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The rapid deployment of technologies that can share data brings, in addition to the positive aspects, also technologies that an attacker can use to misuse personal data. Vulnerabilities in the network can be divided according to the type of attack into horizontal attacks from the perspective of the attacker and vertical attacks from the perspective of the victim. An important goal of organizations is to successfully defend against such an attack. The search for attacks on the network infrastructure can be ensured by implementing machine learning that can capture the current attack. This work describes methods of searching for attacks using graphical representation of data and also using machine learning of the high count type at different sizes of the investigated segments.

Key Clinical Message: Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries, paragangliomas, and syringomyelia are uncommon diseases. Furthermore, in the absence of any genetic link and with less than five reported adult patients surviving unrepaired rare form of Tetralogy of Fallot, our case shows noteworthiness. The possibility of definitive treatment of these conditions is rendered unsafe due to this persistent defect. Thus, management and ongoing survival of this patient remains complex and challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent studies have suggested that pathogenic variants of the DICER1 gene could be a driver of alterations in some pediatric thyroid nodules, but data are still limited. The aim of this study was to detect variants in the DICER1 gene in a large cohort of pediatric thyroid nodules and then correlate them with clinicopathological data, with a focus on the disease prognosis in patients with thyroid carcinoma. Methods: This retrospective cohort study consisted of 350 pediatric and young adult patients (aged 2–21 years) with thyroid nodules, from whom 275 fresh-frozen thyroid nodule samples and 92 fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) samples were collected. After an analysis of variants in major genetic alterations of thyroid tumors, variants in the DICER1 gene were identified using next-generation sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification methods. Peripheral blood was analyzed from patients with DICER1-positive tumors. The results of genetic analysis were then correlated with clinicopathological data. Results: Variants in the DICER1 gene were detected in a total of 24/350 (6.9%; 95%CI [4.4;10.0]) pediatric and young adult patients, respectively, in 10/119 (8.4%; [4.1;14.9]) patients with benign fresh-frozen tissue, in 8/141 (5.7%; [1.9;9.5]) with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and in 6/86 (7.0%; [4.1;14.6]) patients with FNAB. No other gene alteration was found in DICER1-positive samples. Germline DICER1 variants were identified in 11/24 (45.8%; [25.6;67.2]) patients. Two somatic (biallelic) variants in the DICER1 gene were found in 9/24 (37.5%; [18.8;59.4]) thyroid nodules. Somatic deletions of at least 3 Mbp long were revealed in 2/24 (8.3%; [1.0;27.0]) cases. DICER1-positive PTCs were significantly associated with the follicular subtype of PTC (p = 0.001), encapsulation (p = 0.006) and were larger in size (p = 0.035), but with no extrathyroidal extension (p = 0.039), and less frequent lymph node metastases (p = 0.003) compared with DICER1-negative PTCs. Patients with DICER1-positive PTC had an excellent response to treatment in 75% of cases. Conclusions: Variants of the DICER1 gene are frequently found in the thyroid nodules of pediatric and young adult patients. In our patients, DICER1-positive PTCs showed low invasiveness. Our findings support considering more conservative management for DICER1-positive low-risk PTCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aging negatively influences the structure of the human brain including the white matter. The objective of our study was to identify, using fixel-based morphometry, the age induced changes in the pathways connecting several regions of the central auditory system (inferior colliculus, Heschl's gyrus, planumtemporale) and the pathways connecting these structures with parts of the limbic system (anterior insula, hippocampus and amygdala). In addition, we were interested in the extent to which the integrity of these pathways is influenced by hearing loss and tinnitus. Methods: Tractographic data were acquired using a 3 T MRI in 79 volunteers. The participants were categorized into multiple groups in accordance with their age, auditory thresholds and tinnitus status. Fixel-based analysis was utilized to identify alterations in the subsequent three parameters: logarithm of fiber cross-section, fiber density, fiber density and cross-section. Two modes of analysis were used: whole brain analysis and targeted analysis using fixel mask, corresponding to the pathways connecting the aforementioned structures. Results: A significantly negative effect of aging was present for all fixel-based metrics, namely the logarithm of the fiber cross-section, (7 % fixels in whole-brain, 14% fixels in fixel mask), fiber density (5 % fixels in whole-brain, 15% fixels in fixel mask), fiber density and cross section (7 % fixels in whole-brain, 19% fixels in fixel mask). Expressed age-related losses, exceeding 30% fixels, were particularly present in pathways connecting the auditory structures with limbic structures. The effect of hearing loss and/or tinnitus did not reach significance. Conclusions: Our results show that although an age-related reduction of fibers is present in pathways connecting several auditory regions, the connections of these structures with limbic structures are even more reduced. To what extent this fact influences the symptoms of presbycusis, such as decreased speech comprehension, especially in noise conditions, remains to be elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors, which are mostly benign in nature. Amongst all genes, Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit D (SDHD) is the most commonly mutated in familial HNPGLs. In about 30% of HNPGLs, germline mutations in SDHD can also occur in the absence of positive family history, thus giving rise to "occult familial" cases. Our aim was to evaluate the pattern of SDHD germline mutations in Czech patients with HNPGLs. Materials and methods: We analyzed a total of 105 patients with HNPGLs from the Otorhinolaryngology departments of 2 tertiary centers between 2006 - 2021. All underwent complex diagnostic work-up and were also consented for genetic analysis. Results: Eighty patients aged 13-76 years were included; around 60% with multiple PGLs were males. Carotid body tumor was the most frequently diagnosed tumor. Germline SDHD mutation was found in only 12% of the Czech patients; approximately 78% of those harboring the mutation had negative family history. The mutation traits had higher affiliation for multiple tumors with nearly 70% patients of = 40 years of age. Conclusion: An SDHD mutation variant was shared amongst unrelated patients but no founder-effect was established. Our findings confirmed that the pattern of SDHD mutation distribution amongst HNPGLs in Czech Republic differs from most studies worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid cancer is associated with a broad range of different mutations, including RET (rearranged during transfection) fusion genes. The importance of characterizing RET fusionpositive tumors has recently increased due to the possibility of targeted treatment. The aim of this study was to identify RET fusion-positive thyroid tumors, correlate them with clinicopathological features, compare them with other mutated carcinomas, and evaluate long-term follow-up of patients. The cohort consisted of 1564 different thyroid tissue samples (including 1164 thyroid carcinoma samples) from pediatric and adult patients. Samples were analyzed for known driver mutations occurring in thyroid cancer. Negative samples were subjected to extensive RET fusion gene analyses using next-generation sequencing and real-time PCR. RET fusion genes were not detected in any low-risk neoplasm or benign thyroid tissue and were detected only in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), in 113/993 (11.4%) patients, three times more frequently in pediatric and adolescent patients (29.8%) than in adult patients (8.7%). A total of 20 types of RET fusions were identified. RET fusion-positive carcinomas were associated with aggressive tumor behavior, including high rates of lymph node (75.2%) and distant metastases (18.6%), significantly higher than in NTRK fusion, BRAF V600E and RAS-positive carcinomas. Local and distant metastases were also frequently found in patients with microcarcinomas positive for the RET fusions. ’True recurrences’ occurred rarely (2.4%) and only in adult patients. The 2-, 5-, 10-year disease-specific survival rates were 99%, 96%, and 95%, respectively. RET fusionpositive carcinomas were associated with high invasiveness and metastatic activity, but probably due to intensive treatment with low patient mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the implementation of nfstream, an open source network data analysis tool and machine learning model using the TensorFlow library for HTTP attack detection. HTTP attacks are common and pose a significant security threat to networked systems. In this paper, we propose a machine learning-based approach to detect the aforementioned attacks, by exploiting the machine learning capabilities of TensorFlow. We also focused on the collection and analysis of network traffic data using nfstream, which provides a detailed analysis of network traffic flows. We pre-processed and transformed the collected data into vectors, which were used to train the machine learning model using the TensorFlow library. The proposed model using nfstream and TensorFlow is effective in detecting HTTP attacks. The machine learning model achieved high accuracy on the tested dataset, demonstrating its ability to correctly identify HTTP attacks while minimizing false positives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The video head impulse test (vHIT) evaluates the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). It's usually recorded from only one eye. Newer vHIT devices allow a binocular quantification of the VOR. Purpose (Aim): To investigate the advantages of simultaneously recorded binocular vHIT (bvHIT) to detect the differences