119 results on '"Budnik V"'
Search Results
2. Electrochemical Recovery of Silver from Lead Alloys in Chloride Melts
- Author
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Zarubitskii, O. G., Budnik, V. G., Omel'chuk, A. A., Melekhin, V. T., Opanasyuk, V. P., and Zakharchenko, N. F.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Coapproximation of functions convex on a disk by algebraic polynomials
- Author
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Budnik, V. G.
- Published
- 1994
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4. THE POST-SYNAPTIC T-SNARE GTAXIN FUNCTIONS DURING NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DEVELOPMENT AND REQUIRES THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR DISCS-LARGE: P.505
- Author
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Gorczyca, D., Thomas, U., Gundelfinger, E., Ashley, J., and Budnik, V.
- Published
- 2005
5. Cathodic Deposition of Copper-Indium Alloy from Trilonate-Tartrate Electrolyte
- Author
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Zarubitskii, O. G., Omel'chuk, A. A., Budnik, V. G., and Melekhin, V. T.
- Published
- 2002
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6. Diagnostic instruments for visual disorders
- Author
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Budnik, V. M., Gurov, A. S., Naumenko, I. Yu., Doronina, N. M., Strizhev, V. Yu., and Vagin, B. I.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
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7. DLG differentially localizes Shaker K+-channels in the central nervous system and retina of Drosophila
- Author
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Ruiz-Cañada, C., Koh, Y. H., Budnik, V., and Tejedor, F. J.
- Published
- 2002
8. FUNCTION AND REGULATION OF DLG/SAP90-LIKE MEMBRANE ASSOCIATED GUANYLATE KINASES AT A GLUTAMATERGIC MODEL SYNAPSE
- Author
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Thomas, U., Koh, Y.-H., Ebitsch, S., Garner, C. C., Budnik, V., and Gundelfinger, E. D.
- Published
- 1999
9. CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS OF THE DROSOPHILA TUMOR SUPPRESSOR AND SYNAPSE PROTEIN DLG
- Author
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Ebitsch, S., Thomas, U., Gorczyca, M., Budnik, V., and Gundelfinger, E. D.
- Published
- 1999
10. A new role of marketing and communication technologies in business and society: local and global aspects
- Author
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Khusainov, Ruslan, Adamovska, V., Afanasieva, O., Androsov, V., Antohov, A., Barylovych, O., Borysova, A., Bratishko Yu, Budnik, V., Buriak, R., Chernishova, L., Chervina, Y., Chetveryk, O., Danchenko, L., Derzhak, N., Drejeris Rolandas, Fedulova, L., Filippova, V., Galchynska Julia, Gladka, I., Illyashenko, N., Illyashenko, S., Kalugina, N., Karkalíková Marta, Kasatkin, D., Kasatkina, O., Kniazieva, O., Korniyko Ya, Korol, S., Kot Е, Kovalenko, O., Kovalska, N., Kovbatyuk, M., Kozub, V., Kropelnytska, S., Kucheruk, G., Kutlina, I., Larina, Y., Lutsii, K., Malinovska, O., Melnyk, N., Molodozhenia, M., Moroz, L., Nadyon, A., Nepokupna, T., Nesterenko, S., Nusinov, V., Okhrimenko, G., Pavuk Olga, Pedko, I., Piskorska, G., Posilkina, O., Prisuazhnuyk, A., Romakhova, O., Romanenko, L., Romanenko, O., Ryabchyk, A., Shalaeva Margarita, Shtal, T., Shtuler, I., Shulpina, N., Shypulina Yu, Smyrnov, I., Stepanenko, S., Tishchenko, O., Voychenko, T., Vusyatytska, M., Yakovenko, N., and Zhegus, O.
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- 2015
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11. An instrument for recording intraocular pressure
- Author
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Vinokurskii, S. A., Mitrofanov, O. P., Lytkina, V. S., Budnik, V. M., and Stetsin, A. A.
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- 1974
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12. Effect of flash duration on characteristics of xenon flashlamps
- Author
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Budnik, V. N., Kozlov, N. A., and Malashenkov, V. A.
