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45 results on '"Bircher, Simone"'

1. Assessment of the SMAP Level-4 Surface and Root-Zone Soil Moisture Product Using In Situ Measurements

Author: Reichle, Rolf H., De Lannoy, Gabrielle J. M., Liu, Qing, Ardizzone, Joseph V., Colliander, Andreas, Conaty, Austin, Crow, Wade, Jackson, Thomas J., Jones, Lucas A., Kimball, John S., Koster, Randal D., Mahanama, Sarith P., Smith, Edmond B., Berg, Aaron, Bircher, Simone, Bosch, David, Caldwell, Todd G., Cosh, Michael, González-Zamora, Ángel, Collins, Chandra D. Holifield, Jensen, Karsten H., Livingston, Stan, Lopez-Baeza, Ernesto, Martínez-Fernández, José, McNairn, Heather, Moghaddam, Mahta, Pacheco, Anna, Pellarin, Thierry, Prueger, John, Rowlandson, Tracy, Seyfried, Mark, Starks, Patrick, Su, Zhongbo, Thibeault, Marc, Van Der Velde, Rogier, Walker, Jeffrey, Wu, Xiaoling, and Zeng, Yijian
Published: 2017

2. Comparison of SMOS and SMAP soil moisture retrieval approaches using tower-based radiometer data over a vineyard field

Author: Miernecki, Maciej, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Lopez-Baeza, Ernesto, Kerr, Yann, De Jeu, Richard, De Lannoy, Gabrielle J.M., Jackson, Thomas J., O'Neill, Peggy E., Schwank, Mike, Moran, Roberto Fernandez, Bircher, Simone, Lawrence, Heather, Mialon, Arnaud, Al Bitar, Ahmad, and Richaume, Philippe
Published: 2014
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3. Comparison between SMOS Vegetation Optical Depth products and MODIS vegetation indices over crop zones of the USA

Author: Lawrence, Heather, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Richaume, Philippe, Novello, Nathalie, Grant, Jennifer, Mialon, Arnaud, Al Bitar, Ahmad, Merlin, Olivier, Guyon, Dominique, Leroux, Delphine, Bircher, Simone, and Kerr, Yann
Published: 2014
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4. In-situ multifrequency dielectric measurements to improve soil permittivity models for radiometric observations of soil in the high latitudes

Author: Demontoux Francois, Bonnaudin Fabrice, Mialon Arnaud, Tsague King Junior, Bircher Simone, Kerr Yann, Wigneron Jean-Pierre, Ruffie Gilles, Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Permittivity, gradients, L band, Topsoil, Moisture, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 0207 environmental engineering, Context (language use), Soil science, 02 engineering and technology, Dielectric, Soil, remote sensing, Environmental science, Radiometric dating, dielectric profile, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Microwave, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering
Abstract: International audience; In the context of soil monitoring from microwave radiometric observations, the knowledge of the soil permittivity is an important factor in order to guarantee the accuracy of models inversions. Previous studies have showed the impact of temperature and moisture gradients in the top soil layer on remote sensing monitoring of soil. So, we aim here to investigate a way to increase our knowledge of the permittivity profile of the top soil layer, in particular at the P and L band. The solution we selected is based on a new equipment for continuous in-situ measurements of dielectric soil profiles. First measurement results over a sandy soil after rainfall are presented.
Published: 2020

5. Passive L-band microwave remote sensing of organic soil surface layers: a tower-based experiment

Author: Jonard, François, Bircher, Simone, Demontoux, François, Weihermüller, Lutz, Razafindratsima, Stephen, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Vereecken, Harry, Agrosphere, IBG-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: stockage du carbone, microwave remote sensing, bande l, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], inverse modelling, bilan hydrique du sol, soil dielectric permittivity, tower-based experiment, sol organique, L-band radiometry, organic soil, soil moisture, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, carbone organique du sol, lcsh:Q, ddc:620, lcsh:Science
Abstract: International audience; Organic soils play a key role in global warming because they store large amount of soil carbon which might be degraded with changing soil temperatures or soil water contents. There is thus a strong need to monitor these soils and, in particular, their hydrological characteristics using, for instance, space-borne L-band brightness temperature observations. However, there are still open issues with respect to soil moisture retrieval techniques over organic soils. In view of this, organic soil blocks with their vegetation cover were collected from a heathland in the Skjern River catchment in western Denmark and then transported to a remote sensing field laboratory in Germany where their structure was reconstituted. The controlled conditions at this field laboratory made it possible to perform tower-based L-band radiometer measurements of the soils over a period of two months. Brightness temperature data were inverted using a radiative transfer (RT) model for estimating the time variations in the soil dielectric permittivity and the vegetation optical depth. In addition, the effective vegetation scattering albedo parameter of the RT model was retrieved based on a two-step inversion approach. The remote estimations of the dielectric permittivity were compared to in situ measurements. The results indicated that the radiometer-derived dielectric permittivities were significantly correlated with the in situ measurements, but their values were systematically lower compared to the in situ ones. This could be explained by the difference between the operating frequency of the L-band radiometer (1.4 GHz) and that of the in situ sensors (70 MHz). The effective vegetation scattering albedo parameter was found to be polarization dependent. While the scattering effect within the vegetation could be neglected at horizontal polarization, it was found to be important at vertical polarization. The vegetation optical depth estimated values over time oscillated between 0.10 and 0.19 with a mean value of 0.13. This study provides further insights into the characterization of the L-band brightness temperature signatures of organic soil surface layers and, in particular, into the parametrization of the RT model for these specific soils. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to improve the performance of space-borne remote sensing soil moisture products over areas dominated by organic soils.
Published: 2018

6. Wireless network of stand-alone end effect probes for soil in situ permittivity measurements over the 100MHZ-6GHz frequency range

Author: Demontoux, François, Bircher, Simone, Ruffié, Gilles, Bonnaudin, Fabrice, Wigneron, Jean Pierre, Kerr, Yann, Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Université de Bordeaux (UB), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA)
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2017

7. Efficiency of end effect probes for in-situ permittivity measurements in the 0.5 - 6 GHz frequency range and their application for organic soil horizons study

Author: Demontoux, François, Razafindratsima, Stephen, Bircher, Simone, Ruffié, Gilles, Bonnaudin, Fabrice, Jonard, François, Wigneron, Jean Pierre, Kerr, Yann H., Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, and Université de Bordeaux (UB)
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2017

8. SMOS and hydrology

Author: Kerr, Yann, Bircher, Simone, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, Molero, Beatriz, Parrens, Marie, Leroux, Delphine, Pellarin, Thierry, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PhyREV - Processus Hydrologiques pour les Ressources en Eau Vulnérables, Laboratoire d’étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), ESRIN, European Space Agency (ESA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN)
Subjects: remote sensing, bilan hydrologique, télédétection, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, projet smos, acquisition de données, water budget, radiometer, radiomètre, donnée satellite, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: SMOS, a L Band radiometer using aperture synthesis to achieve a good spatial resolution, was successfully launched on November 2, 2009. It was developed and made under the leadership of the European Space Agency (ESA) as an Earth Explorer Opportunity mission. It is a joint program with the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in France and the Centro para el Desarrollo Teccnologico Industrial (CDTI) in Spain. SMOS carries a single payload, an L band 2D interferometric, radiometer in the 1400-1427 MHz protected band. This wavelength penetrates well through the vegetation and the atmosphere is almost transparent enabling to infer both soil moisture and vegetation water content. SMOS achieves an unprecedented spatial resolution of 50 km at L-band maximum (43 km on average) with multi angular-dual polarized (or fully polarized) brightness temperatures over the globe and with a revisit time smaller than 3 days. SMOS has been now acquiring data for 5.5 years. The data quality exceeds what was expected, showing very good sensitivity and stability. The data is unfortunately impaired by man-made emission in the protected band, leading to degraded measurements in several areas including parts of Europe and of China. However, many different international teams are now addressing data use in various fields including hydrology. We have now acquired data over a number of significant “extreme events” such as droughts and floods giving useful information of potential applications. We are now working on the coupling with other models and or disaggregation to address soil moisture distribution over watersheds. We are also concentrating efforts on water budget and regional impacts. Assimilation of SMOS data into hydrological modelling showed positive impact in terms of stream flow and soil moisture estimation.With the development of a near real time soil moisture product using neural network approach, a wealth of new applications is bound to occur. From all those studies, it is now possible to express the “lessons learned” and derive a possible way forward. This paper thus gives an overview of the water cycle science goals of the SMOS mission, a description of its main elements, and a taste of the first results including performances at brightness temperature as well as at geophysical parameters level and how they are being put in good use for hydrological applications.
Published: 2016

