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The adverse effects observed in some cancer patients treated with erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents such as erythropoietin (EPO) might be due to the latter's well‐known immunosuppressive functions. Here, we used a mouse model of syngeneic triple‐negative breast cancer to explore EPO's immunomodulatory role in a tumour setting. Our results showed that EPO treatment promotes tumour growth, exacerbates the ‘immune desert’, and results in a ‘cold tumour’. EPO treatment changed the immune cell distribution in peripheral blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and the tumour microenvironment (TME). Our in‐depth analysis showed that EPO mainly impacts CD4 T cells by accelerating their activation in the spleen and thus their subsequent exhaustion in the TME. This process is accompanied by a general elevation of CD39 expression by several immune cells (notably CD4 T cells in the tumour and spleen), which promotes an immunosuppressive TME. Lastly, we identified a highly immunosuppressive CD39+ regulatory T cell population (ICOS+, CTLA4+, Ki67+) as a potential biomarker of the risk of EPO‐induced tumour progression. EPO displays pleiotropic immunosuppressive functions and enhances mammary tumour progression in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcineurin inhibitors have improved graft survival in solid-organ transplantation but their use is limited by toxicity, requiring a switch to another immunosuppressor in some cases. Belatacept is one option that has been shown to improve graft and patient survival despite being associated with a higher risk of acute cellular rejection. This risk of acute cellular rejection is correlated with the presence of belatacept-resistant T cells. We performed a transcriptomic analysis of in vitro-activated cells to identify pathways affected by belatacept in belatacept-sensitive cells (CD4+CD57−) but not in belatacept-resistant CD4+CD57+ T cells. mTOR was significantly downregulated in belatacept-sensitive but not belatacept-resistant T cells. The inhibition of mTOR strongly decreases the activation and cytotoxicity of CD4+CD57+ cells. In humans, the use of a combination of mTOR inhibitor and belatacept prevents graft rejection and decreases the expression of activation markers on CD4 and CD8 T cells. mTOR inhibition decreases the functioning of belatacept-resistant CD4+CD57+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. It could potentially be used in association with belatacept to prevent acute cellular rejection in cases of calcineurin intolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'infection à cytomégalovirus (CMV) représente la complication infectieuse la plus fréquente en transplantation d'organes solides pour laquelle le risque est à l'heure actuelle essentiellement stratifié en fonction du statut sérologique anti-CMV du receveur (R) et du donneur (D) avant greffe. Le traitement antiviral se décline selon deux options stratégiques guidées par le statut D/R, la prophylaxie universelle ou la thérapie préemptive. L'immunité cellulaire médiée par les lymphocytes T CD8 et CD4 constituant le mécanisme majeur de la réponse immune anti- CMV, différents tests IGRAs (IFN-γ Release Assays) ont été développés : le test Elisa, QuantiFERON®-CMV et les tests ELIspot :T-Spot® CMV et T-Track® CMV. Ces analyses sont basées sur la mesure de la sécrétion d'IFN-γ par les lymphocytes T effecteurs mémoire spécifiques après leur stimulation par les peptides CMV Cette revue de la littérature présente l'intérêt des tests IGRAs, en complément des données du statut sérologique, pour une meilleure stratification des patients à risque de développer une infection sévère à CMV Elle aborde également la valeur ajoutée du suivi cinétique du contrôle de la réplication virale par les effecteurs T pour l'optimisation de la prise en charge thérapeutique antivirale au cours de la surveillance post-transplantation en complément des données virologiques. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection represents the most frequent infectious complication in solid organ transplantation for which the risk is mainly stratified according to the anti-CMV serological status of the recipient (R) and the donor (D) before transplantation. There are two strategic options for antiviral treatment, universal prophylaxis or preemptive therapy. As T-cell response mediated by CD8 and CD4 lymphocytes is the major mechanism of the anti-CMV immune response, multiple IGRAs tests (IFN-γ Release Assays) have been developed: the Elisa test, QuantiFERON®-CMV and the ELIspot tests: T-Spot® CMV and T-Track® CMV These assays are based on the measurement of IFN-γ secretion by specific memory T cells after their stimulation by CMV peptides. This review presents the usefulness of IGRAs tests, in addition to the anti-CMV serological status data, for a better stratification of patients at risk before transplantation. It also discusses the benefit of monitoring of viral replication control by T effectors in order to optimize antiviral therapeutic management during post-transplant monitoring