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Abstract A design method of neural network adaptive interval observer for the continuous‐time unknown nonlinear system is proposed. The bounds of unknown nonlinear functions are described by the state and the input, so that the bounds of the nonlinear function vector are unmeasurable. Therefore, this method can be used to observe systems with higher degree of nonlinearity and any priori knowledge about systems. In this work, the hyper basis function neural network (HBFNN) is presented to estimate the boundary (including lower and upper bounds) of the unknown nonlinear function vector. Furthermore, the non‐negativity and stability of the error dynamic system are given, and the convergence and non‐negativity are also guaranteed. Compared with the traditional interval observer, the efficiency of the proposed approach is verified through a numerical simulation example.

In this paper, the H∞ control problem for a class of linear time-varying cyber-physical system (CPS) under randomly occurring hybrid attacks in a finite horizon is investigated. The hybrid attacks, including denial of service (DoS) attacks on both sensor-to-controller and controller-to-actuator communication channels and false data injection (FDI) attacks on sensors and actuators, aim to destroy the measurement data and control data in order to endanger the functionality of the closed-loop system. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between the attack injected signals and the controlled output, and to design the output feedback controller gains so that the H∞ performance of the closed-loop system is guaranteed over a given finite horizon, meanwhile, the impact of attack signals in the worst case on the linear quadratic performance can be reduced. In order to solve the above problems, both the methods of stochastic analysis and completing squares are utilized to establish the sufficient conditions for the existence of the desired controller, and a finite-horizon controller design algorithm is presented by solving two coupled backward recursive Riccati difference equations (RDEs) subject to some scheduled conditions. At last, the numerical simulation and experimental results are given out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

This paper focuses on the data-driven optimal attack strategy against state estimation in cyber-physical systems (CPSs). Different from the research on attack strategies of specific attack types, the proposed attack strategy addresses the optimal selection of attacked targets, which can combine with different attack types and produce greater threats to CPS. In particular, a causality analysis (CA) on the measurement data is first proposed to evaluate the significance of nodes (sensor groups) and help the implementation of the optimal node attack, since the system topology and parameters are not available to adversaries. On the one hand, a multivariate transfer entropy and several data preprocessing methods are employed to complete the CA between sensor groups qualitatively. On the other hand, three new indexes, e.g., driver degree, are defined to complete the CA quantitatively. Moreover, the theoretical basis for the proposed node attack is provided, in which the superiority of the node attack is proven from the view of observability. Finally, the case studies on the smart grid are illustrated to verify the superiority of the proposed attack strategy.

Previous studies have shown that the motion intention recognition for lower limb prosthesis mainly focused on the identification of performed gait. However, the bionic prosthesis needs to know the next movement at the beginning of a new gait, especially in complex operation environments. In this paper, an upcoming locomotion prediction scheme via multilevel classifier fusion was proposed for the complex operation. At first, two motion states, including steady state and transient state, were defined. Steady-state recognition was backtracking of a completed gait, which would be used as prior knowledge of motion prediction. In steady-state recognition, surface electromyographic (sEMG) and inertial sensors were fused to improve recognition accuracy; five typical locomotion modes were recognized by random forest classifier with over 97.8% accuracy. The transient state was defined as an observation period at the initial stage of upcoming movement, in which only the sEMG signal was recorded due to the limitation of sliding window length. LightGBM classifier was validated to outperform other methods in the accuracy and prediction time of transient-state recognition. Finally, a simplified HMM model based on prior knowledge and observation result was constructed to predict upcoming locomotion. The results indicated that the locomotion prediction was over 91% accuracy. The proposed scheme implements the locomotion prediction at the initial stage of each gait and provides critical information for the gait control of lower limb prosthesis.

Active prosthetic knees (APKs) are widely used in the past decades. However, it is still challenging to make them more natural and controllable because: (1) most existing APKs that use rigid actuators have difficulty obtaining more natural walking; and (2) traditional finite-state impedance control has difficulty adjusting parameters for different motions and users. In this paper, a flexible APK with a compact variable stiffness actuator (VSA) is designed for obtaining more flexible bionic characteristics. The VSA joint is implemented by two motors of different sizes, which connect the knee angle and the joint stiffness. Considering the complexity of prothetic lower limb control due to unknown APK dynamics, as well as strong coupling between biological joints and prosthetic joints, an adaptive robust force/position control method is designed for generating a desired gait trajectory of the prosthesis. It can operate without the explicit model of the system dynamics and multiple tuning parameters of different gaits. The proposed model-free scheme utilizes the time-delay estimation technique, sliding mode control, and fuzzy neural network to realize finite-time convergence and gait trajectory tracking. The virtual prototype of APK was established in ADAMS as a testing platform and compared with two traditional time-delay control schemes. Some demonstrations are illustrated, which show that the proposed method has superior tracking characteristics and stronger robustness under uncertain disturbances within the trajectory error in ± 0 . 5 degrees. The VSA joint can reduce energy consumption by adjusting stiffness appropriately. Furthermore, the feasibility of this method was verified in a human–machine hybrid control model.