9. SMOS mission after 6 years in space: where are we?

Author: Kerr, Yann, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Delwart, Steven, Boutin, Jacqueline, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Font, Jordi, Mahmoodi, Ali, Reul, Nicolas, Richaume, Philippe, Mialon, Arnaud, Al Yaari, Amen, Bircher, Simone, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN), European Space Agency (ESA), Interactions et Processus au sein de la couche de Surface Océanique (IPSO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Department of Physical and Technological Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESRIN, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)
Subjects: remote sensing, télédétection, projet smos, diffusion des résultats, capteur satellite, température de brillance, donnée satellite, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: The SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) satellite was successfully launched in November 2009. This ESA led mission for Earth Observation is dedicated to provide soil moisture over continental surface (with an accuracy goal of 0.04 m3/m3) vegetation water content over land and ocean salinity. These geophysical features are important as they control the energy balance between the surface and the atmosphere. Their knowledge at a global scale is of interest for climatic and weather researches in particular in improving models forecasts. The SMOS instrument measures the passive microwave emission of the Earth surface at a frequency of 1,4 GHz (L-band). The instrument is an interferometer and provides brightness temperatures with an average resolution of 40 km, at several angles and dual polarizations. Data are acquired at two times in a day at 6 am and 18 pm (local time) and insure a complete coverage of the Earth surface in 3 days with a sampling of 15 km. The main products of the mission are of course Soil Moisture and Sea Surface salinity, but also vegetation opacity (directly related to water content) of vegetation covers including forests, surface dielectric constant for level two but also brightness temperatures at the surface, strong winds, root zone soil moisture and RFI (radio frequency interferences) maps. From Level 2 SMOS data several groups have started making new products several of them being either operational or on the verge of being such. We will show some of them or refer to related presentations. They include freeze defreeze (FMI), thin sea ice (Klimat Center Hamburg), near real time brightness temperatures and soon soil moisture (ECMWF), root zone soil moisture and drought indices (USDA and CESBIO). We are also working on more elaborate products such as water fractions, flood risk indices, improved precipitation with use of assimilated SMOS data, etc. The focus in this presentation will be given to the latter new science products. The purpose of this communication is to present the mission results after almost 6 years in orbit and a major re-processing as well as some outstanding results already obtained. A special attention will be devoted to level 2 products and to the retrieval quality improvements from version 3 (at launch) to the current version 620.
Published: 2016

10. Adaptation of the SMOS soil moisture retrieval algorithm for organic-rich soils and its validation over various Northern sites

Author: Bircher, Simone, Richaume, Philippe, Mahmoodi, Ali, Demontoux, François, Ikonen, Jaakko, Rautiainen, Kimmo, Vehviläinen, Juho, Moreaux, Virginie, Kim, Yongwon, Lee, Bang-Yong, Suzuki, Rikie, Ikawa, Hiroki, Oechel, Walter, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Dolman, Han, Berg, Aaron, Jonard, François, Weihermüller, Lutz, Andreasen, Mie, Schwank, Mike, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Kerr, Yann H., Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Arctic Research Centre of Finnish Meteorological Institute, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Agro-Meteorology Division, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), Global Change Research Group, South African National Biodiversity Institute, VU University Amsterdam, University of Guelph, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1
Subjects: remote sensing, sol organique, permittivité diélectrique, télédétection, modèle de transfert radiatif, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, projet smos, radiometer, radiomètre, permittivity, donnée satellite, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, humidité de surface
Abstract: From the passive L-band microwave radiometer onboard the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) space mission global surface soil moisture data is retrieved every 3 days. Thus far, the empirical L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (L-MEB) radiative transfer model applied in the SMOS soil moisture retrieval algorithm is exclusively calibrated over test sites in dry and temperate climate zones and the included dielectric mixing model relating soil moisture to permittivity accounts only for mineral soils. However, soil moisture monitoring over the higher northern latitudes is crucial since these regions are especially sensitive to climate change and a considerable feedback is expected due to carbon liberated from thawing ground of these extremely organic soils. Due to differing structural characteristics and thus varying bound water fractions, the permittivity of organic material is lower than the one of most mineral soils at a given water content. This assumption was verified by means of measurements in organic and mineral substrates from various sites in Denmark, Finland, Scotland and Siberia. For this purpose, conventional soil moisture sensors were used as well as weak perturbation and waveguide techniques in order to infer effective soil permittivity at the microwave L-band (1-2 GHz). Based on these data, a generic L-band soil moisture – permittivity relation for organic soils was derived and validated with dielectric mixing model runs as well as literature data. Furthermore, the derived function was tested in the L-MEB model. Results showed that modeled data agreed with measurements from a tower-based passive L-band microwave radiometer observing organic-rich soil over a 2 months period in a highly controlled set-up. The generic «organic» empirical model was then implemented in the SMOS Prototype Algorithm to retrieve soil moisture over a site in Northern Finland. The validation with in situ soil moisture observations calibrated for organic soils showed a distinct improvement in the agreement between the satellite and ground datasets when using the «organic» instead of the operational SMOS processor version. This analysis is to be continued in more detail and the validation effort needs to be expanded over as many regions with abundant soil organic matter content as possible. Appropriate in situ observations are currently available from various sites in Alaska, Canada, and the Netherlands. In this communication, first the derivation of the generic L-band «organic» soil moisture-permittivity model will be presented. Focus will then be on the comparison of «organic» SMOS soil moisture retrievals with corresponding operational SMOS products as well as in situ observations over all available sites.
Published: 2016

11. Modeling soil evaporation efficiency in a range of soil and atmospheric conditions using a meta-analysis approach

Author: Merlin, Olivier, Stefan, Vivien, Amazirh, A, Chanzy, A, Ceschia, Eric, Er-Raki, S, Gentine, P, Tallec, Tiphaine, Ezzahar, J, Bircher, Simone, Beringer, J, Khabba, S, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculté des Sciences SEMLALIA (FSSM), Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering [New York], Columbia University [New York], School of Earth and Environment, University of Western Australia, The University of Western Australia (UWA), This study was supported by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (MIXMOD-E project, ANR-13-JS06-0003-01) and the European Commission Horizon 2020 Programme for Research and Innovation (H2020) in the context of the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) action (REC project, grant agreement no: 645642)., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Faculté des Sciences Semlalia [Marrakech]
Subjects: moisture, modeling, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, texture, evaporation, soil
Abstract: International audience; A meta-analysis data-driven approach is developed to represent the soil evaporative efficiency (SEE) defined as the ratio of actual to potential soil evaporation. The new model is tested across a bare soil database composed of more than 30 sites around the world, a clay fraction range of 0.02-0.56, a sand fraction range of 0.05-0.92, and about 30,000 acquisition times. SEE is modeled using a soil resistance ($r_{ss}$) formulation based on surface soil moisture ($\theta$) and two resistance parameters $r_{ss,ref}$ and $\theta_{efolding}$. The data-driven approach aims to express both parameters as a function of observable data including meteorological forcing, cut-off soil moisture value $\theta_{1/2}$ at which SEE=0.5, and first derivative of SEE at $\theta_{1/2}$, named $\Delta\theta_{1/2}^{-1}$. An analytical relationship between $(r_{ss,ref};\theta_{efolding})$ and $(\theta_{1/2};\Delta\theta_{1/2}^{-1})$ is first built by running a soil energy balance model for two extreme conditions with $r_{ss} = 0$ and $r_{ss}\sim\infty$ using meteorological forcing solely, and by approaching the middle point from the two (wet and dry) reference points. Two different methods are then investigated to estimate the pair $(\theta_{1/2} ; \Delta\theta_{1/2}^{-1})$ either from the time series of SEE and $\theta$ observations for a given site, or using the soil texture information for all sites. The first method is based on an algorithm specifically designed to accomodate for strongly nonlinear $\text{SEE}(\theta)$ relationships and potentially large random deviations of observed SEE from the mean observed $\text{SEE}(\theta)$. The second method parameterizes $\theta_{1/2}$ as a multi-linear regression of clay and sand percentages, and sets $\Delta\theta_{1/2}^{-1}$ to a constant mean value for all sites. The new model significantly outperformed the evaporation modules of ISBA (Interaction Sol-Biosph\`{e}re-Atmosph\`{e}re), H-TESSEL (Hydrology-Tiled ECMWF Scheme for Surface Exchange over Land), and CLM (Community Land Model). It has potential for integration in various land-surface schemes, and real calibration capabilities using combined thermal and microwave remote sensing data.
Published: 2016

