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Abstract: This study aims at identifying the populations of filamentous fungi present on a Brazilian contemporary painting, whose conservation status was compromised and showed evident signs of deterioration by microbial action. In addition, to correlate the biodeterioration potential of the isolated fungal strains, cellulolytic activity testing was performed and, finally, the biocide treatment against microbial growth was carried out. A total of nine isolates of filamentous fungi were detected and three distinct taxa were identified: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum. The detection of the enzymatic activity of the isolates by cellulolytic plate assay revealed the potential of filamentous fungal species in causing the deterioration of paintings. Our results showed that the presence of each strain of filamentous fungi correlated with the distribution of the paint colour, suggesting a tropism of certain species for specific dyes used. In addition, strains of A. niger showed a lower enzymatic activity index, despite the aesthetic damage that this fungal specie caused on the artwork. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the identification of the microbiota obtained from the painting may help contrasting its biodeterioration and it described a successful antifungal treatment on a contemporary art piece. Contemporary art in Brazil arose from postmodernism, through the artistic manifestations included in the Neoconcrete Manifest of 1959, as well as with the use of innovative techniques. It was a consequence of the interaction between concept and language, displayed by the artists on a set of unconventional materials and objects. Despite being a 20th century painting, the concern of the artist to keep the art object in a good conservation state has driven the realization of this work and these microbial prospecting studies, associated with artwork deterioration, may contribute to the preservation of the Brazilian contemporary heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anastomotic leakage (AL) represents one of the most relevant complications of colorectal cancer surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging in the prevention of AL during laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 272 patients who underwent rectal and left colon surgery, consecutively enrolled between 2015 and 2019. Due to the heterogeneity of our groups, a propensity score matching (PSM) was performed with a 1:1 PSM cohort. Results. AL occurred in 36 (13.2%) patients. One hundred seventy-seven (65%) of them underwent an intraoperatory ICG test (ICG-group), whereas 95 patients (35%) did not receive the intraoperatory ICG test (no-ICG group). AL occurred in 10.8% of ICG group patients and in 17.8% of no-ICG group patients ( P = 0.07). The ICG group registered significantly less type B and type C fistulas than the no-ICG group (57.9 vs 88.2%; P = .043). After PSM, the overall AL rate was less in the ICG group than the no-ICG group (9.3% vs 16%; P = 0.058), while type B and type C fistulas occurred in 5.48% in the ICG group vs 13.70% in the no-ICG group ( P = 0.09). Univariate analysis demonstrated a protective effect of intraoperative ICG imaging against AL occurrence (odds ratio (OR: 0.66)). Conclusions. Hypoperfusion is a well-recognized cause of AL. The ICG assessment of colic vascularization is a simple, inexpensive, and side effects free method, which can sensibly reduce both overall AL and type B and type C fistulas when routinely used.

Background: The dysbiosis is defined as a disturbed symbiotic relationship between microbiota and the host and can cause a pro-inflammatory imbalance impairing the healing process at anastomotic level. The aim of this study is to detect, in fecal samples collected in the preoperative time, a peculiar microbiota composition that could predict the onset of colorectal anastomotic leakage., Materials and Methods: We compared gut microbiota of healthy patients (Group A) and patients with colorectal cancer eligible for surgery (Group B). Group B was divided into patients who developed anastomotic leak (Group BL) and patients who had uneventful recovery (Group BNL). Stool samples were collected before surgery and after neoadjuvant treatment., Results: We analyzed stool samples from 48 patients, 27 belonging to Group A and 21 to Group B. In Group B, five patients developed anastomotic leakage (Group BL). Compared to healthy subjects, Group B showed a moderate increase of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, a moderate reduction of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and a statistically significant reduction of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Group BL patients showed an array of bacterial species which promoted dysbiosis, such as Acinetobacter lwoffii and Hafnia alvei. Group BNL patients showed that bacterial species like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Barnesiella intestinihominis have a protective function., Conclusions: The bacterial flora in subjects with colorectal cancer is statistically different compared to healthy patients. The presence of preoperative aggressive bacteria and the lack of protective strains has strengthened the hypothesis that a peculiar microbiota composition could represent a risk factor for the occurrence of anastomotic leakage.