- Published
- 1971
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13. Vesiclepedia:A Compendium for Extracellular Vesicles with Continuous Community Annotation
- Author
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Kalra, H., Simpson, R.J., Ji, H., Aikawa, E., Altevogt, P., Askenase, P., Bond, V.C., Borras, F.E., Breakefield, X., Budnik, V., Buzas, E., Camussi, G., Clayton, A., Cocucci, E., Falcon-Perez, J.M., Gabrielsson, S., Gho, Y.S., Gupta, D., Harsha, H.C., Hendrix, A., Hill, A.F., Inal, J.M., Jenster, G., Kramer-Albers, E.M., Lim, S.K., Llorente, A., Lotvall, J., Marcilla, A., Mincheva-Nilsson, L., Nazarenko, I., Nieuwland, R., Nolte-'t Hoen, E.N.M., Pandey, A, Patel, T., Piper, M.G., Pluchino, S., Prasad, T.S., Rajendran, L., Raposo, G., Record, M., Reid, G.E., Sanchez-Madrid, F., Schiffelers, R.M., Siljander, P., Stensballe, A., Stoorvogel, W., Taylor, D., Thery, C., Valadi, H., van Balkom, B.W.M., Vazquez, J., Vidal, M., Wauben, M.H.M., Yanez-Mo, M., Zoeller, M., Mathivanan, S., Strategic Infection Biology, Dep Biochemie en Celbiologie, Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, dB&C I&I, LS Celbiologie-Algemeen, Urology, Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Zurich, Mathivanan, Suresh, Strategic Infection Biology, Dep Biochemie en Celbiologie, Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, dB&C I&I, LS Celbiologie-Algemeen, ACS - Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, CCA -Cancer Center Amsterdam, and Laboratory Specialized Diagnostics & Research
- Subjects
human proteinpedia ,exosomal proteins ,delivery-system ,breast-milk ,url decay ,cells ,microvesicles ,update ,rna ,biogenesis ,QH301-705.5 ,Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy) ,610 Medicine & health ,Apoptosis ,Computational biology ,1100 General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Biology ,Vesiclepedia ,Exosomes ,Exosome ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Annotation ,0302 clinical medicine ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,1300 General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,2400 General Immunology and Microbiology ,Community Page ,ExoCarta ,Biology (General) ,Medicinsk bioteknologi (med inriktning mot cellbiologi (inklusive stamcellsbiologi), molekylärbiologi, mikrobiologi, biokemi eller biofarmaci) ,Biología y Biomedicina ,030304 developmental biology ,Uncategorized ,0303 health sciences ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,General Neuroscience ,Microvesicle ,Research ,2800 General Neuroscience ,Extracellular vesicle ,11359 Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM) ,Extracellular vesicles ,Microvesicles ,Compendium ,Cell biology ,Data sharing ,Databases as Topic ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Extracellular Space - Abstract
Vesiclepedia is a community-annotated compendium of molecular data on extracellular vesicles., Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membraneous vesicles released by a variety of cells into their microenvironment. Recent studies have elucidated the role of EVs in intercellular communication, pathogenesis, drug, vaccine and gene-vector delivery, and as possible reservoirs of biomarkers. These findings have generated immense interest, along with an exponential increase in molecular data pertaining to EVs. Here, we describe Vesiclepedia, a manually curated compendium of molecular data (lipid, RNA, and protein) identified in different classes of EVs from more than 300 independent studies published over the past several years. Even though databases are indispensable resources for the scientific community, recent studies have shown that more than 50% of the databases are not regularly updated. In addition, more than 20% of the database links are inactive. To prevent such database and link decay, we have initiated a continuous community annotation project with the active involvement of EV researchers. The EV research community can set a gold standard in data sharing with Vesiclepedia, which could evolve as a primary resource for the field.
- Published
- 2012
14. Characteristics of xenon flash lamps in short-flash operation
- Author
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Budnik, V. N., Kozlov, N. A., and Malashenkov, V. A.
- Published
- 1970
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15. Electrolytic preparation of lead powder in molten NaOH
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Zarubitskii, O. G., Zakharchenko, N. F., and Budnik, V. G.
- Published
- 1975
- Full Text
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16. DLGdifferentially localizesShaker K[sup +] -channels in the central nervous system and retina ofDrosophila.
- Author
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Ruiz-Cañada, C., Koh, Y. H., Budnik, V., and Tejedor, F. J.
- Subjects
ION channels ,NERVOUS system ,DROSOPHILA - Abstract
Subcellular localization of ion channels is crucial for the transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system. Here we show that Discs-Large (DLG), a member of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinases) family in Drosophila, co-localizes with Shaker potassium channels (Sh Kch) in most synaptic areas of the adult brain and in the outer membrane of photoreceptors. However, DLG is absent from axonal tracts in which Sh channels are concentrated. Truncation of the C-terminal of Sh (including the PDZ binding site) disturbs its pattern of distribution in both CNS and retina, while truncation of the guanylate kinase/C-terminal domain of DLG induces ectopic localization of these channels to neuronal somata in the CNS, but does not alter the distribution of channels in photoreceptors. I mmunocytochemical, membrane fractionation and detergent solubilization analysis indicate that the C-terminal of Sh Kch is required for proper trafficking to its final destination. Thus, several major conclusions emerge from this study. First, DLG plays a major role in the localization of Sh channels in the CNS and retina. Second, localization of DLG in photoreceptors but not in the CNS seems to depend on its interaction with Sh. Third, the guanylate kinase/C-terminal domain of DLG is involved in the trafficking of Shaker channels but not of DLG in the CNS. Fourth, different mechanisms for the localization of Sh Kch operate in different cell types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
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17. A festive champagne brunch.
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Crowther, L.S. and Budnik, V.
- Subjects
COOKING - Abstract
Presents a festive champagne brunch for six as a way to celebrate spring. Napoleon champagne cocktails; Creamy smoked salmon and dill tart; Spring salad; Other recipes. INSET: Bubbly grammar (terms used by champagne bottlers)..
- Published
- 1991
18. Logistical approach to managing ship’s reserves in water transport companies Логистический подход к управлению судовыми запасами на предприятиях водного транспорта
- Author
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Pylnov Dmytro O. and Budnik Victoriya A.
- Subjects
water transport companies reserves ,logistical approach ,cost of money in time ,запасы на судах водного транспорта ,логистический подход ,стоимость денег во времени ,Finance ,HG1-9999 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
The article reveals inapplicability of classical models of optimisation of the period and volume of supply of reserves when managing reserves at water transport ships due to a discrete nature of supplies, due to which scheduled supplies of reserves should be done during arrival/departure of the ship into/out of the port. The article justifies a possibility of gaining additional economic effect when introducing the factor of cost of money in time by means of maximisation of flows of money payment into classical logistical models of optimisation of a consignment of orders when organising supplies of reserves. It develops a logistical approach to optimisation of supplies of reserves at water transport ships with consideration of a pronounced discrete character of supplies. It justifies that the optimal period of supply of ship reserves, which minimise costs of supplies of reserves and maximise money receipts from the use of ship reserves, is the time of ship’s stay in ports visited, which maximum value of the indicator of intensity of money flow corresponds to.Выявлена неприменимость классических моделей оптимизации периода и объема поставки запасов при управлении запасами на судах водного транспорта вследствие дискретного характера поставок, в связи с которым очередные поставки запасов должны осуществляться в период прибытия/отбытия судна в порт/из порта. Обоснована возможность получения дополнительного экономического эффекта при введении в классические логистические модели оптимизации партии заказов фактора стоимости денег во времени за счет максимизации потоков денежных платежей при организации поставок запасов. Разработан логистический подход к оптимизации поставок запасов на судах водного транспорта с учетом выраженного дискретного характера поставок. Обосновано, что оптимальным периодом поставки судовых запасов, минимизирующим затраты поставки запасов и максимизирующим денежные поступления от использования судовых запасов, является время пребывания судна в портах следования, которому соответствует максимальное значение показателя интенсивности денежного потока.