12. SMOS the water cycle mission : an overview, Earth Observation for water cycle science

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Delwart, Steven, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Boutin, Jacqueline, Ferrazzoli, Patricia, Mahmoodi, Ali, Al-Yaari, Amen, Mialon, Arnaud, Richaume, Philippe, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Bircher, Simone, Rodriguez‐fernandez, Nemesio, Reul, Nicolas, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN), European Space Agency (ESA), Interactions et Processus au sein de la couche de Surface Océanique (IPSO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: International audience; The SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) satellite was successfully launched in November 2009. This ESA led mission for Earth Observation is dedicated to provide soil moisture over continental surface (with an accuracy goal of 0.04 m3/m3) vegetation water content over land and ocean salinity. These geophysical features are important as they control the energy balance between the surface and the atmosphere. Their knowledge at a global scale is of interest for climatic and weather researches in particular in improving models forecasts. The SMOS instrument measures the passive microwave emission of the Earth surface at a frequency of 1,4 GHz (L‐band). The instrument is an interferometer and provides brightness temperatures with an average resolution of 40 km, at several angles and dual polarizations. Data are acquired at two times in a day at 6 am and 18 pm (local time) and insure a complete coverage of the Earth surface in 3 days with a sampling of 15 km. The main products of the mission are of course Soil Moisture and Sea Surface salinity, but also vegetation opacity (directly related to water content) of vegetation covers including forests, surface dielectric constant for level two but also brightness temperatures at the surface, strong winds, root zone soil moisture and RFI (radio frequency interferences) maps. From Level 2 SMOS data several groups have started making new products several of them being either operational or on the verge of being such. We will show some of them or refer to related presentations. They include freeze defreeze (FMI), thin sea ice (Klimat Center Hamburg), near real time brightness temperatures and soon soil moisture (ECMWF), root zone soil moisture and drought indices (USDA and CESBIO). We are also working on more elaborate products such as water fractions, flood risk indexes, improved precipitation with use of assimilated SMOS data, etc. The focus in this presentation will be given to the latter new science products. The purpose of this communication is to present the mission results after almost 6 years in orbit and a major re‐processing as well as some outstanding results already obtained. A special attention will be devoted to level 2 products and to the retrieval quality improvements from version 3 (at launch) to the current version 620.
Published: 2015

13. Validation of SMOS level 3 soil moisture data

Author: Mialon, Arnaud, Ahmad, Al Bitar, Cabot, François, Bircher, Simone, Leroux, Delphine, Parrens, Marie, Pellarin, Thierry, Richaume, Philippe, Rodriguez‐Fernandez, Nemesio, Kerr, Yann H., Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), European Space Agency (ESA). INT., Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). FRA., and SMOS MODE (Mission Oceanographic Data Exploitation). INT.
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: International audience; The SMOS ground segment “CATDS” (Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS) has been delivering level 3 data, which are temporal aggregated products (1-day, 3-day, 10-day, monthly average). The retrieval is based on a modified version of ESA level 2 soil moisture processor to account for multi-orbit retrievals, correlated vegetation optical depth, projection on the EASE Grid. The soil moisture retrieval has evolved and improved since its first version and major changes lead to reprocessing campaigns to obtain homogeneous time series, i.e. data done using one processor. Three campaigns have been done so far at the CATDS and the last one, referred to as reprocessing RE03, uses the last calibrated brightness temperatures (version 620 for ESA level1C, version 280 for CATDS level3TB) and the last soil moisture processor (version 620 for EASE level 2 SM and version 280 for CATDS level 2 SM). The new set of products will be available in Spring 2015. The validation of SMOS data (level 2 and 3) has been a constant activity since the beginning of the mission. It consists in evaluating the performances of these products by comparing them at various climate areas like for example in Australia, West Africa, Denmark, France, in the US. It is done for every release to insure that the new data are consistent and closer to in-situ observations, as for instance when it was decided to switch the dielectric constant model. The aim of this communication is then to present data from the RE03 campaign and to discuss the changes and improvements of the new releases. A first analysis over a week (sept. 2013) shows that the new soil moisture values (RE03 version V280) are globally lower than the previous version by 0.01 m3/m3. This result is preliminary and the analysis will be extended to a longer time period.
Published: 2015

14. A review of the recent improvements in the L-MEB Model (SMOS Mission) - Impact on the accuracy of the soil moisture retrievals

Author: Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Kerr, Yann H., Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Schwank, Mike, Lopez-Baeza, Ernesto, Parrens, Marie, Fernandez-Moran, Roberto, Al-Yaari, Amen, Richaume, Philippe, Bircher, Simone, Mialon, Arnaud, Ahmad, Al Bitar, Delwart, Steven, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Gamma Remote Sensing, Universitat de València (UV), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN), European Space Agency (ESA). INT., Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). FRA., and European Society for Agronomy (ESA). INT.
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: International audience; The L-MEB (L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere) is the forward model used in the operational SMOS algorithm to retrieve surface soil moisture (SM). This model is based on a well-known zero-order solution of the radiative transfer equations: the so called τ-ω model, L-MEB includes several parameterisations which were developed specifically to account for the multi-angular and bi-polarization capabilities of the SMOS brightness temperature (TB) observations in the retrieval process. A detailed description of the L-MEB model has been given in Wigneron et al. (2007). Since then, the model has been implemented in the SMOS algorithm which produced time series of the Level 2 (ESA) and Level 3 (CATDS) SM products, since the beginning of 2010. These SM products have been evaluated against numerical modelling products, in situ data from large SM networks included in the SMOS cal/val initiative and in a series of experimental campaigns based on field (SMOSREX, MELBEX, Upper Danube, etc.) or airborne measurements (NAFE-06, Australia; CAROLS, France; etc.). Eventually, numerical and physical models were used to develop new parameterizations of the soil roughness, soil permittivity, forests and low vegetation effects. Based on this very dense scientific activity some possible future improvements of the L-MEB model have been proposed. In a first step, this communication makes a quick review of the most significant recent results obtained in this field of research. In a second step, we present an illustration of the impact on the SM retrievals of using of a new parameterization of soil surface roughness in L-MEB which consists in combining both the roughness and vegetation effects in a single parameter (TR). The advantages of the SRP approach are twofold: firstly it not necessary to calibrate roughness effects (this is quite an open issue for large scale SMOS pixels) and secondly, the SRP method allows accounting for possible time changes in both the roughness characteristics and the vegetation optical depth. In this study, we present results of the evaluation of the SRP method against in situ measurements made within the SCAN network in 2011 in the USA. Even though first results are very encouraging, more studies evaluating the improvement in SM retrievals using the SRP method from the SMOS observations will be crucial to consolidate the novel retrieval method as a feasible option in the determination of SM at global scale.
Published: 2015

15. SMOSHiLat: Microwave L-band emissions of organic-rich soils in the northern cold climate zone in support of the SMOS mission

Author: Bircher, Simone, Richaume, Philippe, Demontoux, François, Mahmoodi, Ali, Jonard, François, Weihermüller, Lutz, Andreasen, Mie, Ikonen, Jaakko, Vehviläinen, Juho, Razafindratsima, Stephen, Rautiainen, Kimmo, Schwank, Mike, Mialon, Arnaud, Wigneron, J.-P., Kerr, Yann, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Center Jülich, Germany, ∗Agrosphere (IBG-3), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Department of Computer Science [ETH Zürich] (D-INFK), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), European Space Agency (ESA). INT., Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE)
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience; L-band microwave (1.4 GHz) brightness temperature (TB) observations of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite are used to retrieve global soil moisture data, taking advantage of the large difference between the dielectric constant of dry soil and water. The retrieval is based on the L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (L-MEB) model using tuning parameters derived from study sites in dry and temperate climate zones. Thus, the aim of the SMOSHiLat project (ESA’s STSE Changing Earth Science Network) is to improve our understanding of L-band emissions and supporting SMOS data quality in more northern climate zones covered by pronounced organic surface layers. A database is created including L-band TB and dielectric constant measurements of organic-rich soils, mainly from (1) Sodankylä, Finland (Finish Meteorological Institute), and (2) Gludsted, Denmark (HOBE). Additional organic samples are available from Islay, Scotland, and the West Siberian Plain, Russia. The L-band dielectric constant measurements conducted at the IMS Laboratory (Bordeaux, France), show no distinct variability between a range of humus types encountered in the four regions. Due to the increased bound water fraction in porous organic material dielectric constants are consistently lower than measured in the underlying sandy mineral soils. Hence, one function was fitted through all organic soil moisture – dielectric constant couples, and tested in L-MEB by means of the tower-based ELBARA radiometer dataset acquired at the Research Center Jülich using Danish organic-rich soil. The derived relation proved satisfactory, and consequently, was implemented in the SMOS Soil Moisture Level 2 Prototype Processor (SML2PP). First runs were conducted over the Sodankylä test site and compared with retrieved soil moisture using the Dobson and Mironov dielectric mixing models. Results demonstrated significantly wetter retrieved soil moisture when using the organic fit function. This is in better agreement with an in situ surface soil moisture network average from measurements specifically calibrated for organic material and representative for prevailing land cover and soil types. Further test runs over other sites are planned in the near future. In this presentation, the SMOSHiLat project will be presented with special focus on the SML2PP studies.
Published: 2015

