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Author(s): Michela Panebianco [sup.1] , Tindara Caprì [sup.2] , Mariateresa Panebianco [sup.1] , Rosa Angela Fabio [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.10438.3e, 0000 0001 2178 8421, Department of Clinical and Experimental [...], The positivity effect can be defined as an age-related attentional preference for positive information. Previous research has investigated the positive effect through explicit measurements. To our knowledge, no study examined both implicit and explicit measurements. The main aim of the present study was to examine the positivity effect in older adults compared with younger adults, using both implicit and explicit measures. Fifty-nine younger (23 males and 36 females), age range 20-35, and 55 elderly (21 males and 34 females), age range 68-89, healthy adults participated in this study. As an explicit measure of the positivity effect, the index of optimism measured with the Life Orientation Test was used; as an implicit measure of the positivity effect, the Implicit Association Test was used. The results indicated that the older adults showed a higher optimism index than the younger adults. Also, the older adults showed a higher standardized difference on positive emotions compared with negative emotions, whereas the younger group showed an opposite trend. the present study confirms previous findings on positivity effect in the older adults and contributes preliminary evidence that suggests the positivity effect can be observed also when the experimental tasks do not explicitly address participants how processing the information and the task elicits an automatic processing of information.

Author(s): Rosa Angela Fabio [sup.1] , Giulia Picciotto [sup.1] , Tindara Caprì [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.10438.3e, 0000 0001 2178 8421, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, [...], The main aim of the present study was to examine the effects of psychosocial and cognitive stress on executive functions and automatic processes in healthy subjects. To achieve these purposes, we investigated whether cognitive stress impaired the controlled processing underlying cognitive flexibility, working memory and initial letter fluency performances, and whether social stress impaired both performance of executive processes and of semantic fluency. We employed the psychosocial stress paradigm in which cognitive assessment was superimposed on cognitive and social stressors soon after their introduction and was carried out concurrently while they were present. With reference to cognitive stress, we employed the dual-task paradigm that involves a primary task (performances related to executive functions and automatic task) and a secondary task (focusing attention and memorizing items in another cognitive task). Eighty-eight healthy subjects, between 18 and 30 years, participated in this study. They were randomly divided into three groups: two groups undergoing a stress procedure, respectively a cognitive stress group and a social stress group, and a control group. Results indicated that stress impaired cognitive flexibility, working memory and verbal fluency. Cognitive flexibility was affected to a greater extent by psychosocial stress than cognitive stress. This study suggests that the negative effects of stress on cognitive flexibility may be a consequence of the interplay between controlled and automatic processes.

Author(s): Tindara Caprì [sup.1] , Maria Cristina Gugliandolo [sup.1] , Giancarlo Iannizzotto [sup.2] , Andrea Nucita [sup.2] , Rosa Angela Fabio [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.10438.3e, 0000 0001 2178 8421, [...], Media usage is pervasive in young children and in parents. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of media usage on family functioning. To measure media usage we used the Media Usage Questionnaire (MUQ). To measure the family functioning we used the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES IV), in which balanced scores (cohesion and flexibility) reveal a healthy functioning, and unbalanced scores reveal a dysfunctional functioning (disengagement, enmeshment, rigidity and chaos). Both instruments were administered to a sample of 80 families with children aged from 1 to 8 years. Results indicated that family functioning was balanced when both parents and young children showed low levels of digital device usage, whereas family functioning was dysfunctional when parents showed high levels of media usage and they allowed children high usage too. The results are discussed in terms of implications for the analysis of risk of altered family functioning.

