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14. 129Xe ultra-fast Z spectroscopy enables micromolar detection of biosensors on a 1 T benchtop spectrometer

Author

Chighine, Kévin, Léonce, Estelle, Boutin, Céline, Desvaux, Hervé, and Berthault, Patrick

Subjects
Electricity and magnetism, QC501-766, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

The availability of a benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer, of low cost and easily transportable, can allow detection of low quantities of biosensors, provided that hyperpolarized species are used. Here we show that the micromolar threshold can easily be reached by employing laser-polarized xenon and cage molecules reversibly hosting it. Indirect detection of caged xenon is made via chemical exchange, using ultra-fast Z spectroscopy based on spatio-temporal encoding. On this non-dedicated low-field spectrometer, several ideas are proposed to improve the signal.

Published
2021

21. $^{129}$Xe NMR-based biosensing on a benchtop spectrometer

Author

Chighine, Kévin, Léonce, Estelle, Boutin, Céline, Desvaux, Hervé, Berthault, Patrick, Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique (LCF) (LSDRM), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEISAM research institute, Palacin, Serge, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, [CHIM.MATE] Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, integumentary system, cardiovascular diseases, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, circulatory and respiratory physiology
Abstract

International audience; The nuclear polarization of noble gases, such as xenon, can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude through optical pumping, giving rise to very sensitive NMR probes. Moreover, due to its large and deformable electron cloud, xenon exhibits wide chemical shift range (more than 320 ppm for the monoatomic species) and is soluble in most biological fluids. It can be reversibly encapsulated in molecular host systems such as cage-molecules, decorated with ligands in order to target given receptors, and gives rise to sensitive detection of biological events. This two-step procedure, where the xenon host is first introduced and hyperpolarized xenon then delivered, benefits from the difference in resonance frequency between bound xenon and free xenon (in the gas phase or in the dissolved phase) [1]. This work has recently been published in Magnetic Resonance [2].

Published
2021

23. Predicting bee community responses to land-use changes: Effects of geographic and taxonomic biases

Author

De Palma, Adriana, Abrahamczyk, Stefan, Aizen, Marcelo A., Albrecht, Matthias, Basset, Yves, Bates, Adam, Blake, Robin J., Boutin, Céline, Bugter, Rob, Connop, Stuart, Cruz-López, Leopoldo, Cunningham, Saul A., Darvill, Ben, Diekötter, Tim, Dorn, Silvia, Downing, Nicola, Entling, Martin H., Farwig, Nina, Felicioli, Antonio, Fonte, Steven J., Fowler, Robert, Franzén, Markus, Goulson, Dave, Grass, Ingo, Hanley, Mick E., Hendrix, Stephen D., Herrmann, Farina, Herzog, Felix, Holzschuh, Andrea, Jauker, Birgit, Kessler, Michael, Knight, M. E., Kruess, Andreas, Lavelle, Patrick, Le Féon, Violette, Lentini, Pia, Malone, Louise A., Marshall, Jon, Pachón, Eliana Martínez, McFrederick, Quinn S., Morales, Carolina L., Mudri-Stojnic, Sonja, Nates-Parra, Guiomar, Nilsson, Sven G., Öckinger, Erik, Osgathorpe, Lynne, Parra-H, Alejandro, Peres, Carlos A., Persson, Anna S., Petanidou, Theodora, Poveda, Katja, Power, Eileen F., Quaranta, Marino, Quintero, Carolina, Rader, Romina, Richards, Miriam H., Roulston, T’ai, Rousseau, Laurent, Sadler, Jonathan P., Samnegård, Ulrika, Schellhorn, Nancy A., Schüepp, Christof, Schweiger, Oliver, Smith-Pardo, Allan H., Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf, Stout, Jane C., Tonietto, Rebecca K., Tscharntke, Teja, Tylianakis, Jason M., Verboven, Hans A. F., Vergara, Carlos H., Verhulst, Jort, Westphal, Catrin, Yoon, Hyung Joo, and Purvis, Andy