16. Soil moisture retrieval at global scale using the SRP (Simplified Roughness Parameterization)

Author: Fernandez-Moran, Roberto, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Lopez-Baeza, Ernesto, Al-Yaari, Amen, Bircher, Simone, Coll-Pajaron, Amparo, Mahmoodi, Ali, Parrens, Marie, Richaume, Philippe, Kerr, Yann H., Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Universitat de València (UV), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Array Systems Computing, Partenaires INRAE, European Space Agency (ESA). INT., Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). FRA., and SMOS MODE (Mission Oceanographic Data Exploitation). INT.
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: International audience; The estimation of soil moisture by SMOS is based on the relationship between the dielectric constant and the brightness temperature at L-band (~1.4 MHz). Furthermore, certain physical contributions which perturb the signal must be taken into account: soil and vegetation temperatures, texture and roughness, vegetation cover and litter. The parameterization of roughness in the SMOS level 2 retrieval algorithm is based on four parameters (HR, QR, NRH and NRV) which are set as default contributions depending on a land classification. As some studies have suggested, there is the possibility of combining soil roughness and vegetation contributions as a single parameter in the retrieval algorithm (method referred to as SRP, Simplified Roughness Parameterization). Classical retrieval approaches considers SM and TAU (vegetation optical depth) as retrieved parameters, while the SRP is based on the retrieval of SM and the new TR parameter combining TAU and soil roughness (TR = TAU + HR /2), besides the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium at 6 am and 6 pm (ground and canopy temperature are equal). This method leads to an important simplification in the algorithm and allows accounting for time changes in the value of the roughness parameter HR. In this study, the SRP was tested over the Valencia Anchor Station (VAS) with satisfactory results. Later, this method was analyzed against SM data measured over many in situ sites worldwide. The use of SRP is a promising alternative for SM estimation at L-Band. This method implies that soil roughness parameter HR does no longer need to be calibrated since HR is retrieved simultaneously to vegetation optical depth.
Published: 2015

17. Analysis of the behavior of microwave L-band emissions of organic-rich soils in the northern cold climate zone in support of the SMOS mission

Author: Bircher, Simone, Demontoux, François, Jonard, François, Razafindratsima, Stephen, Richaume, P., Weihermüller, Lutz, Mialon, Arnaud, Andreasen, Mie, Rautiainen, Kimmo, Schwank, Mike, Wigneron, J.-P., Kerr, Yann, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Center Jülich, Germany, ∗Agrosphere (IBG-3), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Department of Computer Science [ETH Zürich] (D-INFK), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263)
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2014

18. SMOS mains results over land after 4 years in orbit

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Ferrazzoli, P., Richaume, Philippe, Waldteufel, P., Mialon, Arnaud, Ahmad, Al Bitar, Bircher, Simone, Cabot, François, Choné, Audrey, Leroux, Delphine, Molero, Beatriz, Parrens, Marie, Rodriguez‐Fernandez, Nemesio, Al Yaari, Amen, Grant, Jennifer, Delwart, Steven, Drusch, Matthias, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Lund University [Lund], Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, and European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: analyse de données, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, mission SMOS, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: International audience; The SMOS mission was launched in November 2009 and allows measuring the surface soil moisture over continental land, covering the entire surface in 3 days. The multi-angular algorithm also enables to estimate the vegetation opacity which is directly related to the water content of the canopy. The algorithm also distinguishes between low vegetation where most of the signal emanates from the leaf and stems of the vegetation and the forests where the signal is mainly linked to the branch biomass at L band. ESA’s DPGS (European Space Agency’s Data Processing Ground Segment) has been delivering the so called Level 2 products, consisting in ½ orbits data for both products since launch. The CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) has developed the CATDS (Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS) ground segment that now provides spatial and temporal synthesis products (referred to as Level 3 products) enabling to better estimate the vegetation opacity ( as well as soil moisture and brightness temperature over land). After now several years of availability, the soil moisture product is rather robust but the vegetation opacity, either obtained at level 2 or 3 still suffers from several flaws, even if it looks promising. Work was also performed on the improvement of dielectric constant modelling either on modelling site or ground measurements. A particular emphasis was done or organic rich soils. A number of higher level products have been developed and tested, ranging from sea ice thickness to drought indices root zone soil moisture and freeze indices. In this presentation we will look at the products and how they are obtained and validated as well as the main results obtained over both low vegetation and forested areas.
Published: 2014

19. A review of the latest improvements in the L-MEB Model (SMOS mission)

Author: Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Kerr, Yann H., Schwank, Mike, Lopez-Baeza, Ernesto, Parrens, Marie, Fernández Moran, Roberto, Al Yaari, Amen, Wang, Shu, Richaume, Philippe, Bircher, Simone, Mialon, Arnaud, Ahmad, Al Bitar, Lawrence, Heather, Grant, Jennifer, Miernecki, Maciej, Mahmoodi, Ali, Delwart, Steven, Drusch, Matthias, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Universitat de València (UV), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Lund University [Lund], University of Hamburg, Array Systems Computing, Partenaires INRAE, European Space Agency (ESA), and Universitat de València (UV). ESP.
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: International audience; The L-MEB (L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere) is the forward model used in the operational SMOS algorithm. This model is based on a well-known zero-order solution of the radiative transfer equations: the so called Ƭ-ῳ model, where the optical depth Ƭ accounts for extinction effects within the canopy and the single scattering albedo ῳ accounts for scattering effects. L-MEB includes several parameterisations which were developed specifically to account for the multiangular and bi-polarization capabilities of the SMOS TB observations in the retrieval process. A detailed description of the L-MEB model and the analysis of soil moisture retrievals over a variety of crops have been given in Wigneron et al. (2007, 2010). Since then, the model has been implemented in the SMOS algorithm which produced time series of the Level 2 (Kerr et al., 2012, delivered by ESA) and Level 3 (Kerr et al., 2013, delivered by CATDS) SM products, since the beginning of 2010. These SM products have been evaluated against numerical modelling products (ECMWF SM-DAS-2, MERRA-Land) and in situ data from large SM networks included in the SMOS cal/val initiative. Moreover, the model was evaluated in a series of experimental campaigns based on field (SMOSREX, MELBEX, Upper Danube, etc.) or airborne measurements (NAFE-06, Australia; CAROLS, France; etc.). Eventually, numerical and physical models were used to develop new parameterizations of the soil roughness (Lawrence et al., 2013), soil permittivity (Mironov et al., 2012) and vegetation effects. Based on this very dense scientific activity, some major changes have been made and some future improvements of the L-MEB model have been proposed. This communication makes a review of the most significant changes.
Published: 2014

20. Soil moisture and dielectric constant measurements of organic soils in the higher northern latitudes in support of the SMOS mission

Author: Bircher, Simone, Razafindratsima, Stephen, Demontoux, François, Andreasen, Mie, Vuollet, Johanna, Rautiainen, Kimmo, Jonard, François, Weihermüller, Lutz, Richaume, Philippe, Mialon, Arnaud, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Kerr, Yann H., Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Center Jülich, Germany, ∗Agrosphere (IBG-3), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Université McGill [Montréal]. CAN., Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE)
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, Electromagnetism, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Signal and Image processing, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electromagnétisme, Milieux et Changements globaux, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2014

