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The effect of the desorption-recombination temperature on the microstructure and magnetic properties of hydrogenation-disproportionation-desorption-recombination (HDDR) processed Nd-Fe-B powders was studied. The NdxB6.4Ga0.3Nb0.2Febal (x=12.5-13.5, at.%) casting alloys were pulverized after homogenizing annealing, and then subjected to HDDR treatment. During the HDDR process, desorption-recombination (DR) reaction was induced at two different temperature, 810°C and 820°C. The higher Nd content resulted in enhanced coercivity of the HDDR powder, and which was attributed to the thicker and more uniform Nd-rich phase along grain boundaries. But this uniform Nd-rich phase induced faster grain growth. The remanence of the powder DR-treated at 820°C is higher than that DR-treated at 810°C. In addition, it was also confirmed that higher DR temperature is much more effective to improve squareness.

The aim of this study is to design and develop a user-centered, smart-tool prototype that could be used to assist teachers to practice differentiated instruction (DI) in their classrooms. This study also demonstrates how user-centered design process for the development of teacher's tools might be useful to identify system features and to prioritize decisions of the features by making teachers participate in all evaluation processes. For the user-centered design approach, first, conceptually designed personas and scenarios were applied based on user needs and system requirements identified in our previous study. Then, three rounds of iterative evaluations including scenario reviews, claim analysis, and usability testing were conducted by the teachers. Scenario reviews with teachers provided designers with an opportunity to better understand teachers' tasks related to DI, and claim analysis helped to make priorities on the features that designers cannot decide. This study has implications on issues related to student's private information on smart-technology for instruction. Another implication of this study is to demonstrate the merits of different evaluation methodologies, applied and demonstrated here, in order for designers to utilize the methods when designing and developing new tools with future technologies in educational contexts. Finally, through three rounds evaluations, it was validated that the use of smart technologies, such as the developed smart-tool in this study, can promote differentiated instruction in action.

An area of debate in development economics is how financial openness affects economic development. In spite of considerable research, there is no consensus. This is because there are many financial openness indices, so the results are not robust to variations in the index, as discussed in Gräbner et al. (2021). Due to the possibility of different initial conditions, different levels of development, and/or different stages of transitions, the effect of financial openness could vanish without considering these factors. Therefore, this paper categorizes countries into stable countries (High-, Medium-, and Low-income countries) and transition countries (Transitioning to High and Transitioning to Medium income) based on World Bank Categorization. The results show that the effect of financial openness is positive for medium- and low-income level countries. However, it is not at a high-income level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, different monetary policy rules are re‐estimated employing real‐time data, known as Greenbook data, through MLE and Bayesian Estimation. The results favour the rule with persistent shocks and show that the inertial movement of the Federal funds rate is an illusion, as mentioned by Rudebusch (2002). Since it would be possible to have an omitted variable bias due to impure serial correlation, however, the rule with persistent shock could imply that the other serially correlated variable is required to explain the inertial movement of Federal funds rates. Based on this idea, serial correlation tests are implemented, showing the possibility of an omitted serial correlated variable. Therefore, it is reasonable to search for other persistent variables. As an illusion implies unpredictability in the movement of the Federal funds rate, this hypothesis could be against the credibility of the central bank. In order to have a reasonable explanation for the inertial movement other than persistent shocks, therefore, modifying the rule with a 3‐month t‐bill rate is re‐estimated. The result shows that the rule with the t‐bill rate outperformed in all aspects and is compatible with one theoretical explanation of minimizing the financial volatility for inertial movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to elicit design guidelines for a teacher tool to support students' diverse needs by facilitating differentiated instructions (DIs). The study used a framework based on activity theory and principles from universal design for learning. As for the research methods, design-based research methods were adopted, and as the first step, this study selected and interviewed four teachers and five community members. As a result, it identified facilitating and conflicting factors in practicing DI and analyzing the activity system in teaching for DI. From this analysis, specific user requirements were identified as blueprints for the design of new tools as mediating strategies. Furthermore, the findings helped establish five design guidelines for teacher tools to encourage DI practice. This study has implications for a teacher application as a mediating tool, which will facilitate DI practice by developing an understanding of teachers' needs and the challenges they face in DI activities. It also presents a methodology for eliciting users' requirements as the first step of design-based research to leads to innovations embodied in specific theoretical claims.

