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Down the historical lane wars have been focused on control of precious resources like metals, minerals, oil, and land. This scenario has started to shift in the past few years, with armed conflict increasingly focused on control over depleting water resources and by association food. Climate change-linked droughts and growing world population is creating an imbalance in the food chain supply. Agricultural lands are decreasing, water availability is becoming scarce and due to increase in water pollution and over hunting sea food and cattle meat supply is steadily decreasing until a day when there will be none left for future generation. In addition to this according to statistics nearly one -third of the world's food produce is lost to wastage. A time has come when the eminent dignitaries of science and food world are stepping up to create a sustainable solution to meet the future food scarcity and stop food wastage by creating alternative solutions. This article is a study to understand the science, need, viability and realistic value of such innovative productions. It is also a study to understand, the acceptability of the new era food by the traditional in takers. It will reflect on the commercial value and acceptance of the same in commercial eateries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: Cholesterol homeostasis is a culmination of cellular synthesis, efflux, and catabolism to important physiological entities where short chain fatty acid, butyrate embodied as a key player. This discourse probes the mechanistic molecular details of butyrate action in maintaining host-cholesterol balance. Methods: Hepatic mir-122 being the most indispensable regulator of cholesterol metabolic enzymes, we studied upstream players of mir-122 biogenesis in the presence and absence of butyrate in Huh7 cells and mice model. We synthesized unique self-transfecting GMO (guanidiniummorpholino-oligo) linked PMO (Phosphorodiamidate-Morpholino Oligo)- based antisense cell-penetrating reagent to selectively knock down the key player in butyrate mediated cholesterol regulation. Results: We showed that butyrate treatment caused upregulation of RNAbinding protein, AUF1 resulting in RNase-III nuclease, Dicer1 instability, and significant diminution of mir-122. We proved the importance of AUF1 and sequential downstream players in AUF1-knock-down mice. Injection of GMOPMO of AUF1 in mouse caused near absence of AUF1 coupled with increased Dicer1 and mir-122, and reduced serum cholesterol regardless of butyrate treatment indicating that butyrate acts through AUF1. Conclusion: The roster of intracellular players was as follows: AUF1-Dicer1-mir-122 for triggering butyrate driven hypocholesterolemia. To our knowledge this is the first report linking AUF-1 with cholesterol biogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) readily crosses the placenta and exposure of the fetus may cause adverse consequences later in life, including immunomodulation. In the current study, the question was asked how the immune repertoire might respond in postnatal life when there is no further As exposure. Here, pregnant mice (Balb/c [H-2d]) were exposed to arsenic trioxide (As2O3) through their drinking water from time of conception until parturition. Their offspring, 4-week-old mice who had not been exposed again to As, were used for functional analyses of innate, humoral and cellular immunity. Compared to cells from non-As-exposed dam offspring, isolated peritoneal macro-phages (Mϕ) displayed no differences in T-cell stimulating ability. Levels of circulating IgG2a but not IgG1 were decreased in As-exposed dam offspring as compared to control offspring counterparts. Mixed-leukocyte reactions (MLR) indicated that CD4+ T-cells from the prenatal As-exposed mice were significantly less responsive to allogenic stimulation as evidenced by decreases in interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-2 production and in expression of CD44 and CD69 (but not CD25) activation markers. Interestingly, the Mϕ from the prenatal As-exposed mice were capable of stimulating normal allogenic T-cells, indicating that T-cells from these mice were refractory to allogenic signals. There was also a significant decrease in absolute numbers of splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells due to prenatal As exposure (as compared to control). Lastly, the impaired immune function of the prenatal As-exposed mice was correlated with a very strong susceptibility to Escherichia coli infection. Taken together, the data from this study clearly show that in utero As exposure may continue to perpetuate a dampening effect on the immune repertoire of offspring, even into the early stages of postnatal life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Municipal wastewater usually contains nitrate and phosphate as major contaminants, and if discharged untreated affects the health of the environment and human population. Currently available treatment technologies to treat municipal wastewater lose the essential growth nutrients ‘P’ and ‘N’ during treatment. This paper presents a strategy of simultaneous sequestration of nitrate and phosphate in biomass, by using a tailor‐made consortium in a biofilm reactor. RESULTS: The consortium comprising of three novel Bacillus strains in a fixed bed biofilm bioreactor maintained at ambient temperature showed reduction up to 94% of nitrate, 68% of phosphate, 93% of chemical oxygen demand, 97% of biochemical oxygen demand, 73% in total organic carbon while maintaining an effluent pH of 6.8 ± 0.02. Response surface methodology revealed maximum reduction at a flow rate of 1.97 L h‐1 with 306.04 mg L‐1 and 19.62 mg L‐1 of initial nitrate and phosphate concentrations respectively. The system was scaled up from 4.5 L to 220 L with the same retention time of 2 h and operated with consistent performance for over 212 days. CONCLUSION: The treated wastewater met the criterion for reuse as non‐potable water for applications like irrigation and aquaculture, hence making it the fastest microbial process for simultaneous nitrate and phosphate removal from wastewater. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]