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Grant Agreement number: 831637 — FIGHTER — JUST-AG-2018/JUST-JCOO-AG-2018; International audience

International audience

International audience; The paper examines the legal management of the health crisis generated by the Covid-19 pandemic based on two quite different national approaches and experiences, the Swedish and the French ones. Differences lie not surprisingly in the use of Soft and Hard Law in the two countries, Sweden being inclined to give precedence to Soft Law and France to Hard Law. The in-depth comparative study of the legal frameworks laying down the duties and responsibility of citizens for fighting the pandemic enables the discovery of a large and intricate range of rules tending to blur traditional legal categories. The paper discusses furthermore the conditions for citizens’ acceptance and implementation of their duties. In that respect, questions such as the adaptability in time and space of the measures/constraints decided by public authorities, their readability and temporality and the question of trust – vertically within the relationship citizens-state and horizontally between the society members – are at the heart of the legal management of the pandemic by the governments.; L’article examine la gestion juridique de la crise sanitaire générée par la pandémie de Covid-19 à partir de deux approches et expériences nationales assez différentes, la suédoise et la française. Les différences résident, sans surprise, dans l’utilisation de la Soft Law et de la Hard Law dans les deux pays, la Suède ayant tendance à privilégier la Soft Law et la France la Hard Law. L’étude comparative approfondie des cadres juridiques définissant les devoirs et la responsabilité des citoyens dans la lutte contre la pandémie permet de découvrir un éventail large et complexe de règles tendant à brouiller les catégories juridiques traditionnelles. L’article examine en outre les conditions d’acceptation et de mise en œuvre de leurs devoirs par les citoyens. A cet égard, des questions telles que l’adaptabilité dans le temps et dans l’espace des mesures/contraintes décidées par les autorités publiques, leur lisibilité et leur temporalité, ainsi que la question de la confiance – verticalement dans la relation citoyens-Etat et horizontalement entre les membres de la société – sont au cœur de la gestion juridique de la crise sanitaire par les gouvernements.

Thanks to the slow but decisive evolution of the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Council combined with that of the Council of State, environmental law is a branch of law to be “seriously taken”, even in the economic sectors most vulnerable to lobbying. Part of this seriousness is due to its growing connection with the right to health (in its public dimension), according to a global holistic vision that the pandemic helped to legitimise. The two decisions of the Constitutional Council discussed here illustrate the mutation of a right that is now at the heart of judges’ concerns as well as of public policies, for example in the field of the regulation of plant protection products, which is the case discussed here.; Gracias a la lenta pero decisiva evolución de la jurisprudencia del Consejo Constitucional combinada con la del Consejo de Estado, el derecho del medioambiente es un derecho que debe "tomarse en serio", incluso en los sectores económicos más propensos a lobbying. Es parte de esta seriedad, su creciente conexión con el derecho a la salud (en su dimensión pública), según una visión holística global que la pandemia contribuyó a legitimar. Las dos decisiones del Consejo Constitucional aquí comentadas ilustran esta mutación de un derecho que ahora está en el centro de las preocupaciones de los jueces, así como de las políticas públicas, como en este caso en el ámbito de la regulación de los productos fitosanitarios.

International audience; Following tremendous success in natural language processing, transformers have recently shown much promise for computer vision. The self-attention operation underlying transformers yields global interactions between all tokens, i.e. words or image patches, and enables flexible modelling of image data beyond the local interactions of convolutions. This flexibility, however, comes with a quadratic complexity in time and memory, hindering application to long sequences and highresolution images. We propose a "transposed" version of self-attention that operates across feature channels rather than tokens, where the interactions are based on the cross-covariance matrix between keys and queries. The resulting cross-covariance attention (XCA) has linear complexity in the number of tokens, and allows efficient processing of high-resolution images. Our cross-covariance image transformer (XCiT)-built upon XCA-combines the accuracy of conventional transformers with the scalability of convolutional architectures. We validate the effectiveness and generality of XCiT by reporting excellent results on multiple vision benchmarks, including (self-supervised) image classification on ImageNet-1k, object detection and instance segmentation on COCO, and semantic segmentation on ADE20k. We replace the self-attention, as originally introduced by Vaswani et al. [68], with a "transposed" attention that we denote as "cross-covariance attention" (XCA). Cross-covariance attention substi