- Published
- 2013
19. Mathematical modeling of energy processes in YAG:Er3+ lasers.
- Author
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Budnik, V. N., Gondra, A. D., Zhekov, V. I., Lobachev, V. A., Murina, T. M., Terent'ev, Yu I., and Shcherbakov, A. A.
- Published
- 1989
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20. Maximum input energy of tubular xenon lamps for discharges of 18 μsec duration.
- Author
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Budnik, V. N., Denisov, A. S., Kozlov, N. A., and Malashenkov, V. A.
- Published
- 1972
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21. Structure of an Arc-ane virus-like capsid.
- Author
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Budnik V and Thomson T
- Subjects
- Animals, Drosophila, Capsid, Neurons
- Published
- 2020
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22. Retrovirus-like Gag Protein Arc1 Binds RNA and Traffics across Synaptic Boutons.
- Author
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Ashley J, Cordy B, Lucia D, Fradkin LG, Budnik V, and Thomson T
- Subjects
- Animals, Biological Transport, Cells, Cultured, Cytoskeletal Proteins chemistry, Cytoskeletal Proteins genetics, Drosophila, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Gene Products, gag chemistry, Nerve Tissue Proteins chemistry, Nerve Tissue Proteins genetics, Neuromuscular Junction metabolism, Neuronal Plasticity, Peptide Hydrolases genetics, Peptide Hydrolases metabolism, Presynaptic Terminals physiology, Protein Binding, Protein Domains, Retroelements genetics, Cytoskeletal Proteins metabolism, Gene Products, gag genetics, Multivesicular Bodies metabolism, Nerve Tissue Proteins metabolism, Presynaptic Terminals metabolism, RNA, Messenger metabolism
- Abstract
Arc/Arg3.1 is required for synaptic plasticity and cognition, and mutations in this gene are linked to autism and schizophrenia. Arc bears a domain resembling retroviral/retrotransposon Gag-like proteins, which multimerize into a capsid that packages viral RNA. The significance of such a domain in a plasticity molecule is uncertain. Here, we report that the Drosophila Arc1 protein forms capsid-like structures that bind darc1 mRNA in neurons and is loaded into extracellular vesicles that are transferred from motorneurons to muscles. This loading and transfer depends on the darc1-mRNA 3' untranslated region, which contains retrotransposon-like sequences. Disrupting transfer blocks synaptic plasticity, suggesting that transfer of dArc1 complexed with its mRNA is required for this function. Notably, cultured cells also release extracellular vesicles containing the Gag region of the Copia retrotransposon complexed with its own mRNA. Taken together, our results point to a trans-synaptic mRNA transport mechanism involving retrovirus-like capsids and extracellular vesicles., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
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23. Getting mRNA-Containing Ribonucleoprotein Granules Out of a Nuclear Back Door.
- Author
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Parchure A, Munson M, and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Nucleus genetics, Cytoplasmic Granules genetics, Humans, Nuclear Envelope genetics, Nuclear Envelope metabolism, RNA, Messenger genetics, Ribonucleoproteins genetics, Active Transport, Cell Nucleus physiology, Cell Nucleus metabolism, Cytoplasmic Granules metabolism, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Ribonucleoproteins metabolism
- Abstract
A pivotal feature of long-lasting synaptic plasticity is the localization of RNAs and the protein synthesis machinery at synaptic sites. How and where ribonucleoprotein (RNP) transport granules that support this synthetic activity are formed is of fundamental importance. The prevailing model poses that the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the sole gatekeeper for transit of cellular material in and out of the nucleus. However, insights from the nuclear assembly of large viral capsids highlight a back door route for nuclear escape, a process referred to nuclear envelope (NE) budding. Recent studies indicate that NE budding might be an endogenous cellular process for the nuclear export of very large RNPs and protein aggregates. In Drosophila, this mechanism is required for synaptic plasticity, but its role may extend beyond the nervous system, in tissues where local changes in translation are required. Here we discuss these recent findings and a potential relationship between NE budding and the NPC., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2017
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24. A Tale of Two Inputs.
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Ashley J and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Drosophila, Homeostasis, Neurons, Neuronal Plasticity, Synapses
- Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Newman et al. (2017) image calcium events at single synapses of unanesthetized Drosophila larvae. Synaptic plasticity and homeostatic regulation of synapses is established to be input specific. Furthermore, plasticity forms involve selective recruitment of previously active or silent synapses., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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25. Lamin Mutations Accelerate Aging via Defective Export of Mitochondrial mRNAs through Nuclear Envelope Budding.