in addition to virological data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During this last decade, adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) emerged as a valuable therapeutic strategy in hematological cancers. However, this immunotherapy has demonstrated limited efficacy in solid tumors. The main obstacle encountered by CAR-T cells in solid malignancies is the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME impedes tumor trafficking and penetration of T lymphocytes and installs an immunosuppressive milieu by producing suppressive soluble factors and by overexpressing negative immune checkpoints. In order to overcome these hurdles, new CAR-T cells engineering strategies were designed, to potentiate tumor recognition and infiltration and anti-cancer activity in the hostile TME. In this review, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms used by tumor cells to evade immune defenses and we critically expose the most optimistic engineering strategies to make CAR-T cell therapy a solid option for solid tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Given that method validation is mandatory for compliance with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15,189 standard requirements, we evaluated the analytical performance of the AQUIOS CL system (Beckman Coulter) and compared it with two bead-based flow cytometry (FCM) protocols (BD FACSCAnto TM- II and Beckman Coulter DxFLEX). There are no comparative literature data on standardized protocols for counting lymphocyte subsets on the new-generation cytometer DxFLEX., Methods: We evaluated the AQUIOS CL's performance with regard to accuracy, linearity and stability by using dedicated control cell samples and patient samples. We also compared the lymphocyte counts measured on the AQUIOS CL (n=69 samples) with those measured on the BD FACSCAnto TM- II and DxFLEX FCM systems. For 61 samples, FCM results were compared with those measured on the XN-3000 Sysmex hematology analyzer., Results: AQUIOS CL showed acceptable performance - even outside the manufacturer's quantification ranges- and strong correlations with bead-based FCM methods. The FCM techniques and the XN-3000 gave similar absolute lymphocyte counts, although values in samples with intense lymphocytosis (B cell lymphoma/leukemia) were underestimated., Conclusions: The AQUIOS CL flow cytometer is a time-saving, single-platform system with good performance, especially when the manufacturer's instructions for use are followed. However, AQUIOS CL's possible limitations and pitfalls impose validation of a bead-based FCM method for immunophenotyping verification or as a back-up system. Although the DxFLEX flow cytometer is more time-consuming to use, it can provide standardized lymphocyte subset counts in case of aberrant results on AQUIOS CL or in the event of equipment failure., (© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

Objectives: Obinutuzumab (OBZ) is a new humanised type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) approved in onco-haematology. Its use as an alternative to rituximab (RTX) in case of immunisation in autoimmune diseases has not been fully assessed yet. Here we report the case of a patient suffering from a refractory cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis (CV) associated to Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and treated with OBZ., Methods: Since the patient was immunised against RTX, she was treated with OBZ at relapse. Three days after the infusion of OBZ, she presented a vasculitis flare. Rheumatoid factor level, complement level and cryoprecipitation were evaluated on consecutive serum samples of the patients and after RTX and OBZ addition in vitro., Results: No evidence for cross-reactivity between anti-RTX Abs and OBZ was found. However, we could observe in vitro that cryoprecipitation was worsened by the simultaneous presence of anti-RTX Abs and RTX. We suggest that the flare of CV after OBZ infusion could be linked to a large release of immune complexes following B cells lysis induced by OBZ., Conclusions: Based on our report, we think that the use of OBZ needs to be carefully discussed in patients with mixed CV.

Immunoadoptive therapy with genetically modified T lymphocytes expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has revolutionized the treatment of patients with hematologic cancers. Although clinical outcomes in B-cell malignancies are impressive, researchers are seeking to enhance the activity, persistence, and also safety of CAR-T cell therapy-notably with a view to mitigating potentially serious or even life-threatening adverse events like on-target/off-tumor toxicity and (in particular) cytokine release syndrome. A variety of safety strategies have been developed by replacing or adding various components (such as OFF- and ON-switch CARs) or by combining multi-antigen-targeting OR-, AND- and NOT-gate CAR-T cells. This research has laid the foundations for a whole new generation of therapeutic CAR-T cells. Here, we review the most promising CAR-T cell safety strategies and the corresponding preclinical and clinical studies.