Author(s): Rosa Angela Fabio [sup.1] , Tindara Caprì [sup.1] , Caterina Buzzai [sup.1] , Rossella Campana [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.10438.3e, 0000 0001 2178 8421, Cognitive Empowerment Laboratory, Department of [...], With reference to the rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) framework model, the purpose of the present study was to develop a multidimensional scale regarding dysfunctional beliefs of young people, and to clarify its factor structure. In line with this purpose, the dysfunctional beliefs questionnaire (DBQ) was developed. It is composed of four subscales measuring self-criticizing, catastrophizing, demandingness and frustration intolerance. Results reveal that the DBQ shows a good four-factor structure that represents the four subscales of the theoretical framework model. Furthermore, this result demonstrates adequate internal consistency reliability and supports the validity of the DBQ in terms of construct convergent (assessed with the personality belief questionnaire) and divergent validity (assessed with intelligence and coping strategies). Findings also show that dysfunctional beliefs are negatively correlated with intelligence and blunting coping and partially correlated with monitoring coping. Clinical implications and the potential utility of examining the combined influence of other cognitive factors are highlighted.

Background/Objectives: Rett syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that can severely affect motor functioning, particularly walking. Previous training programs proposed treadmills as tools to increase walking endurance of patients with Rett syndrome, but these trainings did not include virtual reality (VR). The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a short treadmill training coupled to VR in girls with Rett syndrome. Methods: Nine patients with Rett syndrome underwent a 3-day treadmill walking program performed in semi-immersive VR. During the training, the happiness index and performance metrics were collected. At the end of the training parents filled out the Suitability Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ) and, when feasible, patients underwent a gait assessment. Results: All the subjects recruited performed the three GRAIL sessions and parents showed a good satisfaction and considered the integration of treadmill and VR a good possibility for future rehabilitative programs. Participants showed greater satisfaction in environments requiring walking and their attention increased during training sessions, hypothesizing the feasibility of longer trainings with treadmill and VR. Data collected from gait analysis provided insights, although preliminary, concerning differences in gait pattern amongst the recruited subjects. Conclusions: Despite the small sample size and limited training duration, the paper suggests that a walking training with a treadmill combined with VR can represent a new strategy for Rett rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Episodic autobiographical memory (EAM) has not been extensively investigated in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of this study was to examine EAM in school-age children with ADHD in reference to the encoding period: recent memories (previous school years) and remote memories (first years of life). Methods: A sample of 29 children with ADHD and 29 typically developing children, matched for age and gender, completed a questionnaire to assess EAM. These participants were recruited from an initial sample of 572 participants. Developmental differences in accessing and recalling specific personal events and episodic details in groups with ADHD were predicted. Results: The control group showed a typical trend of EAM with fewer remote and episodic memories than recent ones. The ADHD groups showed a general EAM deficit. More precisely, the ADHD-I group performed equally poorly on remote and recent EAMs, whereas the ADHD-C group showed a higher number of remote EAMs than recent ones. Conclusions: The findings suggest that EAM can be impaired in children with ADHD. Clinical and medicolegal implications of these results and the relation between age and childhood amnesia are discussed.

The aims of the present pilot study were two: a) to investigate if learning and exercise in a virtual reality (VR) environment was motivating and emotionally positive for subjects with Rett Syndrome (RTT), and b) to examine if the speed of motor reaction was higher in a virtual or concrete environment. To achieve these aims, specific VR environments were developed to stimulate motor skills. Seven subjects with RTT were tested in three experimental conditions. In the concrete condition, real stimuli were placed on the table and the participants were invited to reach the stimulus. In the 2D and 3D conditions, a computer was placed on the table, and, through the developed software, stimuli were shown in 2D and 3D environments. The virtual system was able to recognize the reaching movements of participants. Thus, the object shown in the virtual environment moved towards the participant when the participant tried to grasp it. Results indicated that in the virtual environment the participants were more motivated and emotionally more involved in the proposed exercises. The motor speed was lower in concrete and 2D conditions than 3D conditions. This pilot study shows preliminary evidence on the usability of VR for RTT in improving learning, motivation and motricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We agree with the author's working model, but we suggest that (a) the classical distinction between fast and slow