- Author
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Li Y, Hassinger L, Thomson T, Ding B, Ashley J, Hassinger W, and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Drosophila genetics, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Lamin Type A metabolism, Nuclear Envelope metabolism, RNA, Messenger metabolism, RNA, Mitochondrial, Aging, Drosophila physiology, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Lamin Type A genetics, Mutation
- Abstract
Defective RNA metabolism and transport are implicated in aging and degeneration [1, 2], but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. A prevalent feature of aging is mitochondrial deterioration [3]. Here, we link a novel mechanism for RNA export through nuclear envelope (NE) budding [4, 5] that requires A-type lamin, an inner nuclear membrane-associated protein, to accelerated aging observed in Drosophila LaminC (LamC) mutations. These LamC mutations were modeled after A-lamin (LMNA) mutations causing progeroid syndromes (PSs) in humans. We identified mitochondrial assembly regulatory factor (Marf), a mitochondrial fusion factor (mitofusin), as well as other transcripts required for mitochondrial integrity and function, in a screen for RNAs that exit the nucleus through NE budding. PS-modeled LamC mutations induced premature aging in adult flight muscles, including decreased levels of specific mitochondrial protein transcripts (RNA) and progressive mitochondrial degradation. PS-modeled LamC mutations also induced the accelerated appearance of other phenotypes associated with aging, including a progressive accumulation of polyubiquitin aggregates [6, 7] and myofibril disorganization [8, 9]. Consistent with these observations, the mutants had progressive jumping and flight defects. Downregulating marf alone induced the above aging defects. Nevertheless, restoring marf was insufficient for rescuing the aging phenotypes in PS-modeled LamC mutations, as other mitochondrial RNAs are affected by inhibition of NE budding. Analysis of NE budding in dominant and recessive PS-modeled LamC mutations suggests a mechanism by which abnormal lamina organization prevents the egress of these RNAs via NE budding. These studies connect defects in RNA export through NE budding to progressive loss of mitochondrial integrity and premature aging., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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26. This bud's for you: mechanisms of cellular nucleocytoplasmic trafficking via nuclear envelope budding.
- Author
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Fradkin LG and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus, Animals, Herpesviridae metabolism, Humans, Models, Biological, Ribonucleoproteins metabolism, Nuclear Envelope metabolism, Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) physically separates the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. While this barrier provides advantages, it also presents a challenge for the nuclear export of large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Decades-old dogma holds that all such border-crossing is via the nuclear pore complex (NPC). However, the diameter of the NPC central channel limits the passage of large cargos. Here, we review evidence that such large RNPs employ an endogenous NE-budding pathway, previously thought to be exclusive to the nuclear egress of Herpes viruses. We discuss this and other models proposed, the likelihood that this pathway is conserved, and the consequences of disrupting NE-budding for synapse development, localized translation of synaptic mRNAs, and laminopathies inducing accelerated aging., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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27. Extracellular vesicles round off communication in the nervous system.
- Author
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Budnik V, Ruiz-Cañada C, and Wendler F
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Neuroglia physiology, Cell Communication physiology, Extracellular Vesicles physiology, Nervous System cytology, Neurons physiology
- Abstract
Functional neural competence and integrity require interactive exchanges among sensory and motor neurons, interneurons and glial cells. Recent studies have attributed some of the tasks needed for these exchanges to extracellular vesicles (such as exosomes and microvesicles), which are most prominently involved in shuttling reciprocal signals between myelinating glia and neurons, thus promoting neuronal survival, the immune response mediated by microglia, and synapse assembly and plasticity. Such vesicles have also been identified as important factors in the spread of neurodegenerative disorders and brain cancer. These extracellular vesicle functions add a previously unrecognized level of complexity to transcellular interactions within the nervous system.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Nucleus to Synapse Nesprin1 Railroad Tracks Direct Synapse Maturation through RNA Localization.
- Author
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Packard M, Jokhi V, Ding B, Ruiz-Cañada C, Ashley J, and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Actins metabolism, Animals, Drosophila, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Microfilament Proteins genetics, Muscle Proteins genetics, Organogenesis physiology, Signal Transduction physiology, Cell Nucleus metabolism, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Microfilament Proteins metabolism, Muscle Proteins metabolism, Neuromuscular Junction metabolism, RNA metabolism, Synapses metabolism
- Abstract
An important mechanism underlying synapse development and plasticity is the localization of mRNAs that travel from the nucleus to synaptic sites. Here we demonstrate that the giant nuclear-associated Nesprin1 (dNesp1) forms striated F-actin-based filaments, which we dubbed "railroad tracks," that span from muscle nuclei to postsynaptic sites at the neuromuscular junction in Drosophila. These railroad tracks specifically wrap around immature boutons formed during development and in response to electrical activity. In the absence of dNesp1, mRNAs normally localized at postsynaptic sites are lacking and synaptic maturation is inhibited. This dNesp1 function does not depend on direct association of dNesp1 isoforms with the nuclear envelope. We also show that dNesp1 functions with an unconventional myosin, Myo1D, and that both dNesp1 and Myo1D are mutually required for their localization to immature boutons. These studies unravel a novel pathway directing the transport of mRNAs from the nucleus to postsynaptic sites during synaptic maturation. VIDEO ABSTRACT., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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29. Glial wingless/Wnt regulates glutamate receptor clustering and synaptic physiology at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.
- Author
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Kerr KS, Fuentes-Medel Y, Brewer C, Barria R, Ashley J, Abruzzi KC, Sheehan A, Tasdemir-Yilmaz OE, Freeman MR, and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, Drosophila, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Electrophysiological Phenomena physiology, Homeodomain Proteins genetics, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Immunohistochemistry, Microscopy, Confocal, RNA Interference physiology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Transfection, Neuroglia physiology, Neuromuscular Junction physiology, Receptors, Glutamate metabolism, Synapses physiology, Wnt Proteins physiology
- Abstract
Glial cells are emerging as important regulators of synapse formation, maturation, and plasticity through the release of secreted signaling molecules. Here we use chromatin immunoprecipitation along with Drosophila genomic tiling arrays to define potential targets of the glial transcription factor Reversed polarity (Repo). Unexpectedly, we identified wingless (wg), a secreted morphogen that regulates synaptic growth at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), as a potential Repo target gene. We demonstrate that Repo regulates wg expression in vivo and that local glial cells secrete Wg at the NMJ to regulate glutamate receptor clustering and synaptic function. This work identifies Wg as a novel in vivo glial-secreted factor that specifically modulates assembly of the postsynaptic signaling machinery at the Drosophila NMJ.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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30. Torsin mediates primary envelopment of large ribonucleoprotein granules at the nuclear envelope.
