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34. Bonobos and chimpanzees remember familiar conspecifics for decades.

Author

Lewis, Laura S., Wessling, Erin G., Fumihiro Kano, Stevens, Jeroen M. G., Call, Josep, and Krupenye, Christopher

Subjects
RECOGNITION (Psychology), BONOBO, COLLECTIVE memory, LONG-term memory, CHIMPANZEES
Abstract

Recognition and memory of familiar conspecifics provides the foundation for complex sociality and is vital to navigating an unpredictable social world [Tibbetts and Dale, Trends Ecol. Evol. 22, 529-537 (2007)]. Human social memory incorporates content about interactions and relationships and can last for decades [Sherry and Schacter, Psychol. Rev. 94, 439-454 (1987)]. Long-term social memory likely played a key role throughout human evolution, as our ancestors increasingly built relationships that operated across distant space and time [Malone et al., Int. J. Primatol. 33, 1251-1277 (2012)]. Although individual recognition is widespread among animals and sometimes lasts for years, little is known about social memory in nonhuman apes and the shared evolutionary foundations of human social memory. In a preferential-looking eye-tracking task, we presented chimpanzees and bonobos (N = 26) with side-by-side images of a previous groupmate and a conspecific stranger of the same sex. Apes' attention was biased toward former groupmates, indicating long-term memory for past social partners. The strength of biases toward former groupmates was not impacted by the duration apart, and our results suggest that recognition may persist for at least 26 y beyond separation. We also found significant but weak evidence that, like humans, apes may remember the quality or content of these past relationships: apes' looking biases were stronger for individuals with whom they had more positive histories of social interaction. Long-lasting social memory likely provided key foundations for the evolution of human culture and sociality as they extended across time, space, and group boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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43. Differences in the Ability of Apes and Children to Instruct Others Using Gestures

Author

Grosse, Katja, Call, Josep, Carpenter, Malinda, and Tomasello, Michael

Abstract

In all human cultures, people gesture iconically. However, the evolutionary basis of iconic gestures is unknown. In this study, chimpanzees and bonobos, and 2- and 3-year-old children, learned how to operate two apparatuses to get rewards. Then, at test, only a human adult had access to the apparatuses, and participants could instruct her about how to obtain the rewards. Children frequently produced appropriate iconic gestures, but with the exception of one human-raised chimpanzee, great apes did not gesture iconically. However, chimpanzees pointed to a reward outside the apparatus in another experimental condition, showing their motivation and ability to communicate with the human to request it. They also manipulated a duplicate apparatus in appropriate ways, though it was unclear if they did this to communicate with the human. Although great apes may have some of the prerequisite skills involved, iconic gestures come naturally to humans in a way that they do not for great apes.

Published
2015
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46. Do chimpanzees reason logically?

Author

Engelmann, Jan M., Haux, Lou M., Völter, Christoph, Schleihauf, Hanna, Call, Josep, Rakoczy, Hannes, and Herrmann, Esther

Subjects
REASONING, LOGIC, CHIMPANZEES, INFERENCE (Logic), SYLLOGISM, DISJUNCTION (Logic)
Abstract

Psychologists disagree about the development of logical concepts such as or and not. While some theorists argue that infants reason logically, others maintain that logical inference is contingent on linguistic abilities and emerges around age 4. In this Registered Report, we conducted five experiments on logical reasoning in chimpanzees. Subjects (N = 16; 10 females; M = 24 years) participated in the same setup that has been administered to children: the two‐, three‐, and four‐cup‐task. Chimpanzees performed above chance in the two‐cup‐, but not in the three‐cup‐task. Furthermore, chimpanzees selected the logically correct option more often in the test than the control condition of the four‐cup‐task. We discuss possible interpretations of these findings and conclude that our results are most consistent with non‐deductive accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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49. The Evolution of primate short-term memory