The European jurisdictional model for engaging the responsibility of public managers is based on a unified model within which each of the actors in budget execution will answer for the serious mistakes they have committed. A model that applies to all players in this budget execution, which includes elected officials as well as ministers. These characteristics are not those of the traditional model of commitment to the responsibility of public managers in France but could become so, for some of them, with the draft ordinance envisaged by the government.; Le modèle juridictionnel européen d’engagement de la responsabilité des gestionnaires publics repose sur un modèle unifié au sein duquel chacun des acteurs de l’exécution budgétaire va répondre des fautes graves qu’il a commises. Un modèle qui s’applique à l’ensemble des acteurs de cette exécution budgétaire, ce qui inclus les élus ainsi que les ministres. Ces caractéristiques ne sont pas celles du modèle traditionnel d’engagement de la responsabilité des gestionnaires publics en France mais pourraient le devenir, pour certaines d’entre elles, avec le projet d’ordonnance envisagé par le gouvernement.

International audience; This chapter explores the defence options available to economic operators in France and the UK against unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions, including unilateral sanctions issued by these two countries. It compares French and UK case law, exploring how courts respond to the development of unilateral sanctions. National judges have had the opportunity to rule on the application of blocking statutes and on the effects of these sanctions on contracts. In the absence of strong legislative instruments on which to base their decisions, courts and tribunals have had to be inventive in containing the effects of extraterritorial sanctions. This chapter highlights the low impact of blocking statutes and raises the question of the legality and scope of sanctions clauses. The contribution shows that a common core of procedural principles and fundamental rights is developing in national and European courts, even if they are not necessarily applied in the same way.

International audience; Providing a unique analytical framework to capture a diverse, fragmented and highly evolving practice, the Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions is the key original reference work covering how sanctions have indisputably become central instruments of foreign policy.This discerning Research Handbook combines a series of case studies and cross-cutting analyses. It reflects the levers and evolution of international law and practice in the field, as well as covering important topics over multiple disciplines, particularly in international law and international relations. Featuring diverse contributions from a selection of esteemed scholars, the Research Handbook’s chapters provide an unprecedented analysis of the evolution of diplomatic, legal and business practices and tackle topical legal issues arising from unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions.Offering a unique panorama of contemporary practice, this 360-degree study will be of interest to legal academics and their students as well as practitioners in both the public and private sectors.

International audience; The so-called Huawei/Meng Wanzhou case is an acute example of the application of unilateral sanctions in the field of inter-state criminal cooperation. It also illustrates the struggle for the status of world’s leading power between the USA and China. Meng Wanzhou is the chief financial officer of Huawei Technologies and daughter of the founder of this Chinese Telecom giant. She is accused of having put a US bank in legal jeopardy by concealing from them that a subsidiary of Huawei was trying to sell US technology to Iran in violation of American sanctions. Arrested by Canadian authorities on 1 December 2018 at the request of the United States, she has been living since in Vancouver pending her extradition decision. This chapter shows how and to what extent the individual rights of foreign nationals criminally sanctioned for violations of extraterritorial law could be protected by extradition law and by human rights.