21. Comparison of SMOS level 2 and level 3 soil moisture at the SMOSREX site

Author: Mialon, Arnaud, Cabot, François, Guibert, Sarah, Ahmad, Al Bitar, Richaume, Philippe, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Pellarin, Thierry, Tarot, Stéphane, Bircher, Simone, Grant, Jennifer, Rodriguez‐Fernandez, Nemesio, Kerr, Yann H., Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SISMER, Lund University [Lund], Université McGill [Montréal]. CAN., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes d'Information Scientifique pour la Mer (SISMER), Infrastructures de Recherche et Systèmes d'Information (IRSI), and Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)
Subjects: sol nu, télédétection, Signal and Image processing, Earth Sciences, prairie, Traitement du signal et de l'image, projet smos, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, donnée satellite, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Sciences de la Terre, smosrex
Abstract: International audience; The ESA (European Space Agency) satellite mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) was launched in November 2009 and has been providing data on ocean salinity and soil moisture over continental surfaces for the last 4 years. SMOS satellite is a passive L-band (1.4 GHz) interferometer that measures the surface soil moisture (top 5cm) with an overpass time at 6 am and 6 pm (local time) and a radiometric resolution of ~ 43 km in average. With a quasi polar orbit, it covers the entire Earth surface in 3 days. The CATDS (Centre Aval de Traitements des Données SMOS) ground segment developed by the French space agency CNES, provides so called “level 3” soil moisture products that are time aggregated products, on the EASE (Equal Area Scalable Earth) Grid with a ~25 km spatial resolution. The retrieval algorithm is based on the radiative model L-MEB (L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere). The aim of this paper is to present the different soil moisture products that are delivered by the CATDS such as daily products, 3-day and 10-day composites, monthly averages, discuss different features of the product contents, and also presenting the validation of the SMOS data. Several in-situ sites are equipped with various soil moisture sensors providing soil moisture measurements for different climate areas. For instance, the SMOSREX (Surface Monitoring of the Soil Reservoir Experiment) site was developed to test the SMOS soil moisture retrieval algorithm. Two fields (bare soil and grassland) were monitored with Delta-T theta probes and a cosmic ray neutrons probe that measures the soil moisture over a large area (~ 700m). This site was stopped in 2012 which provides us with more than two years of data that can be compared to SMOS derived soil moisture values.
Published: 2014

22. SMOSHiLat - Microwave L-band emission from organic-rich soils in the northern cold climate zone in the framework of the SMOS mission

Author: Bircher, Simone, Demontoux, François, Jensen, Karsten Høgh, Jonard, François, Kerr, Yann, Mialon, Arnaud, Mironov, Valery, Pulliainen, J., Rautiainen, K., Razafindratsima, Stephen, Richaume, P., Schwank, M., Weihermüller, Lutz, Wigneron, Jean Pierre, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Radiophysics of remote sensing laboratory, Kirensky Institute of Physics, Allergy Unit - Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Gamma Remote Sensing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Laboratory of Radiophysics of the Earth Remote Sensing, Partenaires INRAE, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). USA., Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB), and University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)
Subjects: SMOSHiLat, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Signal and Image processing, dielectric constants, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, radiometer, Sciences de la Terre, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, moisture, Earth Sciences, Traitement du signal et de l'image, L Band, Milieux et Changements globaux, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, organic soil, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: International audience; The circumpolar northern colder climate zone (boreal zone/tundra) is covered by pronounced organic soils. Due to above-average rising temperatures in the higher northern latitudes, a large amount of these important carbon sinks might be released, possibly causing a significant positive feedback on global warming. Thus, there is a strong need to monitor hydrologic processes in these regions. The ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission carries the first space-borne passive L-band microwave (1.4 GHz) radiometer on board. It acquires global brightness temperatures (TB) from which surface soil moisture is retrieved, taking advantage of the very large difference between the dielectric constant of dry soil and water at this frequency. The retrieval algorithm is based on the L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (L-MEB) model which uses tuning parameters derived from study sites in dry and warm temperate climate zones. In order to improve our understanding of L-band emissions of organic soil surface layers and thus, supporting the quality of SMOS data in the northern colder climate zone the SMOSHiLat project has been evoked in the framework of ESA's Changing Earth Science Network. It aims at creating a database including L-band TBs and dielectric constant values of soils, mainly from two northern study sites in Sodankylä, Finland (Finnish Meteorological Institue, FMI), and Gludsted, Denmark (Hydrologic OBsErvatory, HOBE). Based on this database the L-MEB model is adapted for organic soils encountered in Northern regions and tested in the SMOS soil moisture prototype retrieval algorithm in view of its implementation in the operational one.
Published: 2014

23. Towards an improved soil moisture retrieval for organic-rich soils from SMOS passive microwave L-band observations

Author: Bircher, Simone, Richaume, Philippe, Mahmoodi, Ali, Mialon, Arnaud, FERNANDEZ MORAN, Roberto, Wigneron, Jean Pierre, Demontoux, François, Jonard, François, Weihermüller, Lutz, Andreasen, Mie, Rautiainen, Kimmo, Ikonen, Jaakko, Moreaux, Virginie, Kim, Yongwon, Lee, Bang-Yong, Suzuki, Rikie, Ichikawa, Hiroki, Oechel, Walter, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Dolman, A J (Han), Su, Zhongbo, Schwank, Mike, Drusch, Matthias, Kerr, Yann H., Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Center Jülich, Germany, ∗Agrosphere (IBG-3), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Arctic Research Centre of Finnish Meteorological Institute, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Laboratoire de Sciences de la Terre (LST), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Global Change Research Group, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Potsdam University, Universität Potsdam, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH-Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), and VU University Amsterdam
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2014

24. SMOS level3 and 4: new products for new science

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Ahmad, Al Bitar, Bircher, Simone, Boutin, Jacqueline, Choné, Audrey, Grant, Jennifer, Merlin, Olivier, Mialon, Arnaud, Molero, Beatriz, Pellarin, Thierry, Rautiainen, Kimmo, Reul, Nicolas, Richaume, Philippe, Rodriguez‐fernandez, Nemesio, Schwank, Mike, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Lund University [Lund], Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). USA., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ProdInra, Migration
Subjects: [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SPI.ELEC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, [SPI.SIGNAL] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: International audience; The SMOS mission was launched in November 2009 and allows for measuring of the surface soil moisture and vegetation optical depth over continental land areas, covering the entire globe every 3 days. The ESA’s DPGS (European Space Agency’s Data Processing Ground Segment) has been delivering the so called Level 2 products, consisting in ½ orbits data. The CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales) has developed the CATDS (Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS) ground segment that now provides spatial and temporal synthesis products (referred to as Level 3 products) of soil moisture, vegetation optical depth, ocean salinity and brightness temperature, which now cover the whole SMOS operation period, from January 2010 onwards. After developing the level 3 products over land and oceans, a wealth of new science applications started to appear and are being put into the level 4 scheme after validation. These products are currently in their validation stage, with some being more mature than others. Some products are currently being implemented. These encompass root zone soil moisture and drought indices over land, dis-aggregated (i.e., high resolution) soil moisture fields in local areas, and hurricane monitoring over the oceans. A near real time soil moisture product for Numerical Weather Prediction) (NWP) and risk assessment is also being tested. Other products are currently being studied or finalized such as flood monitoring and risk assessment over land, rain fall estimates over specific areas (land and in some specific cases ocean), hydrology in organic rich soils, freeze-thaw cycle in boreal areas, and vegetation water content/monitoring. During the presentation, we will give an overview of the different products and an assessment of their maturity and validation together with their scientific relevance.
Published: 2014