processes as separable processes can be softened, and (b) human performance might result from an interplay between fast and slow processing and these processes may be mediated by systems that evolve to satisfy the need for operation in a complex environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Editorial: Computer vision and human behaviour to recognize emotions," explores the intersection of computer vision and human behavior in recognizing emotions. The authors discuss the potential of computer vision to automate tasks related to understanding emotions and human behavior. The article includes studies that compare facial emotion recognition systems, investigate emotion recognition by humans and machines, and explore facial emotion recognition in virtual reality environments. The authors emphasize the importance of responsible development and deployment of emotion recognition systems to ensure reliability, fairness, and privacy. [Extracted from the article]

Robot-assisted therapy (RAT) is a promising area of translational neuroscience for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). It has been widely demonstrated that this kind of advanced technological tool provides a reliable and efficient intervention for promoting social skills and communication in children with ASD. This type of treatment consists of a human-assisted social robot acting as an intervention mediator to increase competence and skills in children with ASD. Several social robots have been validated in the literature; however, an explicit technical comparison among devices has never been performed. For this reason, in this article, we provide an overview of the main commercial humanoid robots employed for ASD children with an emphasis on indications for use, pitfalls to be avoided, and recent advances. We conclude that, in the near future, a new generation of devices with high levels of mobility, availability, safety, and acceptability should be designed for improving the complex triadic interaction among teachers, children, and robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies investigated the effect of a structured and specific training for upper limb motor skills allowing complex movements such as reaching and grasping. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of motor training on attention, reaching skills, and stereotypies in patients with Rett syndrome (RTT). Methods: Twenty‐eight participants with RTT underwent cognitive and motor assessment to evaluate attention, reaching skills and stereotypies with an ABABABA design: before training (pre‐test phase), after a month of training (post‐test phase 1), after a month of the second training phase (post‐test phase 2) and at 1 month after the third training phase (post‐test phase 3). In all three B phases, participants received 30 minutes of motor training for 5 days a week over a 1‐month period. Results: Patients with RTT show long‐term improvements in seconds of attention and reaching skills and decreases in the intensity of stereotypies. Conclusions: This study suggests that motor abilities of participants with RTT can be improved with repeated, individual, well‐structured training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a debate about the measure of IQ in children with ADHD. Some studies report that, compared to static assessment procedures, dynamic assessment of intelligence can better measure cognitive modifiability and plasticity. The present study was designed to examine children belonging to different ADHD subtypes (inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, and combined) in terms of both static (WISC scores) and dynamic measures (Modifiability index). Thirty-four children (12 ADHD-I, 10 ADHD-H, and 12 ADHD-C) were compared to a sample of 27 typically developing children. Results indicate that only the inattentive and the combined subtypes, compared with the normative sample, show lower IQ scores. The ADHD-I group presents generally low WISC scores and ADHD-H presents generally high WISC scores. Moreover, the ADHD-C group shows a low static score and a high dynamic score, indicating a wide breadth of Vygotskian children's zone of proximal development. Static and dynamic measurements together can indeed be considered a comprehensive examination of intelligence levels in ADHD children and may be essential in predicting learning capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the number of students with dyslexia enrolled in Italian universities is constantly growing, their presence remains relatively limited. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the choices made by students with dyslexia in relation to university studies, and the underlying reasons for their choices. This study also compares these choices for students with and without dyslexia. In all, 440 high school students and their families agreed to take part in this project. Socio-demographic data was collected for the 47 students with dyslexia and 47 class-matched students without dyslexia, along with information on their current schools and their future educational plans. A specially developed questionnaire was used for the students, in combination with structured interviews with their families. The results show significant differences between these groups regarding both choices for university studies and the underlying motivations for these choices. Furthermore, certain psychological and emotional factors are implicated here in the decisions of the students with dyslexia regarding both university studies and their underlying reasons. Future research is needed to further investigate these factors in the educational choices of