Published
2016
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30. 129Xe Ultrafast Z-spectroscopy enables micromolar detection of biosensors on a 1T benchtop spectrometer

Author

Chighine, Kévin, Léonce, Estelle, Boutin, Céline, Desvaux, Hervé, Berthault, Patrick, Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique (LCF) (LSDRM), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-17-LCV2-0002,DESIR,Détection Efficace et Sensible d'Intermédiaires Réactionnels par RMN(2017), ANR-19-CE19-0024,PHOENIX,Mesure du pH extracellulaire par RMN du Xenon-129(2019), Palacin, Serge, Détection Efficace et Sensible d'Intermédiaires Réactionnels par RMN - - DESIR2017 - ANR-17-LCV2-0002 - LabCom - VALID, and Mesure du pH extracellulaire par RMN du Xenon-129 - - PHOENIX2019 - ANR-19-CE19-0024 - AAPG2019 - VALID

Subjects
[CHIM.MATE] Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry
Abstract

International audience; The availability of a benchtop NMR spectrometer, of low cost and easily transportable, can allow detection of low quantities of biosensors, provided that hyperpolarized species are used. Here we show that the micromolar threshold can easily be reached, by employing laser-polarized xenon and cage-molecules reversibly hosting it. Indirect detection of caged xenon is made via chemical exchange, using ultrafast Z-spectroscopy based on spatio-temporal encoding. On this non-dedicated low-field spectrometer, several ideas are proposed to improve the signal.

Published
2021
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34. Xe Ultrafast Z-spectroscopy enables micromolar detection of biosensors on a 1T benchtop spectrometer

Author

Chighine, Kévin, Léonce, Estelle, Boutin, Céline, Desvaux, Hervé, Berthault, Patrick, Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique (LCF) (LSDRM), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), ANR-17-LCV2-0002,DESIR,Détection Efficace et Sensible d'Intermédiaires Réactionnels par RMN(2017), and ANR-19-CE19-0024,PHOENIX,Mesure du pH extracellulaire par RMN du Xenon-129(2019)

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry
Abstract

International audience; The availability of a benchtop NMR spectrometer, of low cost and easily transportable, can allow detection of low quantities of biosensors, provided that hyperpolarized species are used. Here we show that the micromolar threshold can easily be reached, by employing laser-polarized xenon and cage-molecules reversibly hosting it. Indirect detection of caged xenon is made via chemical exchange, using ultrafast Z-spectroscopy based on spatio-temporal encoding. On this non-dedicated low-field spectrometer, several ideas are proposed to improve the signal.

Published
2021

35. In vivo detection of carnosine and its derivatives using chemical exchange saturation transfer.

Author

Bardin, Solène, Lecis, Michele, Boido, Davide, Boutin, Céline, Baron, Giovanna, Aldini, Giancarlo, Berthault, Patrick, Boumezbeur, Fawzi, and Ciobanu, Luisa

Subjects
MAGNETIZATION transfer, CARNOSINE, CHEMICAL derivatives, OLFACTORY bulb, LEG muscles
Abstract

Purpose: To detect carnosine, anserine and homocarnosine in vivo with chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) at 17.2 T. Methods: CEST MR acquisitions were performed using a CEST‐linescan sequence developed in‐house and optimized for carnosine detection. In vivo CEST data were collected from three different regions of interest (the lower leg muscle, the olfactory bulb and the neocortex) of eight rats. Results: The CEST effect for carnosine, anserine and homocarnosine was characterized in phantoms, demonstrating the possibility to separate individual contributions by employing high spectral resolution (0.005 ppm) and low CEST saturation power (0.15 μ$$ \mu $$T). The CEST signature of these peptides was evidenced, in vivo, in the rat brain and skeletal muscle. The presence of carnosine and anserine in the muscle was corroborated by in vivo localized spectroscopy (MRS). However, the sensitivity of MRS was insufficient for carnosine and homocarnosine detection in the brain. The absolute amounts of carnosine and derivatives in the investigated tissues were determined by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry using isotopic dilution standard methods and were in agreement with the CEST results. Conclusion: The robustness of the CEST‐linescan approach and the favorable conditions for CEST at ultra‐high magnetic field allowed the in vivo CEST MR detection of carnosine and related peptides. This approach could be useful to investigate noninvasively the (patho)‐physiological roles of these molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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42. Inductively-Coupled Microcoils and Solution Flow for Increased NMR Sensitivity

