D, and Hurricane OA

Abstract

A series of cryogenic, layered deuterium-tritium (DT) implosions have produced, for the first time, fusion energy output twice the peak kinetic energy of the imploding shell. These experiments at the National Ignition Facility utilized high density carbon ablators with a three-shock laser pulse (1.5 MJ in 7.5 ns) to irradiate low gas-filled (0.3  mg/cc of helium) bare depleted uranium hohlraums, resulting in a peak hohlraum radiative temperature ∼290  eV. The imploding shell, composed of the nonablated high density carbon and the DT cryogenic layer, is, thus, driven to velocity on the order of 380  km/s resulting in a peak kinetic energy of ∼21  kJ, which once stagnated produced a total DT neutron yield of 1.9×10^{16} (shot N170827) corresponding to an output fusion energy of 54 kJ. Time dependent low mode asymmetries that limited further progress of implosions have now been controlled, leading to an increased compression of the hot spot. It resulted in hot spot areal density (ρr∼0.3  g/cm^{2}) and stagnation pressure (∼360  Gbar) never before achieved in a laboratory experiment.

Published
2018
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49. Publisher's Note: Development of improved radiation drive environment for high foot implosions at the National Ignition Facility [Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 225002 (2016)].

Author

Hinkel DE, Berzak Hopkins LF, Ma T, Ralph JE, Albert F, Benedetti LR, Celliers PM, Do Ppner T, Goyon CS, Izumi N, Jarrott LC, Khan SF, Kline JL, Kritcher AL, Kyrala GA, Nagel SR, Pak AE, Patel P, Rosen MD, Rygg JR, Schneider MB, Turnbull DP, Yeamans CB, Callahan DA, and Hurricane OA

Abstract

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.225002.

Published
2017
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50. First Liquid Layer Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions at the National Ignition Facility.

Author

Olson RE, Leeper RJ, Kline JL, Zylstra AB, Yi SA, Biener J, Braun T, Kozioziemski BJ, Sater JD, Bradley PA, Peterson RR, Haines BM, Yin L, Berzak Hopkins LF, Meezan NB, Walters C, Biener MM, Kong C, Crippen JW, Kyrala GA, Shah RC, Herrmann HW, Wilson DC, Hamza AV, Nikroo A, and Batha SH

Abstract

The first cryogenic deuterium and deuterium-tritium liquid layer implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) demonstrate D&#95;{2} and DT layer inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions that can access a low-to-moderate hot-spot convergence ratio (1230) DT ice layer implosions. Although high CR is desirable in an idealized 1D sense, it amplifies the deleterious effects of asymmetries. To date, these asymmetries prevented the achievement of ignition at the NIF and are the major cause of simulation-experiment disagreement. In the initial liquid layer experiments, high neutron yields were achieved with CRs of 12-17, and the hot-spot formation is well understood, demonstrated by a good agreement between the experimental data and the radiation hydrodynamic simulations. These initial experiments open a new NIF experimental capability that provides an opportunity to explore the relationship between hot-spot convergence ratio and the robustness of hot-spot formation during ICF implosions.

Published
2016
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