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1. The PERCIVAL detector: first user experiments

Author

J. Correa, M. Mehrjoo, R. Battistelli, F. Lehmkühler, A. Marras, C. B. Wunderer, T. Hirono, V. Felk, F. Krivan, S. Lange, I. Shevyakov, V. Vardanyan, M. Zimmer, M. Hoesch, K. Bagschik, N. Guerrini, B. Marsh, I. Sedgwick, G. Cautero, L. Stebel, D. Giuressi, R. H. Menk, A. Greer, T. Nicholls, W. Nichols, U. Pedersen, P. Shikhaliev, N. Tartoni, H. J. Hyun, S. H. Kim, S. Y. Park, K. S. Kim, F. Orsini, F. J. Iguaz, F. Büttner, B. Pfau, E. Plönjes, K. Kharitonov, M. Ruiz-Lopez, R. Pan, S. Gang, B. Keitel, and H. Graafsma

Subjects
x-ray detectors, soft x-rays, ptychography, holographic imaging, xpcs, detectors, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798, Crystallography, QD901-999
Abstract

The PERCIVAL detector is a CMOS imager designed for the soft X-ray regime at photon sources. Although still in its final development phase, it has recently seen its first user experiments: ptychography at a free-electron laser, holographic imaging at a storage ring and preliminary tests on X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. The detector performed remarkably well in terms of spatial resolution achievable in the sample plane, owing to its small pixel size, large active area and very large dynamic range; but also in terms of its frame rate, which is significantly faster than traditional CCDs. In particular, it is the combination of these features which makes PERCIVAL an attractive option for soft X-ray science.

Published
2023
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2. P2M: A 2MPixel CMOS Image Sensor for Soft X-Ray Detection

Author

Ralf Menk, Kyung Sook Kim, L. Stebel, Heinz Graafsma, I. Sedgwick, U. Pedersen, A. Marras, Giuseppe Cautero, M. Zimmer, T. Nicholls, HyoJung Hyun, B. Boitrelle, Seungyu Rah, S. Lange, B. Marsh, J. Correa, F. Krivan, Kim Sh, Nicola Tartoni, Nicola Guerrini, G. Pinaroli, A. Greer, C. B. Wunderer, Manuela Kuhn, F. Orsini, Dario Giuressi, and I. Shevyakov

Subjects
CMOS sensor, business.industry, Computer science, Detector, Noise (electronics), Optics, CMOS, Quantum efficiency, Image sensor, ddc:620, business, Sensitivity (electronics), High dynamic range
Abstract

2019 26th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), Genoa, Italy, 27 Nov 2019 - 29 Nov 2019; ... IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings 51, 50 (2019). doi:10.1109/ICECS46596.2019.8964996, High brilliance synchrotrons and Free Electron Lasers (FELs) require high performing detector systems to realise their full potential. High dynamic range, low noise and high frame rate are all of great importance. In this paper we describe the P2M CMOS sensor, designed for soft X-ray detection at such facilities. We refer to previous work on test devices demonstrating a noise of 5Me- and quantum efficiency of >80% at 400eV (and with good sensitivity even below this value). Initial test results on the first Front Side Illuminated (FSI) 2 Megapixel device are also presented, and an outline of future work is described., Published by Inst. of Electr. and Electronics Engineers, New York, N.Y.

Published
2019
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3. Germanium (Compton) focal plane detectors for gamma-ray lenses

Author

Jürgen Knödlseder, Georg Weidenspointner, C. B. Wunderer, Nicolas Barrière, Steven E. Boggs, Hubert Halloin, Niels Lund, Andreas Zoglauer, Peter von Ballmoos, Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), APC - Cosmologie, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Martin J. L.Turner, Günther Hasinger, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)

Subjects
Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Instrumentation, Compton telescope, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Gamma ray, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Polarization (waves), 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Lens (optics), [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Cardinal point, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Focal Spot Size, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract

International audience; With focusing of gamma rays in the nuclear-line energy regime establishing itself as a feasible and very promising approach for high-sensitivity gamma-ray studies of individual sources, optimizing the focal plane instrumentation for gamma-lens telescopes is a prime objective. The detector of choice for a focusing nuclear-line spectroscopy mission would be the one with the best energy resolution available over the energy range of interest: Germanium. Using a Compton detector focal plane has three advantages over monolithic detectors: additional knowledge about (Compton) events enhances background rejection capabilities, the inherently finely pixellated detector naturally allows the selection of events according to the focal spot size and position and could enable source imaging, and Compton detectors are inherently sensitive to gamma-ray polarization. Suitable Ge-strip detectors that could be assembled into a sensitive high-resolution focal plane for a gamma-ray lens are available today. They have been extensively tested in the laboratory and flown on the Nuclear Compton Telescope balloon from Ft. Sumner in 2005. In the course of the ACT vision mission study, an extensive simulation and analysis package for Compton telescopes has been assembled. We leverage off this work to explore achievable sensitivities for different Ge Compton focal plane configurations - and compare them to sensitivities achievable with less complex detectors - as a step towards determining an optimum configuration.