25. Microwave L‐band Dielectric Constant and Brightness Temperature Estimates of Organic‐Rich Soils in the Boreal Zone

Author: Bircher, Simone, Wigneron, Jean Pierre, Demontoux, François, Rautiainen, K., Pulliainen, J., Richaume, P., Schwank, M., Mironov, V., Jaakko, S., Kerr, Yann, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Allergy Unit - Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), Kirensky Institute of Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH)
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: International audience; Climate Variables of the ESA's Climate Change Initiative. It constitutes a major uncertainty in climate and hydrological models, which are currently the best tools to simulate the ongoing human-induced climate changes. Hence, global soil moisture observations of good temporal resolution and quality are of high relevance. The ESA's Earth Explorer Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission carries the first space-borne passive L-band microwave (1.4 GHz) radiometer on board, operating at the preferred frequency for soil moisture retrieval. It acquires global brightness temperature (TB) data every three days, from which surface soil moisture is retrieved, based on the inversion of the L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (L-MEB) radiative transfer model. To account for the impact of roughness and vegetation, in L-MEB several land cover-dependent tuning parameters are implemented, which exclusively stem from study sites in the dry and temperate climate zones. Environmental conditions in the vast northern boreal zone are different. Prevailing land cover types include coniferous forest, heath- and wetlands with pronounced organic surface litter layers. The emission contributions of litter have been identified, but more knowledge is needed to take them into account in the modeling. This conference contribution presents the above-mentioned L-band dielectric constant and brightness temperature database from the Sodankylä test site in Northern Finland. Comparisons of modeled and measured dielectric constant estimates are shown. Furthermore, comparisons of modeled brightness temperatures as well as ELBARA, HUT-2D, and SMOS brightness temperature estimations are illustrated. Finally, an outlook is given on the planned model development.
Published: 2013

26. The science products from the SMOS CATDS: from level 2 to level 4

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Cabot, François, Boutin, Jacqueline, Reul, Nicolas, Pellarin, Thierry, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Ahmad, Al Bitar, Jacquette, Elsa, Berthon, Lucie, Guibert, Sarah, Larigauderie, Carole, Cherchali, Selma, Bircher, Simone, Tarot, Stéphane, Delcroix, Thierry, Mialon, Arnaud, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), European Space Agency (ESA). INT., ProdInra, Migration, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], projet SMOS, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2013

27. SMOS: Significant findings after three years an a half in orbit

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Richaume, Philippe, Albitar, Ahmad, Bircher, Simone, Cabot, François, Khazaal, Ali, Lawrence, Heather, Leroux, Delphine, Merlin, Olivier, Mialon, Arnaud, Soldo, Yan, Tomer, Sat-Kumar, Waldteufel, Philippe, Mahmoodi, Ali, Delwart, Steven, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Rahmoune, Rachid, Pellarin, Thierry, Drusch, Matthias, Anterrieu, Eric, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2013

28. Suggestion on the validation of remote sensing products, intercomparison of sensors and rules to establish a long term data set

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Leroux, Delphine, Pellarin, Thierry, Al Yaari, Amen, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Mialon, Arnaud, Drusch, Matthias, Munoz-Sabater, Joaquin, Bircher, Simone, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), European Space Agency (ESA), and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
Subjects: [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.OTHER]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Other
Abstract: International audience; This abstract is by essence short. The idea of the oral presentation is to propose a presentation to fuel discussion on the establishment of a long term reliable climatic data sets. The topics covered will be based on practical examples with description of pro and cons and whenever it exists the different approaches. 1 - the first topic will be how to establish a fool proof and accepted by all reference data together with how to maintain its integrity and QC 2 the second topic is on the interacomparison intercalibration of different data sets 3 finally the lats point will be a discussion on how to merge efficiently data sets in relation with their potential uses. We are fully aware that for many the topic has been intensively covered and could be considered as closed, but feed back from the community shows that thi is not always the case. It is also felt that alternative approaches could be at least investigated. The presentation should foster discussions...
Published: 2013

29. SMOS validation results from the HOBE site, Denmark

Author: Bircher, Simone, Richaume, Philippe, Mialon, Arnaud, Berthon, Lucie, Cabot, François, Ahmad, Al Bitar, Merlin, Olivier, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Balling, Jan, Skou, Niels, Jensen, Karsten Høgh, Kerr, Yann H., Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), and University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], télédétection par satellite, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, projet smos, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2013

30. Moving beyond run‐off calibration—Multivariable optimization of a surface–subsurface–atmosphere model.

Author: Stisen, Simon, Koch, Julian, Sonnenborg, Torben O., Refsgaard, Jens Christian, Bircher, Simone, Ringgaard, Rasmus, and Jensen, Karsten H.
Subjects: RUNOFF analysis, LAND-atmosphere interactions, GEOGRAPHIC spatial analysis, MULTIVARIABLE testing, HYDROLOGY, LAND surface temperature
Abstract: Abstract: Spatially distributed hydrological models are traditionally calibrated and evaluated against few spatially aggregated observations such as river discharge. This model evaluation approach does not enable an assessment of the model predictive capabilities of other hydrological states and fluxes nor does it give any insight into the model ability to mimic the spatial patterns within a catchment. The current study explores a multivariable optimization of a complex coupled surface–subsurface–atmosphere model at the catchment scale in an attempt to move beyond simple run‐off calibration. The model is evaluated against five independent observational data sets of discharge (Q), hydraulic head (h), actual evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture (SM), and remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST). It is shown that a balanced optimization can be achieved where errors on objective functions for all five observation data sets can be reduced simultaneously. Additionally, the multivariable calibration proved more robust, compared with calibration against Q and h only, during the validation period, even for Q and h. The current parameterization and calibration framework was mainly suitable for reducing model biases and allowed only limited improvements in the spatio‐temporal patterns of the model simulations. This points towards development of better parametrization schemes that will allow simulated spatial patterns to adjust during calibration. Additionally, analysis showed that systematic spatial patterns in the errors of the LST maps could be a very valuable diagnostic tool for assessing deficiencies in the model structure, spatial parameterization, or process description. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2018
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31. Validation of SMOS level 3 soil moisture

Author: Mialon, Arnaud, Ahmad, Al Bitar, Berthon, Lucie, Bircher, Simone, Cabot, François, Escorihuela, Maria-José, Leroux, Delphine, Merlin, Olivier, Novello, Nathalie, Pellarin, Thierry, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Kerr, Yann H., Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), isardSAT, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire d’étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). USA., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: analyse de données, télédétection, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, projet smos, humidité du sol, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2012

32. SMOS soil moisture Cal Val activities

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Mialon, Arnaud, Ahmad, Al Bitar, Leroux, Delphine, Richaume, Philippe, Gruhier, Claire, Berthon, Lucie, Novello, Nathalie, Rüdiger, Christoph, Bircher, Simone, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Rahmoune, Rachid, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vega Technologies, Partenaires INRAE, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Monash University, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
Subjects: mission SMOS, analyse de données, Geography, télédétection, satellite, capteur, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, Géographie, radiométrie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2012

33. SMOS validation in the Skjern River Catchment, Denmark

Author: Bircher, Simone
Abstract: Soil moisture is a key variable for water resources management, weather and climate predictions as well as hazard analysis. It is highly variable in space and time across scales, and thus difficult to assess. The European Space Agency’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite with a passive L-band microwave radiometer on board is the first mission dedicated to surface soil moisture monitoring from space with global coverage every three days. By means of a complex retrieval algorithm, soil moisture is derived from the acquired brightness temperatures. Currently, data validation is performed across a range of climatic regions. In this context, the overall objective of this dissertation is SMOS validation in the Skjern River Catchment in Denmark, including the acquisition of the required in situ data, and its comparison with the SMOS products. Data collection included a short-term airborne campaign with the L-band radiometer EMIRAD-2 and in situ measurements, as well as the establishment of a soil moisture and temperature network. To a priori increase the probability of a representative network average at SMOS scale (∼40-50 km), a method based on analysis of the prevailing environmental conditions was developed and successfully applied. In addition to retrieved soil moisture,validation also involved SMOS brightness temperature data and the most sensitive parameters of the retrieval algorithm. Using two complementary data sets allowed for comprehensive analysis over spatial and temporal scales. While the campaign data set of high spatial coverage and density proved of value for site-specific determination of important algorithm parameters, the long-term network record enables the assessment of temporal trends. Consistent with worldwide findings, results show that SMOS well captures the temporalsoil moisture dynamics in the Skjern River Catchment. However, the retrieved soil moisture shows a constant dry-bias and exhibits a stronger precipitation response compared to the in situ measurements. In addition to the broadly discussed Radio Frequency Interferences (RFI) and a mismatch in sampling depth between in situ sensors and L-band emission depth, several inaccuracies in the algorithm could be located as most likely error sources at the Danish site. This includes the vegetation optical depth and surface roughness parameters,soil properties and the Dobson dielectric mixing model. This dissertation is not only a valuable contribution to SMOS validation, but can also be supportive for upcoming space missions such as NASA’s Soil Moisture Active and Passive,SMAP. Knowing the current caveats the use of SMOS data in regional and global modeling of water resources and climate can be initiated. Future work in the Skjern River Catchment will focus on the disclosed error sources, as well as the influence of organic layers by means of not yet explored campaign data.
Published: 2011

34. L-Band Relative Permittivity of Organic Soil Surface Layers-A New Dataset of Resonant Cavity Measurements and Model Evaluation.