students with dyslexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review was to investigate the tools used to identify pain in patients who are non-communicative and therefore unable to communicate pain to their caregivers. A systematic review of the studies published with predetermined eligibility criteria was undertaken. A total of 32 studies were identified and reviewed. Among the articles included, we observed two different types of outcome measures: physiological and behavioral measurements. Eleven articles referred to physiological measurements and 20 referred to behavioral measurements, with one article referring to both types of measurements. All the papers described at least one instrument or measure, which was implemented to measure pain in non-communicative patients. The results confirmed the agreement among behavioral measurements of pain, while physiological measurements should be studied more in depth. This review suggests that the use of frequent items in each scale and in each physiological instrument may help healthcare professionals and caregivers to overcome the barrier of prognosis uncertainty and to identify patients that could benefit from their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Interactive School" project originated in a historical moment in which Italy and almost all countries in the world are experiencing and facing the fear of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) contagion. Many countries, including Italy, have imposed the closure of schools, universities, and all centers that host patients with Rett Syndrome (RTT), a rare disease that heavily impacts on autonomy, mobility, and some cognitive and communication abilities of the affected subjects. As a consequence, we decided to launch a remotely operated, Interactive School program specifically oriented to Rett patients, and in this article, we briefly provide a report of the ongoing activity. The Interactive School project exploits an easy-to-use technological system designed to be as acceptable as possible for families with RTT patients. We are currently using this system with positive feedback from both families and patients. This is encouraging and confirms the design and realization choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have found a delay in the development of facial emotion recognition and expression in children with an autism spectrum condition (ASC). Several interventions have been designed to help children to fill this gap. Most of them adopt technological devices (i.e., robots, computers, and avatars) as social mediators and reported evidence of improvement. Few interventions have aimed at promoting emotion recognition and expression abilities and, among these, most have focused on emotion recognition. Moreover, a crucial point is the generalization of the ability acquired during treatment to naturalistic interactions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two technological-based interventions focused on the expression of basic emotions comparing a robot-based type of training with a "hybrid" computer-based one. Furthermore, we explored the engagement of the hybrid technological device introduced in the study as an intermediate step to facilitate the generalization of the acquired competencies in naturalistic settings. A two-group pre-post-test design was applied to a sample of 12 children (M = 9.33; ds = 2.19) with autism. The children were included in one of the two groups: group 1 received a robot-based type of training (n = 6); and group 2 received a computer-based type of training (n = 6). Pre- and post-intervention evaluations (i.e., time) of facial expression and production of four basic emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, and anger) were performed. Non-parametric ANOVAs found significant time effects between pre- and post-interventions on the ability to recognize sadness [ t (1) = 7.35, p = 0.006; pre: M (ds) = 4.58 (0.51); post: M (ds) = 5], and to express happiness [ t (1) = 5.72, p = 0.016; pre: M (ds) = 3.25 (1.81); post: M (ds) = 4.25 (1.76)], and sadness [ t (1) = 10.89, p < 0; pre: M (ds) = 1.5 (1.32); post: M (ds) = 3.42 (1.78)]. The group*time interactions were significant for fear [ t (1) = 1.019, p = 0.03] and anger expression [ t (1) = 1.039, p = 0.03]. However, Mann–Whitney comparisons did not show significant differences between robot-based and computer-based training. Finally, no difference was found in the levels of engagement comparing the two groups in terms of the number of voice prompts given during interventions. Albeit the results are preliminary and should be interpreted with caution, this study suggests that two types of technology-based training, one mediated via a humanoid robot and the other via a pre-settled video of a peer, perform similarly in promoting facial recognition and expression of basic emotions in children with an ASC. The findings represent the first step to generalize the abilities acquired in a laboratory-trained situation to naturalistic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the Wellbeing and Emotional Activities (WEA) project was to sustain families, to reduce the impact of COVID-19 and to create web meetings using Microsoft Teams during which children with muscular dystrophies could interact, have fun and learn. The goals of this study were to compare the perception of service users, both from the point of view of parents and children, measured with a users' satisfaction questionnaire, and to correlate if the level of satisfaction of the children could be correlated to trait self-concepts of the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. Eleven