Hyun Ji Cha,1,* Chang-Hyun Han,2,3,* Ju Hyun Jeon,1 Jeong Kyo Jeong,1 In Chul Jung,4 Changsop Yang,2 Byoung-Kab Kang,2 Min Ji Kim,5 Young Eun Choi,5 Young Il Kim1 1Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 2Korean Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 3Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science & Technology (UST), Campus of Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 4Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 5Clinical Research Coordinating Team, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Young Il Kim, Tel +82-42-470-9137, Email omdkim01@dju.krPurpose: Pharmacopuncture therapy has been used in the conservative treatment of rotator cuff disease adjuvant to acupuncture treatment. Despite the increasing utilization of pharmacopuncture therapy, there is still a lack of high-quality research to support its effectiveness. This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility of pharmacopuncture therapy adjuvant to acupuncture treatment for rotator cuff disease.Patients and Methods: This was a parallel-grouped, pragmatic randomized controlled, pilot study. Forty patients were randomly allocated to either the experimental or the control group. All patients received acupuncture treatment for four weeks, and pharmacopuncture was additionally administered to the experimental group. After eight treatments were delivered over four weeks, follow-up assessments were performed. The primary outcome was the mean change in the visual analog scale (VAS) score for shoulder pain from baseline to visit 8. Secondary outcomes included shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) at visits 4, 8, and 9, shoulder range of motion (ROM) at visits 4, 8, and 9, EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) at visits 8 and 9, patient global impression of change (PGIC) at visits 8 and 9, and mean rescue medication consumption at visits 8 and 9.Results: Both groups showed that each treatment effectively improved rotator cuff disease in most assessments. Particularly, the group that received acupuncture plus pharmacopuncture required fewer rescue medications than the group that received acupuncture alone. However, there was little statistically significant difference between the two groups. There were no serious adverse events experienced by patients in this study.Conclusion: Although there was little statistical difference between the two groups, the combination of acupuncture and pharmacopuncture for rotator cuff disease was associated with a reduction in the rescue medicine dosage compared with acupuncture alone. Also, it confirmed the safety of pharmacopuncture therapy. This pilot study would help design future research on the effectiveness of pharmacopuncture in rotator cuff disease.Keywords: rotator cuff disease, pharmacopuncture, acupuncture, pragmatic trial, randomized controlled trial

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of castration age on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economic efficacy of Hanwoo steers. There is an increasing interest in extending castration age to enhance the yield of desirable traits in beef, e.g. carcass weight and longissimus muscle area. The calves were divided into four groups based on their age at castration. Body length at 12 months increased with increasing castration age (푝 < 0.05). Average daily gain and cold carcass weight were higher in the group castrated at 11–12 months than in the group castrated at <10 months (푝 < 0.05). Marbling scores were higher in the groups castrated at <10 months of age than in the groups castrated at >11 months (푝 < 0.05). The present results suggest that the most appropriate castration age is below 12 months in Hanwoo cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyo Sung Cha,1 Jin Pyo Lee2,3 1College of Nursing, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Nursing Science, U1 University, Yeongdong-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: Jin Pyo Lee, Department of Nursing Science, U1 University, 310, Daehak-ro, Yeongdong-eup, Yeongdong-gun, Chungbuk, 31415, Republic of Korea, Email teaching06@gmail.comPurpose: This study aims to examine the mediating effect of life stress and the moderated mediating effect of job satisfaction on work–family conflict and depression among working mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted using raw data from Wave 8 of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families, collected during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. Among the 9175 respondents, study included 1315 women aged between 26 and 55, who have children cohabiting with them. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics; T-test, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation. The analysis was conducted using the SPSS/WIN 26.0 program and the SPSS PROCESS macro (version 4.0).Results: Life stress was observed to have a significant mediating effect (indirect effect) on work–family conflict and depression. Within this indirect effect, job satisfaction was found to play a moderated mediating role.Conclusion: Drawing from these findings, various interventional strategies can be devised to alleviate work–family conflict and life stress, and enhance job satisfaction, thereby improving the mental health of working mothers. Additionally, these results offer valuable insights for developing mental health promotion programs aimed at preventing and preparing for crises such as infectious diseases and can contribute to inform health policy-making.Keywords: depression, job satisfaction, mothers, stress, work-family conflict

Rationality is one of the main assumptions in economics, and is represented as the rational expectation in macroeconomics. As such, it is important to note that the effectiveness of economic policy depends on the degree of economic agents' rationality. According to this point of view, it is only natural to ask how the central bank views economic agents to be either rational or bounded rational. In implementing economic policies, it is possible to assume that the central bank views economic agents to be bounded rational. This is due to the fact that most theoretical arguments state that policy under rationality is not as effective as one under bounded rationality. Based on this argument, this paper employs bounded rational New Keynesian Model proposed by Gabaix to know if rationality matters to the central bank. As a result, as long as the central bank does not follow the full gradualism, it is possible to conclude that the rationality matters to the central bank. However, it is not anymore if the central bank employs full gradualism in monetary policy rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]