- Author
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Jokhi V, Ashley J, Nunnari J, Noma A, Ito N, Wakabayashi-Ito N, Moore MJ, and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Nucleus metabolism, Cells, Cultured, Drosophila, Dystonia metabolism, Humans, Molecular Chaperones genetics, Mutation, Nuclear Envelope ultrastructure, Molecular Chaperones metabolism, Nuclear Envelope metabolism, Ribonucleoproteins metabolism
- Abstract
A previously unrecognized mechanism through which large ribonucleoprotein (megaRNP) granules exit the nucleus is by budding through the nuclear envelope (NE). This mechanism is akin to the nuclear egress of herpes-type viruses and is essential for proper synapse development. However, the molecular machinery required to remodel the NE during this process is unknown. Here, we identify Torsin, an AAA-ATPase that in humans is linked to dystonia, as a major mediator of primary megaRNP envelopment during NE budding. In torsin mutants, megaRNPs accumulate within the perinuclear space, and the messenger RNAs contained within fail to reach synaptic sites, preventing normal synaptic protein synthesis and thus proper synaptic bouton development. These studies begin to establish the cellular machinery underlying the exit of megaRNPs via budding, offer an explanation for the "nuclear blebbing" phenotype found in dystonia models, and provide an important link between Torsin and the synaptic phenotypes observed in dystonia., (Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Regulation of postsynaptic retrograde signaling by presynaptic exosome release.
- Author
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Korkut C, Li Y, Koles K, Brewer C, Ashley J, Yoshihara M, and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Genetically Modified, Drosophila, Exosomes chemistry, Neuromuscular Junction chemistry, Neuromuscular Junction metabolism, Presynaptic Terminals chemistry, Synapses chemistry, Synapses metabolism, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Exosomes metabolism, Presynaptic Terminals metabolism, Signal Transduction physiology, Synaptic Potentials physiology, Synaptotagmins metabolism
- Abstract
Retrograde signals from postsynaptic targets are critical during development and plasticity of synaptic connections. These signals serve to adjust the activity of presynaptic cells according to postsynaptic cell outputs and to maintain synaptic function within a dynamic range. Despite their importance, the mechanisms that trigger the release of retrograde signals and the role of presynaptic cells in this signaling event are unknown. Here we show that a retrograde signal mediated by Synaptotagmin 4 (Syt4) is transmitted to the postsynaptic cell through anterograde delivery of Syt4 via exosomes. Thus, by transferring an essential component of retrograde signaling through exosomes, presynaptic cells enable retrograde signaling., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Integration of a retrograde signal during synapse formation by glia-secreted TGF-β ligand.
- Author
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Fuentes-Medel Y, Ashley J, Barria R, Maloney R, Freeman M, and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Genetically Modified, DNA-Binding Proteins genetics, DNA-Binding Proteins metabolism, Drosophila genetics, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Motor Neurons metabolism, Muscles metabolism, Neuromuscular Junction metabolism, Phosphorylation, Signal Transduction, Transcription Factors genetics, Transcription Factors metabolism, Drosophila metabolism, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Neuroglia metabolism, Neuromuscular Junction growth & development, Synapses physiology, Transforming Growth Factor beta metabolism
- Abstract
Glial cells are crucial regulators of synapse formation, elimination, and plasticity [1, 2]. In vitro studies have begun to identify glial-derived synaptogenic factors [1], but neuron-glia signaling events during synapse formation in vivo remain poorly defined. The coordinated development of pre- and postsynaptic compartments at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) depends on a muscle-secreted retrograde signal, the TGF-β/BMP Glass bottom boat (Gbb) [3, 4]. Muscle-derived Gbb activates the TGF-β receptors Wishful thinking (Wit) and either Saxophone (Sax) or Thick veins (Tkv) in motor neurons [3, 4]. This induces phosphorylation of Mad (P-Mad) in motor neurons, its translocation into the nucleus with a co-Smad, and activation of transcriptional programs controlling presynaptic bouton growth [5]. Here we show that NMJ glia release the TGF-β ligand Maverick (Mav), which likely activates the muscle activin-type receptor Punt to potently modulate Gbb-dependent retrograde signaling and synaptic growth. Loss of glial Mav results in strikingly reduced P-Mad at NMJs, decreased Gbb transcription in muscle, and in turn reduced muscle-to-motor neuron retrograde TGF-β/BMP signaling. We propose that by controlling Gbb release from muscle, glial cells fine tune the ability of motor neurons to extend new synaptic boutons in correlation to muscle growth. Our work identifies a novel glia-derived synaptogenic factor by which glia modulate synapse formation in vivo., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Exosomes go with the Wnt.
- Author
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Koles K and Budnik V
- Abstract
Exosomes, small secreted microvesicles, are implicated in intercellular communication in diverse cell types, transporting protein, lipid and nucleic acid cargo that impact the physiology of recipient cells. Besides the signaling function of exosomes they also serve as a mechanism to dispose obsolete cellular material.