children with neuromuscular disorders participated in the project. The WEA program included 12 web meetings, consisting of 1 hour, 3 times a week over a 1-month period. It included game activities aimed at enhancing cognitive functions, promoting critical thinking and managing emotions. Results indicated that both children and parents perceived the same level of satisfaction. Correlations between children's satisfaction in life and the self-concept scale were found. This study highlights the benefits and disadvantages of the use of a WEA web-based program from the service users' perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the context of telerehabilitation, serious games have a significant role, but creating software for serious games is resource demanding. We present Proteo, a modular and open-source framework for developing serious games from scratch. We also present two serious game implementation examples with analysis of end user and therapist/researcher satisfaction. By involving a group of 11 specialized therapists and 9 end users we analyzed the Proteo's user satisfaction. We found that both groups scored high for the level of involvement, and the therapists scored also high for the level of suitability. More in depth, both groups showed significant differences between positive and negative feelings, with positive feelings scoring higher than negative ones. Finally, the user level of suitability was reported as high while the difficulty of the system and the difficulty of the task were reported as low. Proteo has proven to be a useful tool to develop serious games for telerehabilitation and has been well accepted by the users involved in the evaluation tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The closure of all educational institutions and most rehabilitation centres represents a precautionary measure to face the COVID-19 pandemic, but the isolation and social distancing may be particularly challenging for children with special needs and disabilities (SEND), such as Rett Syndrome (RTT). The main aim of this study was to promote cognitive and social interactions among children with RTT through an interactive school program. Methods: The Interactive School palimpsest was composed of moments in which a teacher spoke directly to children with RTT and expected a response through eye gaze, and moments in which storeys-cartoon were presented while tracking the eye gaze of children. We investigated behavioural, social and cognitive parameters. Results: Children participated in both social and cognitive tasks with the spontaneous reduction of stereotypies and with increase in attention. They recalled more significant indexes when music or a song was presented together with a cartoon or a cognitive task. Conclusions: This study provides initial insights in promoting cognitive and social interactions and in the support needs of families with a child with RTT during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, much attention has been paid to motor impairment of persons with Rett Syndrome (RTT), with increasing literature aimed to describe gross motor functioning and musculoskeletal disorders of the RTT population. The aim of this systematic review is to describe clinical evaluation tools used in the last decade to assess motor functioning and musculoskeletal abnormalities of patients with RTT. Thirty-four studies were reviewed and 20 tools were presented. Results showed that only two tools were used to measure functional change after rehabilitative or therapeutic interventions. This review underlies the lack of adequate evaluation tools to assess musculoskeletal abnormalities and deformities in RTT population. The absence of these assessments could be due to a statistical difficulty as it is challenging to build an evaluation tool that can score the entities of the abnormalities related to the amount of disability they cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Several studies agree on the link between attention and eye movements during reading. It has been well established that attention and working memory (WM) interact. A question that could be addressed to better understand these relationships is: to what extent can an attention deficit affect eye movements and, consequently, remembering a word? The main aims of the present study were (1) to compare visual patterns of word stimuli between children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and typically developing (TD) children, during a visual task on word stimuli; (2) to examine the WM accuracy of the word stimuli; and (3) to compare the dynamic of visual scan path in both groups. Method: A total of 49 children with ADHD, age and sex matched with 32 TD children, were recruited. We used eye-tracking technology in which the Word Memory Test was implemented. To highlight the scan path of participants, two measures were used: the ordered direction of reading and the entropy index. Results: ADHD groups showed a poorer WM than TD group. They did not follow a typical scan path across the words compared with TD children, but their visual scanning was discontinuous, uncoordinated, and chaotic. ADHD groups showed an index of entropy among the four categories of saccades higher than TD group. Conclusions: The findings were discussed in light of two directions: the relationship between atypical visual scan path and WM and the training implications related to the necessity of redirecting the dynamic of visual scan path in ADHD to improve WM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cognitive psychology, classical approaches categorize automatic and controlled processes from a dichotomous point