Published
2006
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4. SPI/INTEGRAL in-flight performance

Author

Pierre Jean, P. Durouchoux, Gerald K. Skinner, G. G. Lichti, P. von Ballmoos, V. Schönfelder, Pol Leleux, Roland Diehl, Bonnard J. Teegarden, S. Schanne, Jürgen Knödlseder, Bertrand Cordier, Michel Casse, J. Matteson, P. A. Caraveo, G. Vedrenne, A. von Kienlin, P. Mandrou, Steven E. Boggs, Ph. Paul, C. B. Wunderer, Laurent Bouchet, Andrew W. Strong, Jean-Pierre Roques, R. Briet, F. Sanchez, and UCL - SC/PHYS - Département de physique

Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Germanium, Astrophysics, UNESCO::ASTRONOMÍA Y ASTROFÍSICA, Gamma-ray, Observatory, instrument, observations [gamma-ray], Observations, media_common, Physics, Spectrometer, INTEGRAL/SPI, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Detector, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrument, Dead time, Galactic plane, INTEGRAL/SPI [space telescope], ASTRONOMÍA Y ASTROFÍSICA::Cosmología y cosmogonia [UNESCO], Space telescope, Computational physics, Crab Nebula, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, UNESCO::ASTRONOMÍA Y ASTROFÍSICA::Cosmología y cosmogonia, ASTRONOMÍA Y ASTROFÍSICA [UNESCO]
Abstract

The SPI instrument has been launched on-board the INTEGRAL observatory on October 17, 2002. SPI is a spectrometer devoted to the sky observation in the 20 keV-8 MeV energy range using 19 germanium detectors. The performance of the cryogenic system is nominal and allows to cool the 19 kg of germanium down to 85 K with a comfortable margin. The energy resolution of the whole camera is 2.5 keV at 1.1 MeV. This resolution degrades with time due to particle irradiation in space. We show that the annealing process allows the recovery of the initial performance. The anticoincidence shield works as expected, with a low threshold at 75 keV, reducing the GeD background by a factor of 20. The digital front-end electronics system allows the perfect alignement in time of all the signals as well as the optimisation of the dead time (12%). We demonstrate that SPI is able to map regions as complex as the galactic plane. The obtained spectrum of the Crab nebula validates the present version of our response matrix. The 3 $\sigma$ sensitivity of the instrument at 1 MeV is 8 10$^{-7}$ph$\cdot$cm$^{-2}\cdot$s$^{-1}\cdot$keV$^{-1}$ for the continuum and 3 10$^{-5}$ph$\cdot$cm$^{-2}\cdot$s$^{-1}$ for narrow lines., Comment: 10 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in A&A (special INTEGRAL volume)

Published
2003

5. INTEGRAL/SPI ground calibration

Author

J. Kiener, Steven J. Sturner, P. von Ballmoos, V. Schönfelder, Jürgen Knödlseder, S. Crespin, Bonnard J. Teegarden, David Attié, Georg Weidenspointner, Pierre Leleux, Marie-Geneviève Porquet, G. Vedrenne, Bertrand Cordier, V. Tatischeff, Chris Shrader, F. Sanchez, A. von Kienlin, Ph. Paul, C. B. Wunderer, Philippe Laurent, M. Gros, Andrew W. Strong, Jean-Pierre Roques, P. Jean, G. Tauzin, Robert Georgii, S. Joly, Laurent Bouchet, P. Mandrou, G. G. Lichti, Y. André, Gerald K. Skinner, S. Schanne, Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse (CSNSM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), INTEGRAL, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Point source, [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation, Detectors, Spectrographs, Space vehicles, Gamma rays, Observations, Astrophysics, UNESCO::ASTRONOMÍA Y ASTROFÍSICA, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Source separation, Angular resolution, Spectral resolution, space vehicles: instruments, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ASTRONOMÍA Y ASTROFÍSICA::Astronomía óptica [UNESCO], instrumentation: spectrographs, Physics, Spectrometer, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, instrumentation: detectors, UNESCO::ASTRONOMÍA Y ASTROFÍSICA::Astronomía óptica, Antenna aperture, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Optical axis, Space and Planetary Science, business, ASTRONOMÍA Y ASTROFÍSICA [UNESCO], gamma rays: observations
Abstract

Three calibration campaigns of the spectrometer SPI have been performed before launch in order to determine the instrument characteristics, such as the effective detection area, the spectral resolution and the angular resolution. Absolute determination of the effective area has been obtained from simulations and measurements. At 1 MeV, the effective area is 65 cm^2 for a point source on the optical axis, the spectral resolution ~2.3 keV. The angular resolution is better than 2.5 deg and the source separation capability about 1 deg. Some temperature dependant parameters will require permanent in-flight calibration., Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in A&AL (INTEGRAL Special issue)

Published
2003
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6. SPI/INTEGRAL observation of the Cygnus region

Author

G. G. Lichti, F. Sanchez, J. Matteson, S. Schanne, V. Schönfelder, Roland Diehl, Elisabeth Jourdain, Michel Casse, P. Durouchoux, P. von Ballmoos, Gerald K. Skinner, A. von Kienlin, P. Jean, S. E. Boggs, C. B. Wunderer, Andrew W. Strong, Jürgen Knödlseder, G. Vedrenne, Jean-Pierre Roques, P. Mandrou, Laurent Bouchet, Bonnard J. Teegarden, Pierre Leleux, Bertrand Cordier, P. A. Caraveo, Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), UCL - SC/PHYS - Département de physique, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Spectrometer, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Gamma ray, FOS: Physical sciences, observations [gamma rays], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, physics [black hole], 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Space and Planetary Science, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, individual : Cyg X-1, Cyg X-3, EXO 2030+375 [X-ray stars], INTEGRAL : SPI [space telescope], Spectral analysis, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We present the analysis of the first observations of the Cygnus region by the SPI spectrometer onboard the Integral Gamma Ray Observatory, encompassing ${\sim}$ 600 ks of data. Three sources namely Cyg X-1, Cyg X-3 and EXO 2030+375 were clearly detected. Our data illustrate the temporal variability of Cyg X-1 in the energy range from 20 keV to 300 keV. The spectral analysis shows a remarkable stability of the Cyg X-1 spectra when averaged over one day timescale. The other goal of these observations is SPI inflight calibration and performance verification. The latest objective has been achieved as demonstrated by the results presented in this paper., Comment: 6 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in A&A (special INTEGRAL volume)

Published
2003

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