between the VOR gains of the adducting and the abducting eye, to define the most precise VOR measure, and to assess gaze dys/conjugacy. We aimed to establish normative values for bvHIT adducting/abducting eye VOR gains and to introduce the VOR dysconjugacy ratio (vorDR) between adducting and abducting eyes for bvHIT. Methods: We enrolled 44 healthy adult participants in a cross-sectional, prospective study using a repeated-measures design to assess test-retest reliability. A binocular EyeSeeCam Sci 2 device was used to simultaneously record bvHIT from both eyes during impulsive head stimulation in the horizontal plane. Results: Pooled bvHIT retest gains of the adducting eye significantly exceeded those of the abducting eye (mean (SD): 1.08 (SD = 0.06), 0.95 (SD = 0.06), respectively). Both adduction and abduction gains showed similar variability, suggesting comparable precision and therefore equal suitability for VOR asymmetry assessment. The pooled vorDR here introduced to bvHIT was 1.13 (SD = 0.05). The test-retest repeatability coefficient was 0.06. Conclusion: Our study provides normative values reflecting the conjugacy of eye movement responses to horizontal bvHIT in healthy participants. The results were similar to a previous study using the gold-standard scleral search coil, which also reported greater VOR gains in the adducting than in the abducting eye. In analogy to the analysis of saccade conjugacy, we propose the use of a novel bvHIT dysconjugacy ratio to assess dys/conjugacy of VOR-induced eye movements. In addition, to accurately assess VOR asymmetry, and to avoid directional gain preponderance between adduction and abduction VOR-induced eye movements leading to monocular vHIT bias, we recommend using a binocular ductional VOR asymmetry index that compares the VOR gains of only the abduction or only the adduction movements of both eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When representing the geometry of voxelized three-dimensional scenes (especially if they have been voxelized to high resolutions) in a naive—uncompressed—form, one may end up using vast amounts of data. These can easily attack the available memory capacity of the graphics card, the operating memory or even secondary storage of computer. A viable solution to this problem is to use domain-specific hierarchical data structures, based on octant trees or directed acyclic graphs, which, among other advantages, provide a compact binary representation that can thus be considered to be their compressed encoding. These data structures include—inter alia—sparse voxel octrees, sparse voxel directed acyclic graphs and symmetry-aware sparse voxel directed acyclic graphs. The paper deals with the proposal of a new domain-specific hierarchical data structure: the clustered sparse voxel octrees. It is designed to represent the geometry of voxelized three-dimensional scenes and can be constructed using the out-of-core algorithm proposed in the paper. The advantage of the presented data structure is in its compact binary representation, achieved by omitting a significant number of pointers to child nodes (82.55% in case of Angel Lucy model in 128 3 voxels resolution) and by using a wider range of child node pointer lengths, including 8b, 16b and 32b. We achieved from 6.57 to 6.82 times more compact encoding, compared to sparse voxel octrees, whose all node components were 32b aligned, and from 4.11 to 4.27 times more compact encoding, when not all node components were 32b aligned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to assess the ability of a head-shaking test (HST) to reflect vestibular compensation in patients after unilateral peripheral vestibular loss and to provide missing evidence and new insights into the features of head-shaking-induced nystagmus (HSN) over a 2-year follow-up. Background: HSN may occur after a prolonged sinusoidal oscillation of the head. HSN is frequently observed in subjects with vestibular function asymmetry; it usually beats toward the functionally intact or "stronger" ear and can be followed by a reversal of its direction. Study design: A prospective observational case-control study. Settings: A tertiary academic referral center. Methods: A total of 38 patients after acute unilateral vestibular loss (22 patients with vestibular neuronitis and 16 patients after vestibular neurectomy) and 28 healthy controls were followed for four consecutive visits over a 2-year period. A complex vestibular assessment was performed on all participants, which included spontaneous nystagmus (SPN), the caloric test, the head-shaking test (HST), the video head impulse test (vHIT), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) questionnaire. We established the criteria for the poorly compensated group to assess different compensatory behaviors and results. Results: We found a time-related decrease in HSN (-< -0.84, p < 0.001) after unilateral vestibular loss. After 2 years of follow-up, HSN intensity in compensated patients reached the level of the control group; TUG and DHI also improved to normal; however, the caloric and vHIT tests remained abnormal throughout all follow-ups, indicating a chronic vestibular deficit. Besides, poorly compensated patients had a well-detectable HSN