In this paper, the sensor data is transmitted only when the absolute value of difference between the current sensor value and the previously transmitted one is greater than the given threshold value. Based on this send-on-delta scheme which is one of the event-triggered sampling strategies, a modified fault isolation filter for a discrete-time networked control system with multiple faults is then implemented by a particular form of the Kalman filter. The proposed fault isolation filter improves the resource utilization with graceful fault estimation performance degradation. An illustrative example is given to show the efficiency of the proposed method.

This paper is concerned with the filtering problem for both discrete-time stochastic linear (DTSL) systems and discrete-time stochastic nonlinear (DTSN) systems. In DTSL systems, an linear optimal filter with multiple packet losses is designed based on the orthogonal principle analysis approach over unreliable wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and the experience result verifies feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed linear filter; in DTSN systems, an extended minimum variance filter with multiple packet losses is derived, and the filter is extended to the nonlinear case by the first order Taylor series approximation, which is successfully applied to unreliable WSNs. An application example is given and the corresponding simulation results show that, compared with extended Kalman filter (EKF), the proposed extended minimum variance filter is feasible and effective in WSNs.

This paper is concerned with a reliable solution to the distributed estimation and control issues over hybrid two-tier industrial wireless sensor and actuator networks (IWSANs). It aims at applying wireless technology to industrial automation control domains in hash industrial environment. A main challenge in these application domains is that wireless communication channels must satisfy strict requirements of real time and reliability. Therefore, first, we propose a new interacting dual model (IDM) adaptive estimation algorithm to identify the unreliable wireless communication channels, and, second, to further enhance the accuracy and fault tolerance of state estimation for controlled plant, a federated multisensor estimation fusion approach is presented. Furthermore, considering that the IWSANs need commonly to be deployed over a vast geographical area, a distributed collaborative control strategy is adopted. Finally, an example of temperature control illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Energy efficient collaborative target tracking in a wireless sensor network (WSN) is considered. It is assumed that the distance estimates of range sensors are contaminated by distance-dependent multiplicative observation noises. The nonlinear measurement model leads to the application of a generalized unscented Kalman filtering (GUKF) tracking algorithm. Energy efficient operation is achieved by imposing an energy balance criterion to select a subset of sensors near the target to participate in collaborative tracking without compromising tracking performance. This is formulated as a multiobjective constrained optimization problem that minimizes both the state covariance of the GUKF algorithm and the variance of on-board residue energy of sensor nodes within the detection range of the target. An efficient, distributed, polynomial time heuristic algorithm that achieves a performance close to the optimal solution is proposed. Extended simulation results indicate that this proposed joint scheduling and tracking algorithm is capable of delivering desired tracking performance while significantly extending the WSN lifespan.

This paper is concerned with a containment problem of networked fractional-order system with multiple leaders under a fixed directed interaction graph. Based on the neighbor rule, a distributed protocol is proposed in delayed communication channels. By employing the algebraic graph theory, matrix theory, Nyquist stability theorem, and frequency domain method, it is analytically proved that the whole follower agents will flock to the convex hull which is formed by the leaders. Furthermore, a tight upper bound on the communication time-delay that can be tolerated in the dynamic network is obtained. As a special case, the interconnection topology under the undirected case is also discussed. Finally, some numerical examples with simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and correctness of the theoretical results.

Earlier works have investigated the problem of distributed estimation in wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) under packet loss. However, observation correlation was not utilized which can mitigate performance degradation due to packet loss. In this paper, the problem of distributed estimation in WSANs under packet loss and correlated observations is studied. In particular, an energy-efficient scheduling scheme for sensor-actuator and actuator-actuator coordinations is proposed based on the ordinary Kriging method. This method utilizes observation correlation by semivariogram modeling. Considering the tradeoff between estimation performance and energy efficiency of the scheduling scheme, an optimization problem is formulated. As it is difficult to derive the analytical expression of the solution to the optimization problem, a global search algorithm which integrates a genetic algorithm with a simulated annealing algorithm is designed to approximate the solution. The results show that the proposed scheduling scheme outperforms the inverse distance weighting method in terms of estimation performance. Moreover, the tradeoff between estimation performance and energy consumption exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]