This study objective was to describe, considering the French legal framework and current practices, the completed actions and the occupational health services resources mobilized during the reinstatement visit, and identify the unfit to work decision associated factors, in particular in case of musculoskeletal and mental health diseases.MethodThe data were collected during the « Remain at work » cross sectional study from March to April 2019 in the Hauts-de-France regional occupational health services. The questionnaires were filled by the occupational health doctors for every worker seen in a reinstatement visit after a sick leave absence longer than 30 days.ResultsIn total, 5032 questionnaires completed by 208 doctors were analysed. The reinstatement visit after a sick leave absence longer than 30 days concluded to an unfit to work decision for 12.3% of all the workers, but it was 21.7% when the sick leave cause was a mental health problem (16.1% of total sick leave) and 10.5% when it was a musculoskeletal disease (56.3% of total sick leave). Factors significantly associated with inability at work in case of a mental health disease were: being an employment obligation recipient, the disease professional origin, a long term sick leave, working in a 50 or less employees company and being exposed to psychological pressure. In case of musculoskeletal disease, these factors were being 50 years old or more, the “clerk/service worker” status, a long term sick leave, being an employment obligation recipient, working in the construction industry and time constraints.ConclusionThe implementation and evaluation of a “return to work plan” are needed to improve job retention.; Cette étude visait à décrire, dans le contexte de la législation et des pratiques actuelles en France, les mesures mises en œuvre et les ressources mobilisées par les services de santé au travail lors des visites de reprise, et à identifier les facteurs en lien avec les décisions d’inaptitudes, en particulier pour les pathologies ostéoarticulaires et les troubles mentaux.MéthodeLes données sont issues de l’étude transversale « Maintien dans l’emploi », s’étant déroulée en mars et avril 2019, dans les services de santé au travail des Hauts-de-France. Le questionnaire était complété par les médecins du travail pour tout salarié vu en visite de reprise après un arrêt de travail d’au moins 30 jours.RésultatsAu total, 5032 questionnaires complétés par 208 médecins du travail ont été analysés. La visite de reprise après un arrêt d’au moins 30 jours se concluait par une inaptitude du salarié au poste de travail dans 12,3 % des cas, mais 21,7 % en cas d’arrêt de travail pour des troubles mentaux (représentant 16,1 % des arrêts) et de 10,5 % en cas d’atteintes du système ostéoarticulaire (56,3 % des arrêts). Les facteurs associés significativement à une inaptitude faisant suite à un arrêt de travail pour troubles mentaux étaient : être bénéficiaire d’une obligation d’emploi, avoir un trouble d’origine professionnelle, une durée d’arrêt importante, travailler dans une entreprise de moins de 50 salariés et être exposé à la pression psychologique ; lors d’atteintes du système ostéoarticulaire, ces facteurs étaient l’âge supérieur ou égal à 50 ans, le statut employé, une durée d’arrêt de travail importante, être bénéficiaire d’une obligation d’emploi, travailler dans le secteur construction et la présence de contraintes horaires.ConclusionLa mise en place et l’évaluation de plans de retour au travail sont nécessaires pour améliorer le maintien en emploi.

International audience; The controversial issue of secession has received little attention from experts of federalism. The best federal studies either evade it or dismiss it in a few lines. However, the issue of secession has been present throughout the history of federations. This book is one of the first to explore the complex relationship between federalism and secession.The authors whose work is presented here recognize the potential of federalism as a way to organize relations between several different states, peoples, nations or territories under the same government. However, they are not naïve or idealist about the ability of the federal idea to succeed in the complex situations in which it is applied. In some cases success seems assured (the United States, Switzerland, Germany, etc.), and the merits of federalism can be showcased. But there are also failures (the former Yugoslavia, or more recently Brexit) and semi-failures that have generated turbulence in recent years in devolutive systems (Scotland in the United Kingdom, Catalonia in Spain) or federative systems (Québec in Canada).This book provides a nuanced portrait of the issue of secession in federal contexts and lays the groundwork for questioning the still too fragile legacy of the great thinkers of federalism.

International audience

International audience; The frequency, complexity, and scale of catastrophic cross-border situations involve the need to enforce significant means to anticipate and prepare efficiently the required re-action to curb its consequences optimally. Exposure to cross-border risks is a global problem that requires grasping the impact of damage severity at the individual level as well as societal and environmental level. In the perspective, European civil protection is a proper policy focused on the protection of general interests that transcend the national framework. The conventional consecration of a Union's competence in this matter attests to a process intended to promote solidarity betwenn the Memeber States but also between their nationals. By combining the need for the competence of action and the adhesion of citizens to a Union policy, civil protection can legitimately be strenthened to be elevated to the rank of shared competence.

International audience; The Series Law and Visual Jurisprudence seeks to harness the diverse and innovative work within and across the boundaries of law, jurisprudence, and the visual in various contexts and manifestations. It seeks to bring together a range of diverse and at the same time cumulative research traditions related to these fields to identify fertile avenues for interdisciplinary research. In our everyday lives, we experience law as a system of signs. Representations of legality are visually manifested in the materiality of things we see and spatially experience. Methodologically, aesthetic texts of legality semiotically emerge as examples of visual jurisprudence and illustrate the constitutive waltz between social governance, formal law, and materiality. In its tangled relationship to regulation, the visual complexity of law is semiotically articulated as an ongoing process of meaning imbued with symbolism, memory, and cultural markers. Through a legal semiotics framework of symbolic articulation and analysis, the examination of law that happens in conjunction with the visual expands understandings of how law is crafted and takes root. Additionally, such an inquiry challenges the positivist view of law based within the courtroom as disciplinary spatial practices, the observation of everyday phenomenon, and the visible tethering of regulation to cultural understandings of legality generate a framework of visual jurisprudence. The Series seeks to enliven such frameworks as those in which law happens precisely without formal institutions of law and through which a visual-based methodology of law is crafted through everyday instances of ordinariness that contextualize the relationship between law, culture, and banality. The Series welcomes proposals – be they edited collections or single-authored monographs – emphasizing the contingency and fluidity of legal concepts, stressing the existence of overlapping, competing and coexisting legal discourses, proposing critical approaches to law and the visual, identifying and discussing issues, proposing solutions to problems, offering analyses in areas such as legal semiotics, jurisprudence, and visual approaches to law.

