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In this paper, we analyze and discuss the problem of lens distortion in 3-D floating images. Lens distortion impacts the viewing zone distribution of auto-stereoscopic images. To understand the relationship between lens distortion and stereoscopic effects, we set up measurement methods to evaluate them. Measured data from these methods allow us to easily determine the optimization results of the 3-D floating image system. It will help to improve the 3-D floating display system when we try to optimize its optical design and user interface. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Autostereoscopic display with glass-free, wide viewing zone, and reality is recognized as future trend. In order to acquire 3-D content for multiview autostereoscopic images, we use the data obtained from 3-D laser scanner and 3-D cam-box for 3-D modeling. The advantage of 3-D cam-box is quick scanning to achieve a 3-D model, and the advantage of 3-D laser scanner is high resolution. In order to make the 3-D image contents quickly, the simulation-based image production process has been proposed for mass production of high quality 3-D image contents. The data storage capacity of multiview image will be multiple of regular 2-D image. The 3-D floating systems can be made by using either aspheric lens or Fresnel lens. For applications, we hope the aspheric lens with high producing cost will be replaced by Fresnel lens. We setup measurement methods to evaluate the optimization results of the 3-D floating image system. Some phenomena caused by lens distortion, such as illumination loss, crosstalk, and optimum viewing distance can degrade the quality of stereoscopic effect. Therefore, reducing lens distortion of optical system is a major problem of interest in 3-D floating image display systems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was a disease predominantly affecting young females about 40 years ago; however, it has been increasingly diagnosed in elderly individuals. Few studies have investigated the features of elderly patients with PAH. This review provides an overview of the characteristics of elderly patients with PAH compared to young patients. The examination of the changing demographics of the population with PAH revealed that the mean age has increased over the years. In addition, the investigation into the diagnostic challenges in elderly patients with PAH revealed the difficulty in differentiating PAH from pulmonary hypertension secondary to diastolic heart failure. Moreover, it was noted that elderly patients underwent combination drug regimens less frequently and exhibited poorer treatment responses than young patients. Finally, it was found that elderly PAH patients experienced poorer survival than young patients. The differences among five survival prediction models and their applicability in predicting the prognosis of PAH patients are discussed., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the subject matter or materials discussed in this article., (Copyright © 2021, the Chinese Medical Association.)