Author: Bircher, Simone, Demontoux, François, Razafindratsima, Stephen, Zakharova, Elena, Drusch, Matthias, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, and Kerr, Yann H.
Subjects: *SOIL moisture, *HISTOSOLS, *CLIMATE change, *PERMITTIVITY, *ELECTRIC resistance
Abstract: Global surface soil moisture products are derived from passive L-band microwave satellite observations. The applied retrieval algorithms include dielectric models (relating soil water content to relative permittivity) developed for mineral soils. First efforts to generate equivalent models for areas where organic surface layers are present such as in the high-latitude regions have recently been undertaken. The objective of this study was to improve our still insufficient understanding of L-band emission of organic substrates in prospect of enhancing soil moisture estimations in the high latitudes undergoing most rapid climatic changes. To this end, L-band relative permittivity measurements using a resonant cavity were carried out on a wide range of organic surface layer types collected at different sites. This dataset was used to evaluate two already existing models for organic substrates. Some samples from underlying mineral layers were considered for comparison. In agreement with theory the bulk relative permittivity measured in organic substrate was decreased due to an increased bound water fraction (where water molecules are rotationally hindered) compared to the measured mineral material and corresponding output of the dielectric model for mineral soils used in satellite algorithms. No distinct differences in dielectric response were detected in the measurements from various organic layer types, suggesting a generally uniform L-band emission behavior. This made it possible to fit a simple empirical model to the data obtained from all collected organic samples. Outputs of the two existing models both based on only one organic surface layer type were found to lie within the spread of our measured data, and in close proximity to the derived simple model. This general consensus strengthened confidence in the validity of all these models. The simple model should be suitable for satellite soil moisture retrieval applications as it is calibrated on a wide range of organic substrate types and the entire wetness range, and does not require any auxiliary input that may be difficult to obtain globally. This renders it generically applicable wherever organic surface layers are present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2016
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35. The Sodankylä in situ soil moisture observation network: an example application of ESA CCI soil moisture product evaluation.

Author: Ikonen, Jaakko, Vehviläinen, Juho, Rautiainen, Kimmo, Smolander, Tuomo, Lemmetyinen, Juha, Bircher, Simone, and Pulliainen, Jouni
Subjects: SOIL moisture, REMOTE sensing, CLIMATE change, ARCTIC research stations
Abstract: During the last decade there has been considerable development in remote sensing techniques relating to soil moisture retrievals over large areas. Within the framework of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) a new soil moisture product has been generated, merging different satellite-based surface soil moisture based products. Such remotely sensed data need to be validated by means of in situ observations in different climatic regions. In that context, a comprehensive, distributed network of in situ measurement stations gathering information on soil moisture, as well as soil temperature, has been set up in recent years at the Finnish Meteorological Institute's (FMI) Sodankylä Arctic research station. The network forms a calibration and validation (CAL-VAL) reference site and is used as a tool to evaluate the validity of satellite retrievals of soil properties. In this paper we present the Sodankylä CAL-VAL reference site soil moisture observation network, its instrumentation as well as its areal representativeness over the study area and the region in general as a whole. As an example of data utilization, comparisons of spatially weighted average top-layer soil moisture observations between the years 2012 and 2014 against ESA CCI soil moisture data product estimates are presented and discussed. The comparisons were made against a single ESA CCI data product pixel encapsulating most of the Sodankylä CAL-VAL network sites. Comparisons are made with daily averaged and running weekly averaged soil moisture data as well as through application of an exponential soil moisture filter. The overall achieved correlation between the ESA CCI data product and in situ observations varies considerably (from 0.479 to 0.637) depending on the applied comparison perspective. Similarly, depending on the comparison perspective used, inter-annual correlation comparison results exhibit even more pronounced variation, ranging from 0.166 to 0.840. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2016
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36. Integrated approach for effective permittivity estimation of multi-layered soils at L-Band.

Author: Demontoux, Francois, Jonard, Francois, Bircher, Simone, Razafindratsima, Stephen, Schwank, Mike, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, and Kerr, Yann H.
Published: 2014
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37. RFI in SMOS measurements: Update on detection, localization, mitigation techniques and preliminary quantified impacts on soil moisture products.

Author: Richaume, Philippe, Soldo, Yan, Anterrieu, Eric, Khazaal, Ali, Bircher, Simone, Mialon, Arnaud, Bitar, Ahmad Al, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, Cabot, Francois, Kerr, Yann, and Mahmoodi, Ali
Published: 2014
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38. Electromagnetic characterization of organic-rich soils at the microwave L-band with ground-penetrating radar, radiometry and laboratory measurements.

Author: Jonard, Francois, Demontoux, Francois, Bircher, Simone, Razafindratsima, Stephen, Schwank, Mike, Weillermuller, Lutz, Lambot, Sebastien, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Kerr, Yann, and Vereecken, Harry
Published: 2014
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39. Comparison of Dobson and Mironov Dielectric Models in the SMOS Soil Moisture Retrieval Algorithm.

Author: Mialon, Arnaud, Richaume, Philippe, Leroux, Delphine, Bircher, Simone, Al Bitar, Ahmad, Pellarin, Thierry, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, and Kerr, Yann H.
Subjects: SOIL moisture measurement, MEASUREMENT of salinity, SEAWATER salinity, PERMITTIVITY, INFORMATION retrieval, PERFORMANCE evaluation, MATHEMATICAL models
Abstract: The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission provides global surface soil moisture over the continental land surfaces. The retrieval algorithm is based on the comparison between the observations of the L-band (1.4 GHz) brightness temperatures (TB) and the simulated TB data using the L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (L-MEB) model. The L-MEB model includes a dielectric model for the computation of the soil dielectric constant. Since the beginning of the mission, the Dobson model has been used in the operational SMOS algorithm. Recently, a new model of the soil dielectric constant has been developed by Mironov et al. and is now considered. This paper is the first evaluation of these two models based on the actual SMOS observations. First, both Dobson and Mironov models were modified to ensure that the SMOS retrieval algorithm converges to realistic soil moisture retrievals (symmetrization for negative soil moisture values was applied). Second, soil moisture was retrieved over several sites using both Dobson and Mironov models to compute the soil dielectric constant and were compared with in situ measurements. At a global scale, the use of the Mironov model leads to higher retrieved soil moisture than when using the Dobson model (0.033 m3/m3 on average). However, the comparisons of the two model output with in situ measurements over various test sites do not demonstrate a superior performance of one model over the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2015
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40. Soil moisture sensor calibration for organic soil surface layers.

Author: Bircher, Simone, Andreasen, Mie, Vuollet, Johanna, Vehviläinen, Juho, Rautiainen, Kimmo, Jonard, François, Weihermüller, Lutz, Zakharova, Elena, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, and Kerr, Yann H.
Subjects: *SOIL moisture, *REMOTE sensing, *CALIBRATION, *PERMITTIVITY, *DETECTORS, *HISTOSOLS
Abstract: This paper’s objective is to present generic calibration functions for organic surface layers derived for the soil moisture sensors Decagon ECH2O 5TE and Delta-T ThetaProbe ML2x, using material from northern regions, mainly from the Finnish Meteorological Institute’s Arctic Research Center in Sodankylä and the study area of the Danish Center for Hydrology (HOBE). For the Decagon 5TE sensor such a function is currently not reported in the literature. Data were compared with measurements from underlying mineral soils including laboratory and field measurements. Shrinkage and charring during drying were considered. For both sensors all field and lab data showed consistent trends. For mineral layers with low soil organic matter (SOM) content the validity of the manufacturer’s calibrations was demonstrated. Deviating sensor outputs in organic and mineral horizons were identified. For the Decagon 5TE, apparent relative permittivities at a given moisture content decreased for increased SOM content, which was attributed to an increase of bound water in organic materials with large specific surface areas compared to the studied mineral soils. ThetaProbe measurements from organic horizons showed stronger nonlinearity in the sensor response and signal saturation in the high-level data. The derived calibration fit functions between sensor response and volumetric water content hold for samples spanning a wide range of humus types with differing SOM characteristics. This strengthens confidence in their validity under various conditions, rendering them highly suitable for large-scale applications in remote sensing and land surface modeling studies. Agreement between independent Decagon 5TE and ThetaProbe time series from an organic surface layer at the Sodankylä site was significantly improved when the here-proposed fit functions were used. Decagon 5TE data also well-reflected precipitation events. Thus, Decagon 5TE network data from organic surface layers at the Sodankylä and HOBE sites are based on the hereproposed natural log fit. The newly derived ThetaProbe fit functions should be used for hand-held applications only, but prove to be of value for the acquisition of instantaneous large-scale soil moisture estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2015
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41. The Sodankylä in situ soil moisture observation network: an example application of ESA CCI soil moisture product evaluation.