International audience

International audience

In mountainous terrain, large earthquakes often cause widespread coseismic landsliding as well as hydrological and hydrogeological disturbances. A subsequent transient phase with high landslide rates has also been reported for several earthquakes. Separately, subsurface seismic velocities are frequently observed to drop coseismically and subsequently recover. Consistent with various laboratory work, we hypothesize that the seismic-velocity changes track coseismic damage and progressive recovery of landscape substrate, which modulate landslide hazard and hydrogeological processes, on timescales of months to years. To test this, we analyze the near-surface seismic-velocity variations, obtained with single-station high-frequency (0.5–4 Hz) passive image interferometry, in the epicentral zones of four shallow earthquakes, for which constraints on landslide susceptibility through time exist. In the case of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, detailed landslide mapping allows us to accurately constrain an exponential recovery of landslide susceptibility with a relaxation timescale of about 1 yr, similar to the pattern of recovery of seismic velocities. The 2004 Niigata, 2008 Iwate, and 2015 Gorkha earthquakes have less-resolved constraints on landsliding, but, assuming an exponential recovery, we also find matching relaxation timescales, from ∼0.1 to ∼0.6 yr, for the landslide and seismic recoveries. These observations support our hypothesis and suggest that systematic monitoring of seismic velocities after large earthquakes may help constrain and manage the evolution of landslide hazard in epicentral areas. To achieve this goal, we end by discussing several ways to improve the link between seismic velocity and landscape mechanical properties, specifically by better constraining time-dependent near-surface strength and hydrogeological changes. Hillslopes displaying coseismic surface fissuring and displacement may be an important target for future geotechnical analysis and coupled to passive geophysical investigations.

International audience

International audience

The aim of the paper is to discuss legal language systems as culturally constituted sign-systems that are continuously evolving in time and space. To understand messages formulated in legal languages, one needs to realize that law is culture-bound, which in turn means that law reflects society’s mentality, tolerance, knowledge, social perceptions, etc. At the same time, law is a living reality impacted by various global phenomena and other legal systems. Therefore, this legal reality has “divergent potentialities” (Hasegawa, Ko. 2016. “A glance at the dynamics of ‘confluence’ in a legal system – notes on H. Patrick Glenn’s insights concerning Legal Traditions of the World”. In Transnational Legal Theory. Vol. 7/1: 1–8, 3), which enable it to develop in various directions depending on wider social, political and technological contexts. Additionally, when communicating law interlingually and intralingually, one needs to take into account the knowledge of senders and recipients since the degree of commensurability of law depends on the uniformity of interpretation on meanings. When discussing the issues of sign meaning interpretation, the authors will focus on non-decomposable units and fuzzy units. The meaning of such terms is subject to interpretation through the prism of tacit knowledge. Therefore, the interpretation of any culturally constituted sign-system is burdened with some loss of information and meaning deficiency.

International audience

International audience

Emojis are a form of electronic communication found in text messages that fundamentally alter the exchange of emotion. Images and signs that depict feelings have replaced the nuanced selection of the right words and phrases. However, where feelings subside once expressed, emoticons transcend the spatio-temporality of emotion in ways that can become recurrent acts of aggression and bullying that are impossible not to see and even harder to erase. Across the globe, the expressive range of human emotion through the static ideogram of the emoji, or emoticon, presents an increasing challenge for the visually immediate, non-verbal exchange of capricious emotive communication.