This study aimed to isolate and identify the population of filamentous fungi colonizing a cotton painting, whose conservation status was compromised and showed signs of biodeterioration due to dirt accumulation and microbial metabolism. In addition, microbiological techniques such as cultivation-dependent approach and molecular biology were used to identify microbial populations and to eliminate their metabolic action. For this, the nondestructive anoxic atmosphere technique was used, in which the microbial metabolism was affected by the absence of oxygen. Prior to exposure to an anoxic atmosphere, only one fungal species, Aspergillus niger , was identified at 12 points sampled in the obverse and reverse of the artwork; no fungal species persisted as a result of anoxic treatment. These results showed that exposure to anoxic conditions was effective for the total elimination of isolated fungal strains as well as their spores. In conclusion, this study proved the unprecedented effectiveness of a nondestructive technique for artwork on textile colonized by black fungi species. Thus, this interdisciplinary work involving conservation, microbiology, and chemistry presents a tool to eliminate microorganisms, while maintaining the integrity of artwork and safety of the restorer, that can be applied prior to artwork restoration.

Anastomotic leak (AL) is one of the worst complications of rectal anterior resection (RAR) and its incidence varies according to the anatomical site, increasing in lower anastomoses. Many etiological factors have been evaluated and most of these are related to bowel perfusion. Indocyanine green-enhanced fluorangiography (ICGf) has been proposed to help surgeons assess colonic perfusion with higher reliability than subjective clinical judgment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of this tool in patients subjected to elective laparoscopic RAR for extraperitoneal rectal cancer. All the patients subjected to elective laparoscopic RAR for extraperitoneal rectal cancer between May 2015 and January 2017 were considered. In all of them, ICGf was performed to evaluate bowel perfusion. The control group included an equal number of patients subjected to the same procedure from January 2014 to April 2015, before the start of routine use of this tool at our institution. The endpoint of the study was to compare the incidence of AL between the two groups. A total of 33 patients were included in both groups. Relying on fluorescence intensity in the indocyanine green (ICG) group, we changed the level of resection in 6/33 patients (18.2%). An AL developed in 2/33 patients (6%) in the ICG group versus in 7/33 patients (21.2%) in the control group. The routine use of this technique may help surgeons in selecting the best level of proximal bowel resection during RAR.

Purpose: Balloon-assisted coiling (BAC) has made the treatment of aneurysms with complex shape and broad neck possible, especially during the acute phase of hemorrhage. The authors present a prospective series of their preliminary experience with the TransForm occlusion balloon catheter (TOBC)., Methods: Between September 2015 to February 2016 a total of 20 patients underwent endovascular treatment assisted by TOBC of which 19 had 20 untreated aneurysms and 1 patient harboring a meningioma was submitted to balloon test occlusion (BTO). The TOBC was used to perform BAC and BTO for the treatment of vasospasms and to cross the neck of giant aneurysms (anchor technique). All data regarding the feasibility and safety of treatment with the device were collected prospectively., Results: All patients completed treatment according to the modality previously chosen. The balloon was employed solely for remodeling in 17 patients, for anchor technique in 2, for both remodeling and vasospasm angioplasty in 1 and for BTO in 1 patient. The balloon could be navigated to the target aneurysm in all cases. Evaluation of postoperative anatomical results indicated total occlusion in 13 (72.2 %) aneurysms, neck remnants in 4 (22.2 %) and residual sac filling in 1 (5.5 %). There were two (9.5 %) complications related to treatment, all thromboembolic. No technical complications were observed., Conclusion: The TOBC was shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms with BAC. In addition, it was successfully employed to perform angioplasty for vasospasm and BTO. Finally, it was used in the balloon anchor technique for the first time.