Author

ManyPrimates, null, Aguenounon, Géraud, Allritz, Matthias, Altschul, Drew, Ballesta, Sébastien, Beaud, Alice, Bohn, Manuel, Bornbusch, Sally, Brandão, Angela, Brooks, James, Bugnyar, Thomas, Burkart, J. M., Bustamante, Lía, Call, Josep, Canteloup, Charlotte, Cao, Chuangshi, Caspar, Kai Robert, da Silva, Diana, de Sousa, Alexandra, DeTroy, Sarah, Duguid, Shona, Eppley, Timothy, Fichtel, Claudia, Fischer, Julia, Gong, Chi, Grange, James, Grebe, Nicholas, Hanus, Daniel, Haun, Daniel, Haux, Lou, Héjja-Brichard, Yseult, Helman, Annabella, Hernadi, Istvan, Hernandez-Aguilar, R. Adriana, Herrmann, Esther, Hopper, Lydia, Howard, Lauren, Huang, Lei, Huskisson, Sarah, Jacobs, Ivo, Jin, Zhiyong, Joly, Marine, Kano, Fumihiro, Keupp, Stefanie, Kiefer, Evelin, Knakker, Balázs, Kóczán, Katalin, Kraus, Larissa, Kwok, Sze Chai, Lefrançois, Marie, Lewis, Laura, Liu, Siyi, Llorente, Miquel, Lonsdorf, Elizabeth, Loyant, Louise, Majecka, Katarzyna, Maurits, Luke, Meunier, Hélène, Mobili, Flávia, Morino, Luca, Motes-Rodrigo, Alba, Nijman, Vincent, Ihomi, Caroline, Persson, Tomas, Pietraszewski, Dariusz, Reátiga Parrish, Juan, Roig, Anthony, Sánchez-Amaro, Alejandro, Sato, Yutaro, Sauciuc, Gabriela-Alina, Schrock, Allie, Schweinfurth, Manon, Seed, Amanda, Shearer, Caroline, Šlipogor, Vedrana, Su, Yanjie, Sutherland, Kirsten, Tan, Jingzhi, Taylor, Derry, Troisi, Camille, Völter, Christoph, Warren, Elizabeth, Watzek, Julia, Zablocki-Thomas, Pauline, Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa, University of St Andrews. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences, University of St Andrews. Centre for Social Learning & Cognitive Evolution, and University of St Andrews. ‘Living Links to Human Evolution’ Research Centre

Subjects
MCC, Phylogenetic analysis, BF Psychology, phylogenetic analysis, Psicologia de la cognició, BF, DAS, Cognition in animals, Memòria immediata, General Medicine, cognitive evolution, Primates -- Behavior, Primate cognition, primate cognition, Primats -- Hàbits i conducta, Cognitive psychology, Cognició en els animals, Cognitive evolution, Short-term memory
Abstract

* Correspondence should be addressed to Manuel Bohn (manyprimates@gmai l.com). Short-term memory is implicated in a range of cognitive abilities and is critical for understanding primate cognitive evolution. To investigate the effects of phylogeny, ecology and sociality on short-term memory, we tested the largest and most diverse primate sample to date (421 non-human primates across 41 species) in an experimental delayed-response task. Our results confirm previous findings that longer delays decrease memory performance across species and taxa. Our analyses demonstrate a considerable contribution of phylogeny over ecological and social factors on the distribution of short-term memory performance in primates; closely related species had more similar short-term memory abilities. Overall, individuals in the branch of Hominoidea performed better compared to Cercopithecoidea, who in turn performed above Platyrrhini and Strepsirrhini. Interdependencies between phylogeny and socioecology of a given species presented an obstacle to disentangling the effects of each of these factors on the evolution of short-term memory capacity. However, this study offers an important step forward in understanding the interspecies and individual variation in short-term memory ability by providing the first phylogenetic reconstruction of this trait’s evolutionary history. The dataset constitutes a unique resource for studying the evolution of primate cognition and the role of short-term memory in other cognitive abilities. Publisher PDF

Published
2022

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