Because some sentiments simply cannot be verbalized, the written message lacks rendered intonation and the embodied dynamics of expressed feeling. With the rise of emails and other means of digital communication, the emotive shortcomings of new communication channels are even more acute even while they become emotively more expansive. The color, form, and context of emojis in visual communication may lead to more kinds of (mis)interpretation. Although emojis might be presented as a tool for clarification of the communicative intent, it is still unknown whether visual add-ons also introduce more uncertainty or flexibility in language. As a result, emojis contribute to a digital cultural shift in message transmission that also reflects an evolving hermeneutic of legal communication and communicative intention. In a growing number of legal cases, emojis serve as evidence, or as facts which reveal asserted, yet unsaid information and implied meaning. This study depicts the flexible nature of emojis in e-communication, and so analyzes applications in various legal cases to demonstrate the way emojis, as negative emotional influencers, affect the understanding of online communication and decision-making in courts.

European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020 5(1), 687-689, European Forum Highlight of 25 April 2020, The construction of Europe as a driving force for political solidarity between the Member States is the hypothesis that this Special Focus seeks to confront with the reality of the reaction to the COVID-19 crisis in Europe. There certainly is no academic or researcher in any discipline for whom this unprecedented situation does not raise many questions. More importantly, aren't these questions evolving and constantly changing as the health situation itself evolves? The present initiative does not seek to answer these questions prematurely, but to bring European researchers together to address the interrogation that currently unites us and has the humble, but hopefully useful, aim of asking the right questions, for opening up a fertile ground for our future research.

Parliaments, which are the pillars of democracy, face many challenges to which they have to adapt. In this report the authors focus on some of these challenges. Emmanuel Cartier analyses the impact of the phenomenon of the acceleration of time on the Parliament’s three functions: legislation, government oversight and scrutiny as well as the represention of society. The analysis is conducted comparatively and includes the Parliament of five European countries and the European Parliament. Patricia Jonason examines the challenges facing Parliament in terms of representativity, transparency and accountability of elected officials. The analysis focuses on the rules and mechanisms concerning the Swedish Riksdag and on the European standards.

The pervasive proliferation of rumors, through #MeToo and #BalanceTonPorc, communicates meaningful and meaningless-making processes on misconducts both in the French and U.S. contexts. Such rumors have transformed the online practices by cultivating both verbal and non-verbal hate speech free and/or free speech. This cacophony of speech, law, and persona has led to a debate relayed on social media platforms, exposing people to a danger zone mostly based as shame, hate, fear, or even destruction, as anonymity and due process no longer prevail.

Recent developments in French contract law reflect a greater focus on the balance of bargaining power before the conclusion of contract. Standard form contract is regarded as a criterion of unequal bargaining power, both in consumer law and in ordinary contract law. Nevertheless, the control of price terms is not subject to uniform and consistent treatment.

Court interpretation subsumes transferring information from one source culture to the target culture, and the transfer of information, from the perspective of memetics, leads to the conceptualization of a common and significant framework in legal discourse, especially in the translation, interpretation and communication fields. This consideration gives the theoretical assumption for court interpretation, that is, court interpretation is a bilingual practice of meaning construction beyond meaning replication, because meaning units could be viewed as self-replicating complex ideas. Since the purpose of court interpretation is to find equivalence and the functions of court interpreters are being fair, semiotic equivalence can provide an even more useful tool for interpreters by offering greater insight into the mechanism of meaning and its encoding with the help of linguistic symbols. Meanwhile, court interpreters act as language and culture mediators to convey the correct contents of utterances and/or speech acts among their communities. Active and collaborative works are then necessary to mediate, decide, and analyze under real constraints with cultural challenges to elaborate viable interpretation solutions in laws.

Kraken theory aims at showing that legal theory and practice are not built as a single block, but are more a kind of tentacular movement of positionality and legal powers, offering competing theoretical and practical angles from which Kraken and Octopus can choose their distinctive moves to act for and/or against #MeToo. It shows how these varieties of rumors are distributed in #MeToo, when they may scrutinize their next strategic moves (be it at the surface or for purposes of defamation), and why the mechanism of distinctiveness inherent in this hashtag is explored within the spatio-temporal perspectives of U.S.A. and France.

International audience

International audience

Actes du 51e colloque de la Société française pour le droit international (S.F.D.I.) à Lille en 2017

This chapter deals with the concept of the French national spirit for the construction of the national identity of France. Some of the most typical French official presidential photographs reveal a hidden discourse, a ‘Space-in-between’. These official photographs are part of French history and are also displayed in town halls even though there is no compulsory obligation to do so. However, some legal regulations have to be respected when shooting their portraits, but artists are also free to adapt their styles owing to each President’s will. Studying the visual and hidden discursive implications sheds light on semiotic, philosophical, and legal issues, as well as impacts on our legal culture, tradition and system. Taking into account space and time, the chapter proposes a reflection on the function, role, and limits of these visual and discursive representations, as well as impacts, recognitions and obligations deriving from them.