1 Particularly exciting is the involvement of exosomal communication in the nervous system, as this has important implications for brain development and function. The properties of exosomes are also beginning to entice the biomedical community since they represent potentially novel avenues for the targeted delivery of customized exosome cargo, such as miRNAs, during disease. Our findings implicating exosomes in trans-synaptic communication emerged from the serendipitous observation that at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) the release of a signaling molecule, Wnt1/Wingless (Wg) and its binding partner Evenness Interrupted (Evi)/Wntless (Wls)/Sprint (Srt), were released by motorneurons in association with vesicles, which we postulated to be exosomes.2 In our most recent paper3 using in vivo analysis at the Drosophila NMJ as well as in cultured insect cells we formally demonstrate that Evi rides in exosomes that are released to the extracellular space and identify some of the players involved in their release. In addition, a proteomic analysis of exosomes highlights novel potential function of exosomes.- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Wnt signaling in neuromuscular junction development.
- Author
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Koles K and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Caenorhabditis elegans growth & development, Drosophila growth & development, Humans, Ligands, Neuromuscular Junction metabolism, Signal Transduction, Wnt Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
Wnt proteins are best known for their profound roles in cell patterning, because they are required for the embryonic development of all animal species studied to date. Besides regulating cell fate, Wnt proteins are gaining increasing recognition for their roles in nervous system development and function. New studies indicate that multiple positive and negative Wnt signaling pathways take place simultaneously during the formation of vertebrate and invertebrate neuromuscular junctions. Although some Wnts are essential for the formation of NMJs, others appear to play a more modulatory role as part of multiple signaling pathways. Here we review the most recent findings regarding the function of Wnts at the NMJ from both vertebrate and invertebrate model systems.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Nuclear envelope budding enables large ribonucleoprotein particle export during synaptic Wnt signaling.
- Author
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Speese SD, Ashley J, Jokhi V, Nunnari J, Barria R, Li Y, Ataman B, Koon A, Chang YT, Li Q, Moore MJ, and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Drosophila melanogaster ultrastructure, Humans, Larva metabolism, Larva ultrastructure, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal ultrastructure, Nuclear Envelope ultrastructure, Signal Transduction, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Drosophila melanogaster metabolism, Frizzled Receptors metabolism, Lamin Type A metabolism, Neuromuscular Junction metabolism, Nuclear Envelope metabolism, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Ribonucleoproteins metabolism
- Abstract
Localized protein synthesis requires assembly and transport of translationally silenced ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs), some of which are exceptionally large. Where in the cell such large RNP granules first assemble was heretofore unknown. We previously reported that during synapse development, a fragment of the Wnt-1 receptor, DFrizzled2, enters postsynaptic nuclei where it forms prominent foci. Here we show that these foci constitute large RNP granules harboring synaptic protein transcripts. These granules exit the nucleus by budding through the inner and the outer nuclear membranes in a nuclear egress mechanism akin to that of herpes viruses. This budding involves phosphorylation of A-type lamin, a protein linked to muscular dystrophies. Thus nuclear envelope budding is an endogenous nuclear export pathway for large RNP granules., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Mechanism of evenness interrupted (Evi)-exosome release at synaptic boutons.
- Author
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Koles K, Nunnari J, Korkut C, Barria R, Brewer C, Li Y, Leszyk J, Zhang B, and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Biological Transport physiology, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Drosophila melanogaster, Exosomes genetics, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins genetics, Membrane Proteins genetics, Myosin Type V genetics, Myosin Type V metabolism, Neuromuscular Junction genetics, Synaptic Vesicles genetics, rab GTP-Binding Proteins genetics, rab GTP-Binding Proteins metabolism, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Exosomes metabolism, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins metabolism, Membrane Proteins metabolism, Neuromuscular Junction metabolism, Synaptic Transmission physiology, Synaptic Vesicles metabolism
- Abstract
Wnt signaling plays critical roles during synaptic development and plasticity. However, the mechanisms by which Wnts are released and travel to target cells are unresolved. During synaptic development, the secretion of Drosophila Wnt1, Wingless, requires the function of Evenness Interrupted (Evi)/Wls, a Wingless-binding protein that is secreted along with Wingless at the neuromuscular junction. Given that Evi is a transmembrane protein, these studies suggested the presence of a novel vesicular mechanism of trans-synaptic communication, potentially in the form of exosomes. To establish the mechanisms for the release of Evi vesicles, we used a dsRNA assay in cultured cells to screen for genes that when down-regulated prevent the release of Evi vesicles. We identified two proteins, Rab11 and Syntaxin 1A (Syx1A), that were required for Evi vesicle release. To determine whether the same mechanisms were used in vivo at the neuromuscular junction, we altered the activity of Rab11 and Syx1A in motoneurons and determined the impact on Evi release. We found that Syx1A, Rab11, and its effector Myosin5 were required for proper Evi vesicle release. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis of synaptic boutons demonstrated the presence of multivesicular bodies, organelles involved in the production and release of exosomes, and these multivesicular bodies contained Evi. We also used mass spectrometry, electron microscopy, and biochemical techniques to characterize the exosome fraction from cultured cells. Our studies revealed that secreted Evi vesicles show remarkable conservation with exosomes in other systems. In summary, our observations unravel some of the in vivo mechanisms required for Evi vesicle release.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Inhibitory control of synaptic and behavioral plasticity by octopaminergic signaling.
