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International audience; The Mesoproterozoic era is a crucial period in Earth history characterized by muted oxygen levels in the atmosphere–ocean system. This period is well represented in the non-metamorphosed sedimentary rocks from the Taoudeni Basin, Mauritania. Few studies have been carried out to trace the sources of these sedimentary archives. Here, we examined the sedimentary rocks from the Atar (S4 drill core) and El Mreiti groups (S2 and S3 drill cores). This study focuses on whole-rock elemental geochemistry and Sm/Nd isotope compositions to provide insights into the provenance of the fine-grained siliciclastic sediments from the basal part of the Mesoproterozoic Atar and El Mreiti groups. Paleoweathering indices reveal a moderate degree of chemical weathering in the source areas, consistent with the low compositional maturity of the studied samples. The concentrations of the relatively immobile trace elements suggest mixing sources of sediment provenance, which is dominated by felsic source rocks for the Atar sediments. However, distinctively positive ƐNd(t) values coupled with high 143Nd/144Nd and Sm/Nd ratios and high ƒSm/Nd values of the sediments from the El Mreiti Group indicate derivation from juvenile and less evolved sources rocks. Further, the depleted mantle model ages (TDM) of the provenance protolith (1.95–2.31 Ga) support the argument that the El Mreiti sediments are dominantly sourced from the Paleoproterozoic terrane exposed in the eastern Reguibat Shield while the Atar Group were predominantly from the Archean basement rocks in the western Reguibat Shield. Moreover, Sm/Nd isotope and mixing model results support the major contributions of the felsic Archean rocks of the Reguibat Shield for the Atar Group samples. Although these strata, separated by ∼1000 km, have been described as stratigraphic equivalent, our study demonstrates distinct sediment sources between the Atar Group strata and those of El Mreiti, therefore, reinforcing the importance of sediment provenance in understanding the evolution and reconstruction of modern and ancient sedimentary systems.

International audience; Understanding paleoenvironmental dynamics linked to biological evolution in Earth history is a major goal within the geological community. The difficulty of achieving this goal, at least in part, lies with the secondary transformations experienced by a majority of ancient rocks, especially through metamorphism and hydrothermal activity. The Mesoproterozoic (∼1.1 Ga) shallow-marine deposits from the Taoudeni Basin, Mauritania, have suffered a complex, multiphase tectonic, and thermal evolutionary history. Representative samples from two drill cores (a background site [S2] and a dolerite intrusion-bearing drill core [S1]) from the El Mreiti Group were evaluated for transformations and overprints of original mineralogies and geochemical compositions. Our results show that the drill core hosting the dolerite intrusion (S1) is characterized by a suite of minerals (that is, pyroxene, graphite, pyrrhotite, garnet, zeolite, and authigenic clay minerals) resulting from contact metamorphism and associated hydrothermal activity. However, compared to the S1, the S2 core shows no evidence of post-depositional transformation. The geochemical data obtained from S1 reveal a striking elevation of iron contents likely delivered from the hydrothermal fluids. Moreover, concentrations of redox-sensitive trace elements (molybdenum, uranium, and vanadium) increased dramatically during hydrothermal and metamorphic activity. This study demonstrates that need for caution when assessing paleoenvironmental conditions in ancient sedimentary rocks, particularly for iron and trace metal approaches commonly used in reconstructions of paleo-redox.