Author

Carret, Guillaume, Berthelot, Thomas, Boutin, Céline, Berthault, Patrick, Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique (LCF) (LSDRM), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Innovation en Chimie des Surfaces et NanoSciences (LICSEN UMR 3685), Support from the French Ministry of Research (ANR17-LCV2-0002-01 LabCom DESIR) is acknowledged., Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), and Laboratoire Innovation en Chimie des Surfaces et NanoSciences (LICSEN)

Subjects
[CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry
Abstract

International audience; Inductively-Coupled Microcoils and Solution Flow for Increased NMR SensitivityGuillaume Carret, Thomas Berthelot, Céline Boutin, Patrick BerthaultNIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceTo circumvent the sensitivity problems inherent to slow return of magnetization to equilibrium in liquid-state NMR we present a 3D-printed NMR device based on a mini bubble-pump associated with fluidics and micro-detection that can be installed in every commercial liquid-state NMR probehead.It is based on the use of a closed-loop circuit ofthe solution near the NMR magnetic center, which presents two main advantages: i) pre-polarization is achieved for the whole solution volume, ii) this volume can be reduced to tens of microliters.

Published
2019

46. NMR Using Solution Flow Circuit and Inductively-Coupled Microcoils

Author

Berthault, Patrick, Carret, Guillaume, Boutin, Céline, Palacin, Serge, Détection Efficace et Sensible d'Intermédiaires Réactionnels par RMN - - DESIR2017 - ANR-17-LCV2-0002 - LabCom - VALID, Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique (LCF) (LSDRM), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), ANR-17-LCV2-0002,DESIR,Détection Efficace et Sensible d'Intermédiaires Réactionnels par RMN(2017), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, [CHIM.MATE] Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, [CHIM.THEO] Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry
Abstract

International audience; Investigation of systems in evolution such as chemical reactions via NMR can be rendered com-fortable if the intrinsic lack of sensitivity of this technique is circumvented and provided that quantitative data are obtained. Here we present an integrated device based on a 3D-printed mini bubble-pump associated with fluidics and micro-detection that overcomes the sensitivity problems inherent to slow return of magnetization to equilibrium in liquid-state NMR. The use of a closed-loop circuit of the solution near the NMR magnetic center presents two main advantages: pre-polarization is achieved for the whole solution volume, this volume can be reduced to tens of microliters. This device is installable into every commercial liquid probehead without modification; it is easily inserted from the top of the NMR magnet. A gas flow driven by a programmable syringe pump actuates a mini bubble-pump which leads to circulation of the liquid sample. A part of the solution circuit crosses the NMR detection region consisting of a micro-solenoid inductively coupled to the coil of the commercial probehead. In order to optimize this coupling a rod fixed on the upper part of the insert and ended by a Vernier placed on top of the magnet enables angular positioning of the micro-coil. The two resonance frequencies created by the coupling allow one to observe nuclei inaccessible with the host probe alone, or to study two different nuclei with the optimized detection allowed by the micro coil. To further increase the signal-to-noise ratio, this system can also be used to effi-ciently dispense gaseous species such as hyperpolarized xenon and parahydrogen to the solution. The performances of this device, in particular with cryoprobes, will be presented.