- Author
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Koon AC and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Synapses physiology, Drosophila physiology, Neural Inhibition physiology, Neuronal Plasticity physiology, Neurons physiology, Octopamine metabolism, Receptors, Biogenic Amine metabolism, Synaptic Transmission physiology
- Abstract
Adrenergic receptors and their ligands are important regulators of synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity, but the exact mechanisms underlying their action are still poorly understood. Octopamine, the invertebrate homolog of mammalian adrenaline or noradrenaline, plays important roles in modulating behavior and synaptic functions. We previously uncovered an octopaminergic positive-feedback mechanism to regulate structural synaptic plasticity during development and in response to starvation. Under this mechanism, activation of Octß2R autoreceptors by octopamine at octopaminergic neurons initiated a cAMP-dependent cascade that stimulated the development of new synaptic boutons at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). However, the regulatory mechanisms that served to brake such positive feedback were not known. Here, we report the presence of an alternative octopamine autoreceptor, Octß1R, with antagonistic functions on synaptic growth. Mutations in octß1r result in the overgrowth of both glutamatergic and octopaminergic NMJs, suggesting that Octß1R is a negative regulator of synaptic expansion. As Octß2R, Octß1R functioned in a cell-autonomous manner at presynaptic motorneurons. However, unlike Octß2R, which activated a cAMP pathway, Octß1R likely inhibited cAMP production through inhibitory Goα. Despite its inhibitory role, Octß1R was required for acute changes in synaptic structure in response to octopamine and for starvation-induced increase in locomotor speed. These results demonstrate the dual action of octopamine on synaptic growth and behavioral plasticity, and highlight the important role of inhibitory influences for normal responses to physiological stimuli.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Vesiclepedia: a compendium for extracellular vesicles with continuous community annotation.
- Author
-
Kalra H, Simpson RJ, Ji H, Aikawa E, Altevogt P, Askenase P, Bond VC, Borràs FE, Breakefield X, Budnik V, Buzas E, Camussi G, Clayton A, Cocucci E, Falcon-Perez JM, Gabrielsson S, Gho YS, Gupta D, Harsha HC, Hendrix A, Hill AF, Inal JM, Jenster G, Krämer-Albers EM, Lim SK, Llorente A, Lötvall J, Marcilla A, Mincheva-Nilsson L, Nazarenko I, Nieuwland R, Nolte-'t Hoen EN, Pandey A, Patel T, Piper MG, Pluchino S, Prasad TS, Rajendran L, Raposo G, Record M, Reid GE, Sánchez-Madrid F, Schiffelers RM, Siljander P, Stensballe A, Stoorvogel W, Taylor D, Thery C, Valadi H, van Balkom BW, Vázquez J, Vidal M, Wauben MH, Yáñez-Mó M, Zoeller M, and Mathivanan S
- Subjects
- Apoptosis, Databases as Topic, Exosomes metabolism, Extracellular Space metabolism, Research
- Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membraneous vesicles released by a variety of cells into their microenvironment. Recent studies have elucidated the role of EVs in intercellular communication, pathogenesis, drug, vaccine and gene-vector delivery, and as possible reservoirs of biomarkers. These findings have generated immense interest, along with an exponential increase in molecular data pertaining to EVs. Here, we describe Vesiclepedia, a manually curated compendium of molecular data (lipid, RNA, and protein) identified in different classes of EVs from more than 300 independent studies published over the past several years. Even though databases are indispensable resources for the scientific community, recent studies have shown that more than 50% of the databases are not regularly updated. In addition, more than 20% of the database links are inactive. To prevent such database and link decay, we have initiated a continuous community annotation project with the active involvement of EV researchers. The EV research community can set a gold standard in data sharing with Vesiclepedia, which could evolve as a primary resource for the field., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. From synapse to nucleus and back again--communication over distance within neurons.
- Author
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Fainzilber M, Budnik V, Segal RA, and Kreutz MR
- Subjects
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus genetics, Active Transport, Cell Nucleus physiology, Animals, Cell Nucleus physiology, Neurons cytology, Signal Transduction physiology, Synapses physiology
- Abstract
How do neurons integrate intracellular communication from synapse to nucleus and back? Here we briefly summarize aspects of this topic covered by a symposium at Neuroscience 2011. A rich repertoire of signaling mechanisms link both dendritic terminals and axon tips with neuronal soma and nucleus, using motor-dependent transport machineries to traverse the long intracellular distances along neuronal processes. Activation mechanisms at terminals include localized translation of dendritic or axonal RNA, proteolytic cleavage of receptors or second messengers, and differential phosphorylation of signaling moieties. Signaling complexes may be transported in endosomes, or as non-endosomal complexes associated with importins and dynein. Anterograde transport of RNA granules from the soma to neuronal processes, coupled with retrograde transport of proteins translated locally at terminals or within processes, may fuel ongoing bidirectional communication between soma and synapse to modulate synaptic plasticity as well as neuronal growth and survival decisions.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Wnt signaling during synaptic development and plasticity.
- Author
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Budnik V and Salinas PC
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Neurogenesis physiology, Neuronal Plasticity physiology, Signal Transduction physiology, Synapses metabolism, Wnt Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
The formation of synaptic connections requires a dialogue between pre and postsynaptic cells to coordinate the assembly of the presynaptic release machinery and the postsynaptic receptive complexes. Signaling molecules of the Wnt family of proteins are central to this trans-synaptic dialogue. At the neuromuscular junction and central synapses, Wnts promote synaptic assembly by signaling to the developing pre and postsynaptic compartments. In addition, new studies reveal that expression of Wnt proteins and localization of their Fz receptors are regulated by neuronal activity. Importantly, Wnts mediates the synaptic changes induced by patterned neuronal activity or sensory experience in mature neurons. Here we review recent findings into the function of Wnt signaling at the synapse and its link to activity-dependent synaptic growth and function., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Autoregulatory and paracrine control of synaptic and behavioral plasticity by octopaminergic signaling.