of view. Automatic processes are believed to be rigid, whereas controlled processes are thought to be flexible. New theories have softened this dichotomous view. The aim of the present study is to examine the possibility of implementing flexibility in automatic processing through reliance on contextual features. One hundred and twenty subjects (mean age 22.4, SD = 4.2), 60 male and 60 female, participated in this study. An automatic sequence task (with and without contextual features) was used to test flexibility in automatic processing. Results showed that the use of contextual cues can increase flexibility in automatic processes. The results are discussed in light of new theories on softened automaticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined both children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing students in dynamic measures of intelligence through the use of a virtual avatar. Three conditions were compared: in the first condition, the avatar simply gave the instructions; in the second condition, the avatar presented the instructions and gave feedback on the attention of the learner; in the third condition, the avatar was not presented. Results indicated that ADHD subtypes do not differ in problem solving and the interactive avatar improved the performance of groups with ADHD in the dynamic intelligence test. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that the function of regulation and feedback of the avatar improve the attention process and, consequently, boosts performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the introduction of mobile computing devices, the way people listen to music has changed considerably. Although there is a broad scientific consensus on the fact that people show music preferences and make music choices based on their feelings and emotions, the sources of such preferences and choices are still debated. The main aim of this study is to understand whether listening in ecological (mobile) contexts differs from listening in non-mobile contexts in terms of the elicited emotive response. A total of 328 participants listen to 100 classical music tracks, available through an ad-hoc mobile application for mobile devices. The participants were asked to report their self-evaluation of each of the tracks, according to the Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance model and filled out a questionnaire about their listening behaviour. Our findings show that the same factors that affect music listening in non-mobile contexts also affect it in a mobile context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rett Syndrome (RTT) is a developmental disorder, predominantly affecting girls, which causes Intellectual Disability and neuro-behavioral disability. Individuals with RTT present with apraxia and movement disorders and most of them are unable to speak, walk and use their hands. For these reasons, eye tracker technology is being increasingly used to their assess cognitive processes. The aim of this study was to investigate three cognitive processes in girls with RTT compared with typical developing girls (TD): the ability to attend to visual stimuli, the ability to identify the same stimuli and the ability to identify the similar stimuli. With the help of Eye Tracker technology, three tasks were administered (1. Attention; 2. Identification of the same stimuli; 3. Identification of the similar stimuli) to 21 girls with RTT, compared with TD girls. Results show that girls with RTT performed worse than girls with TD in all conditions. The absence of significant interactions between group and type of task and between groups and contents indicates that the attention behavior in girls with RTT can reflect a general delay in cognitive maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The opportunity to make choices is important for improving the quality of life and increasing the sense of control experienced by people with neurodevelopmental disorder. One of the most important criteria to understand the ability to make choices is the consistency parameter. The aim of this study was to analyse the consistency of choice behaviour in girls with Rett Syndrome (RTT). Methods: Twenty-four girls (13 with RTT and 11 controls, matched on mental age and gender) were tested with stimuli at three different levels of difficulty: with actual items, pictures of the items, and written name items. Results: Consistency of choice index was calculated to compare the performances of girls with RTT and controls. The group factor shows no significant effect. Girls with RTT make choices consistently as the control group. Discussion: This study has shown that individuals with profound neurodevelopmental disorders, as the girls with RTT, are able to make choices keeping consistency in their choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: new technologies; neurodevelopmental rehabilitation; neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs); cognitive training; motor training; cognitive processes EN new technologies neurodevelopmental rehabilitation neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) cognitive training motor training cognitive processes 1 2 2 05/02/22 20220426 NES 220426 The use of new technologies in neurodevelopmental rehabilitation has gained increased interest over the last decades. A first study (Cancer et al.) applied neurofeedback (NF) with the aim of modulating the inter-hemispheric balance of the temporal-parietal regions in developmental dyslexia (DD). This study showed a significant effect of the NF based intervention to improve reading abilities in adults with DD. [Extracted from the article]