Like many law enforcement agencies around the world that have integrated psychology into the criminal investigative services, the Gendarmerie Nationale created, in 2002, is a unit that specializes in the analysis of criminal behaviour. With a structure that is unique in France, the Departement des Sciences du Comportement (DSC) du Service Central de Renseignement Criminel is composed of analysts with university training in criminology and psychology, and field investigators with experience in crimes against persons. Whether it be homicide, sexual assault, missing persons, or child kidnapping, this service enhances the investigation of both serial and non-serial crimes. Mandated by magistrates and investigators, it is an investigative support tool whose mission is to help orient investigations. The unit’s analytical approach, which provides explanations based on offender behaviour and personality, is well suited to the particularly complex crime of sexual homicide. The information it produces is sometimes essential in orienting investigations. Field investigators are subject to the effect of cliches concerning sexual homicide, and sometimes have an erroneous or simplistic vision of this crime whose sexual nature may be implicit and not immediately obvious or amenable to analysis. Thanks to its specific approach, behavioural analysis produces a global, case-specific, and objective portrait of this type of crime. The organization, functioning, and mission of the unit, whose members act as detectives, will be illustrated, described, and discussed through the description of a case of sexual murder. From the crime scene to the outcome of the criminal proceedings, each phase of the behavioural analysis will be developed.

International audience

International audience; As democracies respecting human rights, France and Quebec both prohibit discrimination in hiring on the grounds of disabilities. On the other hand, businesses wish to select the most effective job applicants possible in light of the physical and psychological demands of the job. In order to avoid being eliminated from the selection process, applicants may be tempted to hide or even lie about their health status. Consequently, the law has been put to the test, seeking a delicate balance regarding the consequences of applicants’ silence or false declarations concerning their health status. The legal consequences of this situation have been viewed differently in France and Quebec. In Quebec, contractual synallagmatic obligations appear to take precedence over rules limiting the collection of discriminatory information, allowing for a selection that is nevertheless prohibited by the laws protecting human rights. By contrast, in France, the employer has no right to intrude in matters of worker health and the withholding of information or even lies on the part of applicants can only rarely be used to justify a dismissal. This interpretation poses great challenges in view of the “safety obligation of result” that is imposed on the French employer. Through a comparative analysis of French and Quebec positive law, this paper explores the limits of the employer's ability to investigate an applicant's health during the hiring process. It then turns to the question of the right to lie as a way to avoid being discriminated against on the basis of disability and the consequences of this right on the employment relationship.; En tant que démocraties qui respectent les droits de l’homme, la France et le Québec interdisent tous les deux la discrimination à l’embauche fondée sur le handicap. Pour autant, les entreprises désirent choisir des candidats à l’embauche les plus efficaces possible au regard des exigences physiques et psychologiques du travail. Pour éviter d’être écartés d’un processus de sélection, les candidats peuvent être tentés de se taire, voire de mentir, à propos de leur état de santé. Par conséquent, le droit a été mis à l’épreuve, à la recherche d’un équilibre délicat quant aux conséquences du silence ou d’une fausse déclaration du candidat sur son état de santé. Les conséquences juridiques d’une telle situation ont été différemment envisagées en France et au Québec. Au Québec, les obligations synallagmatiques contractuelles–engageant les deux parties – semblent avoir préséance sur les règles générales limitant la collecte de renseignements discriminatoires permettant une sélection prohibée par les lois protégeant les droits de l’homme. En France, en revanche, l’employeur n’a aucun droit d’intrusion concernant la santé du salarié et son silence ou ses mensonges ne peuvent que difficilement et marginalement justifier un licenciement. Cela constitue un défi au regard de l’obligation de sécurité de résultat qui incombe à l’employeur français. À travers l’analyse comparée du droit positif français et québécois, ce texte précise d’abord les limites des investigations possibles par l’employeur concernant la santé des salariés au moment du recrutement. Il étudie ensuite l’existence d’un droit au mensonge destiné à éviter la discrimination fondée sur un handicap en observant les conséquences sur la relation contractuelle.