- Author
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Koon AC, Ashley J, Barria R, DasGupta S, Brain R, Waddell S, Alkema MJ, and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Genetically Modified, Cyclic AMP metabolism, Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein metabolism, Drosophila, Homeostasis, Receptors, Biogenic Amine metabolism, Synaptic Transmission physiology, Hunger physiology, Motor Activity physiology, Motor Neurons metabolism, Neuronal Plasticity physiology, Octopamine metabolism, Synapses physiology
- Abstract
Adrenergic signaling has important roles in synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity. However, the underlying mechanisms of these functions remain poorly understood. We investigated the role of octopamine, the invertebrate counterpart of adrenaline and noradrenaline, in synaptic and behavioral plasticity in Drosophila. We found that an increase in locomotor speed induced by food deprivation was accompanied by an activity- and octopamine-dependent extension of octopaminergic arbors and that the formation and maintenance of these arbors required electrical activity. Growth of octopaminergic arbors was controlled by a cAMP- and CREB-dependent positive-feedback mechanism that required Octβ2R octopamine autoreceptors. Notably, this autoregulation was necessary for the locomotor response. In addition, octopamine neurons regulated the expansion of excitatory glutamatergic neuromuscular arbors through Octβ2Rs on glutamatergic motor neurons. Our results provide a mechanism for global regulation of excitatory synapses, presumably to maintain synaptic and behavioral plasticity in a dynamic range.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Preparation of late Drosophila embryonic fillets.
- Author
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Ramachandran P and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Culture Techniques, Drosophila cytology, Drosophila embryology, Histological Techniques methods, Oogonia cytology
- Abstract
Beyond the age of ~15 h (at 25°C), Drosophila embryos become impenetrable to aqueous fixatives and staining methods as a result of cuticle deposition. This problem can be overcome using flat or fillet preparations, as described in this protocol.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Preparation of early Drosophila embryonic fillets (before cuticle deposition).
- Author
-
Ramachandran P and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Drosophila cytology, Insect Proteins, Drosophila embryology, Histological Techniques methods, Oogonia cytology
- Abstract
This article describes the dissection of early Drosophila embryos to generate flat or fillet preparations. For the procedure, a modified chamber or well is designed using glass slides and sealant. Embryos are dissected by removing the chorionic (outer) membrane (performed outside the chamber) and then removing the vitelline (inner) membrane (performed inside the chamber and under saline).
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The role of Drosophila Lamin C in muscle function and gene expression.
- Author
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Dialynas G, Speese S, Budnik V, Geyer PK, and Wallrath LL
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Nucleus metabolism, Drosophila melanogaster anatomy & histology, Drosophila melanogaster genetics, Ecdysone metabolism, Lamin Type A genetics, Signal Transduction, Drosophila melanogaster physiology, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Lamin Type A metabolism, Muscles physiopathology
- Abstract
The inner side of the nuclear envelope (NE) is lined with lamins, a meshwork of intermediate filaments that provides structural support for the nucleus and plays roles in many nuclear processes. Lamins, classified as A- or B-types on the basis of biochemical properties, have a conserved globular head, central rod and C-terminal domain that includes an Ig-fold structural motif. In humans, mutations in A-type lamins give rise to diseases that exhibit tissue-specific defects, such as Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Drosophila is being used as a model to determine tissue-specific functions of A-type lamins in development, with implications for understanding human disease mechanisms. The GAL4-UAS system was used to express wild-type and mutant forms of Lamin C (the presumed Drosophila A-type lamin), in an otherwise wild-type background. Larval muscle-specific expression of wild type Drosophila Lamin C caused no overt phenotype. By contrast, larval muscle-specific expression of a truncated form of Lamin C lacking the N-terminal head (Lamin C DeltaN) caused muscle defects and semi-lethality, with adult 'escapers' possessing malformed legs. The leg defects were due to a lack of larval muscle function and alterations in hormone-regulated gene expression. The consequences of Lamin C association at a gene were tested directly by targeting a Lamin C DNA-binding domain fusion protein upstream of a reporter gene. Association of Lamin C correlated with localization of the reporter gene at the nuclear periphery and gene repression. These data demonstrate connections among the Drosophila A-type lamin, hormone-induced gene expression and muscle function.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Electron microscopy of Drosophila larval neuromuscular junctions.
- Author
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Ramachandran P and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Dissection, Larva ultrastructure, Muscles ultrastructure, Drosophila ultrastructure, Microscopy, Electron methods, Neuromuscular Junction ultrastructure
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Internalization and trafficking assay for Drosophila larvae.
- Author
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Ramachandran P and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate metabolism, Larva cytology, Larva metabolism, Protein Transport, Biological Assay methods, Drosophila melanogaster cytology, Drosophila melanogaster metabolism, Endocytosis
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Immunocytochemical staining of Drosophila larval body-wall muscles.
- Author
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Ramachandran P and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Dissection, Larva metabolism, Drosophila melanogaster metabolism, Immunohistochemistry methods, Muscles metabolism, Staining and Labeling methods
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Fm1-43 labeling of Drosophila larval neuromuscular junctions.
- Author
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Ramachandran P and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Dissection, Larva metabolism, Drosophila melanogaster metabolism, Neuromuscular Junction metabolism, Pyridinium Compounds metabolism, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds metabolism, Staining and Labeling methods
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Dissection of Drosophila larval body-wall muscles.
- Author
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Ramachandran P and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Larva anatomy & histology, Magnetics instrumentation, Dissection methods, Drosophila melanogaster anatomy & histology, Muscles anatomy & histology
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Activity paradigm to induce Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction growth.
- Author
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Ramachandran P and Budnik V
- Subjects
- Animals, Dissection, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Larva growth & development, Tissue Fixation, Drosophila melanogaster growth & development, Electrophysiology methods, Motor Activity physiology, Neuromuscular Junction growth & development
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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