Published
2019

47. Following the growth of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in standard culture conditions using hyperpolarized $^{129}$Xe NMR

Author

Boutin, Céline, Léonce, Estelle, Berthault, Patrick, Carret, Guillaume, Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique (LCF) (LSDRM), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Palacin, Serge

Subjects
[CHIM.MATE] Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry
Abstract

International audience; Xenon has several interesting properties for the NMR study of biological cells: 1) its nuclear polarization can beboosted via optical pumping, which increases the detection sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. 2) It is nontoxicand soluble in biologic medium and crosses the plasma membrane while keeping its polarization. 3) It has a wide rangeof chemical shift which makes its NMR signature sensitive to fine cell changes. In particular with cell suspensions twodistinct signals are observed on the $^{129}$Xe NMR spectrum, corresponding to xenon in the bulk and xenon inside thecells. This has led to promising applications, such as the discrimination of cells sensitive and resistant to chemotherapy.In this work, we studied Saccharomyces Cerevisiae cells at different times of a culture via hyperpolarized $^{129}$Xe NMR(xenon was hyperpolarized using our home made optical pumping setup) and controlled the number of cells by themeasure of the optical density at 600 nm. For each time stage of the yeast culture, a sample was withdrawn and afterhyperpolarized xenon addition, the corresponding $^{129}$Xe spectra were analyzed in a 11.7 Tesla spectrometer: thechemical shift splitting, the in-out exchange rate and the proportion of xenon inside the cells were extracted andcompared with classical analyses using optical density. The evolution of the spectral signature of $^{129}$Xe in S. Cerevisae isdependent of the culture time as presented in the figure. Hypotheses of explanations will be presented.In parallel, new methodologies, compatible with narrow-bore NMR spectrometers, were developed to allow the in situ follow-up of cell cultures by NMR, using microfluidic system and micro-NMR detection. Surface treatment such as parylene coating was shown to increase biocompatibility

Published
2018

49. Effects of Low Doses of Herbicides on Different Endpoints in the Life Cycle of Nontarget Terrestrial Plants.

Author

Mathiassen, Solvejg K., Boutin, Céline, Strandberg, Beate, Carpenter, David, and Damgaard, Christian

Subjects
*EFFECT of herbicides on plants, *HERBICIDES, *ECOLOGICAL risk assessment, *PLANT species, *PLANT communities, *STANDARDIZED tests
Abstract

Herbicide drift may cause adverse effects on natural and seminatural plant communities, and it has been debated whether the current ecological risk assessments are adequate to protect nontarget terrestrial plant species. In the present study, 9 nontarget terrestrial plant species with different lifespans (3 annual/6 perennial) belonging to 6 different plant families were exposed to 4 herbicides with different modes of action at the vegetative (6–8 leaf) and reproductive (bud) stages separately. The plant tests were conducted under controlled conditions in 2 greenhouses, 1 located in Denmark and 1 in Canada. For both growth stages, effects were recorded on vegetative (above‐ground biomass 3 wk after treatment) and reproductive endpoints (number and germinability of seeds). In most cases, responses following exposure at the juvenile stage were greater than responses following exposure at the reproductive stage. For the combinations of herbicides and plant species included in the present study, we found that the sensitivities of vegetative and reproductive endpoints were equal, or else vegetative endpoints were more sensitive than reproductive endpoints. We also found that annual species were more sensitive than perennial species. The overall conclusions cover many different response patterns, and it is evident that some effects may not be found in the currently used standard tests. Generally, more pronounced effects were obtained in Denmark compared with Canada, highlighting the fact that even under standardized test conditions and following common guidelines, several uncontrollable factors can still induce variable results. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1389–1404. © 2021 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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50. 129Xe ultra-fast Z spectroscopy enables micromolar detection of biosensors on a 1 T benchtop spectrometer.

Author

Chighine, Kévin, Léonce, Estelle, Boutin, Céline, Desvaux, Hervé, and Berthault, Patrick

Subjects
BIOSENSORS, NMR spectrometers, POLARIZATION (Nuclear physics), OPTICAL pumping, CHEMICAL shift (Nuclear magnetic resonance), XENON
Abstract

The availability of a benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer, of low cost and easily transportable, can allow detection of low quantities of biosensors, provided that hyperpolarized species are used. Here we show that the micromolar threshold can easily be reached by employing laser-polarized xenon and cage molecules reversibly hosting it. Indirect detection of caged xenon is made via chemical exchange, using ultra-fast Z spectroscopy based on spatio-temporal encoding. On this non-dedicated low-field spectrometer, several ideas are proposed to improve the signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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