International audience; As democracies respecting human rights, France and Quebec both prohibit discrimination in hiring on the grounds of disabilities. On the other hand, businesses wish to select the most effective job applicants possible in light of the physical and psychological demands of the job. In order to avoid being eliminated from the selection process, applicants may be tempted to hide or even lie about their health status. Consequently, the law has been put to the test, seeking a delicate balance regarding the consequences of applicants’ silence or false declarations concerning their health status. The legal consequences of this situation have been viewed differently in France and Quebec. In Quebec, contractual synallagmatic obligations appear to take precedence over rules limiting the collection of discriminatory information, allowing for a selection that is nevertheless prohibited by the laws protecting human rights. By contrast, in France, the employer has no right to intrude in matters of worker health and the withholding of information or even lies on the part of applicants can only rarely be used to justify a dismissal. This interpretation poses great challenges in view of the “safety obligation of result” that is imposed on the French employer. Through a comparative analysis of French and Quebec positive law, this paper explores the limits of the employer's ability to investigate an applicant's health during the hiring process. It then turns to the question of the right to lie as a way to avoid being discriminated against on the basis of disability and the consequences of this right on the employment relationship.; En tant que démocraties qui respectent les droits de l’homme, la France et le Québec interdisent tous les deux la discrimination à l’embauche fondée sur le handicap. Pour autant, les entreprises désirent choisir des candidats à l’embauche les plus efficaces possible au regard des exigences physiques et psychologiques du travail. Pour éviter d’être écartés d’un processus de sélection, les candidats peuvent être tentés de se taire, voire de mentir, à propos de leur état de santé. Par conséquent, le droit a été mis à l’épreuve, à la recherche d’un équilibre délicat quant aux conséquences du silence ou d’une fausse déclaration du candidat sur son état de santé. Les conséquences juridiques d’une telle situation ont été différemment envisagées en France et au Québec. Au Québec, les obligations synallagmatiques contractuelles–engageant les deux parties – semblent avoir préséance sur les règles générales limitant la collecte de renseignements discriminatoires permettant une sélection prohibée par les lois protégeant les droits de l’homme. En France, en revanche, l’employeur n’a aucun droit d’intrusion concernant la santé du salarié et son silence ou ses mensonges ne peuvent que difficilement et marginalement justifier un licenciement. Cela constitue un défi au regard de l’obligation de sécurité de résultat qui incombe à l’employeur français. À travers l’analyse comparée du droit positif français et québécois, ce texte précise d’abord les limites des investigations possibles par l’employeur concernant la santé des salariés au moment du recrutement. Il étudie ensuite l’existence d’un droit au mensonge destiné à éviter la discrimination fondée sur un handicap en observant les conséquences sur la relation contractuelle.

International audience

Law exposes the variety and complexity of legal language. The mastery of the cultural and spatio-temporal artefacts is thus necessary to understand the social institutions of a country. Their mode of production may be considered as creating “forms of life,” “language games,” or “institutional practices of the interpreting community.”

International audience; OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this survey of persons with multiple sclerosis was to describe their employment situation. Secondary objectives were to ascertain when and how multiple sclerosis symptoms first impact employment per se and what strategies persons with multiple sclerosis use to cope with their employment problems. METHODS: A retrospective survey was conducted to collect data from persons with multiple sclerosis aged 18 years and over, using a computer-assisted web tool. RESULTS: A total of 941 respondents were working at the time of multiple sclerosis diagnosis or had worked subsequently. Median time since diagnosis was 10 years. Multiple sclerosis had an impact on employment for 74.3% of respondents. The overall employment rate at the time of the survey was 68.1%; 27.2% had discontinued their occupational activity for a multiple sclerosis-related reason. Median time from diagnosis to multiple sclerosis-related cessation of occupational activity was 24.0 years (95% confidence interval (CI) 21.7-26.3 years). Respondents were poorly aware of available tools designed to assist them in retaining employment. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the importance of early intervention by the occupational medicine physician in order to favour job retention and use of available tools by all workers with MS and not only those with a recognized status as a disabled worker.

This paper sets out to examine the way in which legal reasoning constructed marital rape and eventually officially recognized it after centuries of men’s ascendency over women. Understanding the multiple layers requires cultural and historical awareness of the traditional concept of “marriage” and the practice of religion as well as the very different conditions in which marital rape was envisaged. The main contention of this paper is to show that legal knowledge derives from a patriarchal tradition where the processing of marital abuse and rape hovered between cultural and subjective realities contrary to objective rationality.