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Background and Aims: The yield of surveillance colonoscopies for patients with a history of polyps is well established for first surveillance, but limited for second surveillance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the proportion of high-risk adenomas at second surveillance colonoscopy based on findings of previous colonoscopies., Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary hospital and patients who had undergone three colonoscopies were included. Based on the findings at index colonoscopy, patients were categorized into three groups: high-risk adenoma (n=252), low-risk adenoma (n=158) or no-adenoma (n=318). Findings of subsequent high-risk adenoma, low-risk adenoma and no adenoma at surveillance colonoscopies were documented in each group., Results: Among patients with high-risk adenoma at index and first surveillance colonoscopies, significantly higher rates of high-risk findings were found at second surveillance, compared with patients who had low-risk or no-adenoma at index colonoscopy and high-risk adenoma at first surveillance colonoscopy (58%, 33% and 10%, respectively, p<0.001)., Conclusions: Both index colonoscopy and first surveillance high-risk adenoma have an impact on incidence high-risk findings at second surveillance colonoscopy and these subjects need close surveillance., (Copyright © 2015 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Functional mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common finding in dilated cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling with LV size reduction and improvement in LV function is a well recognized phenomenon. We aimed to evaluate the impact of LV remodeling on the mechanism leading to functional MR., Methods: Among 188 patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, 10 patients significantly improved their LV function, reduced LV size and MR severity during follow-up (RRMR). A comparison was made between their baseline and follow-up echocardiographic examinations and to a matched-control group of patients who did not improve (no RRMR). LV and left atrium (LA) dimensions and volumes, LV mass (LVM), LV ejection fraction (LVEF) (Simpsons), sphericity index (SI), mitral valve tenting area (TA) coaptation distance (CD), effective regurgitant orifice (ERO), and regurgitant volume were calculated. Multivariable analysis was performed in order to evaluate which echocardiographic parameters related to MR improvement in reverse remodeling., Results: LV and LA dimensions and volumes, LVM, SI, TA, CD, ERO and right ventricle, in the RRMR group significantly decreased at follow-up (p < 0.04 for all). When compared to no RRMR, despite a similar ERO (0.2 ± 0.05 vs. 0.2 ± 0.08, p = 0.13) and a larger regurgitant volume (38 ± 9 vs. 29 ± 8 mL, p = 0.05) and despite similar clinical characteristics and medical treatment we found significantly higher LVEF, smaller LV dimensions and volumes, smaller LVM and SI in the RRMR group (p < 0.05 for all). On multivariable analysis the SI was the sole predictor of RRMR (p = 0.04, OR = 0.76, CI 0.58-0.99)., Conclusions: Reverse remodeling characterized by improvement in LV function, reduction in LV size and an associated reduction in MR severity is related to LV SI at baseline.

Background: Improvement in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) may occur in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)., Hypothesis: There are different implications of persistent versus transient improvement in LVEF among DCM patients receiving contemporary therapy., Methods: We studied 188 patients with nonischemic DCM. Persistent improvement in LVEF (PIEF) was defined as LVEF increase by at least 10% compared to baseline, and found in 2 separate echo-Doppler exams performed at least 12 months apart. Increased LVEF in echo 2, which was not sustained in echo 3, was defined as transient improvement in LVEF (TIEF)., Results: Over an average follow-up of 6.8 years, PIEF occurred in 61 (33%) patients, predicting a better long-term outcome (P < 0.001) in a combined end-point comprising death, heart transplantation, or the need for a ventricular assist device. The TIEF group had an intermediate course and were closer to nonimprovers (P = 0.003 vs PIEF). Multivariate logistic regression identified the following independent predictors of PIEF: shorter disease duration, pregnancy-associated disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, and baseline LVEF ≤ 25%. A score to predict PIEF assigned 1 point to each of the following: disease duration < 3 years and no familial cardiomyopathy; pregnancy-associated presentation; basal LVEF ≤ 25%; and left ventricular wall thickness ≥ 12. A score of ≥ 3 was present in 44% of the patients, reliably predicting PIEF in 91% (P = 0.01)., Conclusions: Persistent improvement in LVEF is associated with improved long-term prognosis. Baseline clinical parameters can be used to identify patients likely to demonstrate PIEF, thereby allowing tailored management in this population., (© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: Contemporary therapiesimprove prognosis and may restore left ventricular (LV) sizeand function., Objectives: To examine the prevalence, clinical features and therapies associated with reverse remodeling (RR) in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)., Methods: The study group comprised 188 DCM patients who had undergone two echo examinations at least 6 months apart. RR was defined as increased LV ejection fraction (LVEF) by > or = 10% concomitant with > or = 10% decreased LV end-diastolic dimension., Results: RR occurred in 50 patients (26%) and was associated with significantly reduced end-systolic dimension, left atrial size, grade of mitral regurgitation, and pulmonary artery pressure. NYHA class improved in the SRR group. RR was less common in familial DCM and a long-standing disease and was more prevalent in patients with prior exposure to chemotherapy. Recent-onset disease, Iower initial LVEF and normal electrocardiogram were identified as independent predictors of RR. Beta-blocker dose wasrelated to improved LVEF but not to RR. Over a mean follow-up of 23 months, 16 patients (12%) from the 'no-RR' group died or underwent heart transplantation compared to none from the RR group (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: Contemporary therapies led to an an improvement in the condition of a considerable number of DCM patients. A period of close observation while optimizing medical therapy should be considered before deciding on invasive procedures.

We consider an overdamped bistable oscillator subject to the action of a biharmonic force with very different frequencies, and study the response of the system when the parameters of the high-frequency force are varied. A resonantlike behavior is obtained when the amplitude or the frequency of this force is modified in an experiment performed by means of an analog circuit. This behavior, confirmed by numerical simulations, is explained on the basis of a theoretical approach.