Author: Ikonen, Jaakko, Vehviläinen, Juho, Rautiainen, Kimmo, Smolander, Tuomo, Lemmetyinen, Juha, Bircher, Simone, and Pulliainen, Jouni
Subjects: SOIL moisture, SOIL temperature, REMOTE sensing, CLIMATE change
Abstract: During the last decade there has been considerable development in remote sensing techniques relating to soil moisture retrievals over large areas. Within the framework of the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) a new soil moisture product has been generated, merging different satellite-based surface soil moisture based products. Such remotely sensed data need to be validated by means of in situ observations in different climatic regions. In that context, a comprehensive, distributed network of in situ measurement stations gathering information on soil moisture, as well as soil temperature, has been set up in recent years at the Finnish Meteorological Institute’s (FMI) Sodankylä Arctic research station. The network forms a calibration and validation (CAL–VAL) reference site and is used as a tool to evaluate the validity of satellite retrievals of soil properties. In this paper we present the Sodankylä CAL–VAL reference site soil moisture observation network, its instrumentation as well as its areal representativeness over the study area and the region in general as a whole. As an example of data utilization, comparisons of spatially weighted average top-layer soil moisture observations between the years 2012 and 2014 against ESA CCI soil moisture data product estimates are presented and discussed. The comparisons were made against a single ESA CCI data product pixel encapsulating most of the Sodankylä CAL–VAL network sites. Comparisons are made with daily averaged and running weekly averaged soil moisture data as well as through application of an exponential soil moisture filter. The overall achieved correlation between the ESA CCI data product and in situ observations varies considerably (from 0.479 to 0.637) depending on the applied comparison perspective. Similarly, depending on the comparison perspective used, inter-annual correlation comparison results exhibit even more pronounced variation, ranging from 0.166 to 0.840. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2015
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42. Assimilation of SMOS-derived soil moisture in a fully integrated hydrological and soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer model in Western Denmark.

Author: Ridler, Marc-Etienne, Madsen, Henrik, Stisen, Simon, Bircher, Simone, and Fensholt, Rasmus
Subjects: SOIL moisture measurement, SOIL infiltration measurement, SOIL testing, MEASUREMENT of salinity, SEAWATER salinity, HYDROLOGIC models
Abstract: Real surface soil moisture retrieved from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite is downscaled and assimilated in a fully integrated hydrological and soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (MIKE SHE SW-ET) model using a bias aware ensemble transform Kalman filter (Bias-ETKF). Satellite-derived soil moisture assimilation in a catchment scale model is typically restricted by two challenges: (1) passive microwave is too coarse for direct assimilation and (2) the data tend to be biased. The solution proposed in this study is to disaggregate the SMOS bias using a higher resolution land cover classification map that was derived from Landsat thermal images. Using known correlations between SMOS bias and vegetation type, the assimilation filter is adapted to calculate biases online, using an initial bias estimate. Real SMOS-derived soil moisture is assimilated in a precalibrated catchment model in Denmark. The objective is to determine if any additional gains can be achieved by SMOS surface soil moisture assimilation beyond the optimized model. A series of assimilation experiments were designed to (1) determine how effectively soil moisture corrections propagate downward in the soil column, (2) compare the efficacy of in situ versus SMOS assimilation, and (3) determine how soil moisture assimilation affects fluxes and discharge in the catchment. We find that assimilation of SMOS improved R2 soil moisture correlations in the upper 5 cm compared to a network of 30 in situ sensors for most land cover classes. Assimilation also brought modest gains in R2 at 25 cm depth but slightly degraded the correlation at 50 cm depth. Assimilation overcorrected discharge peaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2014
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43. Validation of SMOS L1C and L2 Products and Important Parameters of the Retrieval Algorithm in the Skjern River Catchment, Western Denmark.

Author: Bircher, Simone, Skou, Niels, and Kerr, Yann H.
Subjects: *SOIL moisture, *SEAWATER salinity, *RADIOMETERS, *BRIGHTNESS temperature, *WATERSHEDS
Abstract: The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite with a passive L-band radiometer monitors surface soil moisture. In addition to soil moisture, vegetation optical thickness \tauNAD is retrieved (L2 product) from brightness temperatures (TB, L1C product) using an algorithm based on the L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (L-MEB) model with initial guesses on the two parameters (derived from ECMWF products and ECOCLIMAP Leaf Area Index, respectively) and other auxiliary input. This paper presents the validation work carried out in the Skjern River Catchment, Denmark. L1C/L2 data and the most sensitive algorithm parameters were analyzed by network and airborne campaign data collected within one SMOS pixel (44 km diameter). The SMOS retrieval is based on the prevailing low vegetation class. For the L1C comparison, TB's were calculated from in situ soil moisture using L-MEB. Consistent with worldwide findings, the initial/retrieved SMOS soil moisture captures the in situ dynamics well but with significant wet/dry biases and too large amplitudes in case of the latter. While the initial \tauNAD is in range with an in situ estimate for low agricultural vegetation, the retrieved \tauNAD is too high with too pronounced temporal variability. A filter based on L2 criteria removed radio frequency interference (RFI) and improved the R^2 between retrieved and network soil moisture from 0.49 to 0.61, while the bias remained (-0.092/-\!0.087\ \m^3/\m^3). Likely error sources include the following: 1) still present RFI; 2) potential link between high retrieved \tauNAD and other L-MEB parameters, e.g., low roughness parameter (HR); 3) \sim18% lower sand and \sim8% higher clay fractions while \sim\!\!0.35\ \g/cm^3 lower bulk density in SMOS algorithm than in situ; and 4) caveats in the Dobson dielectric mixing model implemented in the L-MEB model. A previous study at the Danish validation site had revealed superior performance of the Mironov dielectric mixing model at the 2 \times 2 km scale. Studies are ongoing to address the aforementioned issues, and the role of organic surface layers will be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
Published: 2013
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44. SMOS after six years in operations: First glance at climatic trends and anomalies.

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Mahmoodi, Ali, Al Bitar, Ahmad, Mialon, Arnaud, Bircher, Simone, Molero, Beatriz, Richaume, Philippe, Cabot, Francois, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, Parrens, Marie, Al-Yaari, Amen, and Wigneron, Jean-Pierre
Published: 2016
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45. Estimation of Regional Groundwater Recharge Using Data from a Distributed Soil Moisture Network.

Author: Andreasen, Mie, Andreasen, Louise Andie, Jensen, Karsten H., Sonnenborg, Torben O., and Bircher, Simone
Subjects: GROUNDWATER recharge, SOIL moisture measurement, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Abstract: Calibrating one-dimensional soil "vegetation"atmosphere models against soil moisture measurements from stations arranged in a network representing the spatial variation in land use, precipitation, and soil texture has proved capable of providing reliable estimates of continuous groundwater recharge and actual evapotranspiration at land use and catchment scales. Regional groundwater recharge and actual evapotranspiration were estimated by calibrating the one-dimensional soil "vegetation" atmosphere transfer model Daisy against soil moisture measurements from 30 stations and at 3 depths located within a 1050 km² subcatchment of the Danish hydrological observatory HOBE. Thirty models were constructed considering the local climate, soil texture, land use, and field practice. First estimates of the hydraulic parameters were obtained from textural data using a pedotransfer function. On the basis of sensitivity analysis, hydraulic conductivity ks and van Genuchten parameter n were found to be most sensitive, and these two parameters were therefore subject to calibration at each site using the parameter estimation code PEST . From the calibrated models, the regional variation of evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge was predicted and tested against local measurements, giving annual catchment scale values of 474 and 505 mm, respectively, for the period 2009 to 2011. These values corresponded well with comparable field observations. Various formulations of effective parameterizations were tested. Effective parameters of ks and n for forest, heath, and agriculture found by autocalibration against average soil moisture measurements of the three land cover types provided evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge estimates comparable to individual field observations (stream gauge and eddy covariance [EC] data). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2013
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