throughout all follow-ups; TUG remained abnormal, and DHI showed at least a moderate deficit. Conclusions: Our study showed that, after a unilateral peripheral vestibular loss, the intensity of HSN decreased exponentially over time, reflecting an improvement in dynamic ability and self-perceived deficit. HSN tended to decline to the value of the control group once vestibular compensation was satisfactory and sufficient for a patient's everyday life. In contrast, well-detectable HSN in poorly compensated patients with insufficient clinical recovery confirmed the potential of HSN to reflect and distinguish between adequate and insufficient dynamic compensation. HSN could serve as an objective indicator of stable unilateral vestibular loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid deployment of technologies that can share data brings, in addition to the positive aspects, also technologies that an attacker can use to misuse personal data. Vulnerabilities in the network can be divided according to the type of attack into horizontal attacks from the perspective of the attacker and vertical attacks from the perspective of the victim. An important goal of organizations is to successfully defend against such an attack. The search for attacks on the network infrastructure can be ensured by implementing machine learning that can capture the current attack. This work describes methods of searching for attacks using graphical representation of data and also using machine learning of the high count type at different sizes of the investigated segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on training machine learning models using the XGBoost and extremely randomized trees algorithms on two datasets obtained using static and dynamic analysis of real malicious and benign samples. We then compare their success rates—both mutually and with other algorithms, such as the random forest, the decision tree, the support vector machine, and the naïve Bayes algorithms, which we compared in our previous work on the same datasets. The best performing classification models, using the XGBoost algorithm, achieved 91.9% detection accuracy and 98.2% sensitivity, 0.853 AUC, and 0.949 F1 score on the static analysis dataset, and 96.4% accuracy and 98.5% sensitivity, 0.940 AUC, and 0.977 F1 score on the dynamic analysis dataset. Then, we exported the best performing machine learning models and used them in our proposed MLMD program, automating the process of static and dynamic analysis and allowing the trained models to be used for classification on new samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the statistical analysis of mimetic muscle rehabilitation after head and neck surgery causing facial paresis in patients after head and neck surgery. Our work deals with an evaluation problem of mimetic muscle rehabilitation that is observed by a Kinect stereo-vision camera. After a specific brain surgery, patients are often affected by face palsy, and rehabilitation to renew mimetic muscle innervation takes several months. It is important to be able to observe the rehabilitation process in an objective way. The most commonly used House–Brackmann (HB) scale is based on the clinician's subjective opinion. This paper compares different methods of supervised learning classification that should be independent of the clinician's opinion. We compare a parametric model (based on logistic regression), non-parametric model (based on random forests), and neural networks. The classification problem that we have studied combines a limited dataset (it contains only 122 measurements of 93 patients) of complex observations (each measurement consists of a collection of time curves) with an ordinal response variable. To balance the frequencies of the considered classes in our data set, we reclassified the samples from HB4 to HB3 and HB5 to HB6—it means that only four HB grades are used for classification algorithm. The parametric statistical model was found to be the most suitable thanks to its stability, tractability, and reasonable performance in terms of both accuracy and precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The COVID-19 disease has an incredible impact on both hospital-based and private practices in the field of otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery. Practical issues faced by both types of practices have not been well addressed in most studies. A national survey was conducted in April 2020 to identify the challenges faced by otorhinolaryngologists practicing in the Czech Republic. Design: Prospective questionnaire-based study Setting: Online Google questionnaire sent to the members of the Czech Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Participants: All doctors practicing Otorhinolaryngology in the Czech Republic with access to the online questionnaire between 15th and 26th April 2020. Main outcome measures: The primary aims of the study were to evaluate any significant differences between the two types of practice in the field of Otorhinolaryngology. We formulated null hypotheses stating there were no statistical differences in the preparation and availability of personal protective equipment amongst both practices a month after the first case of COVID-19 in the Czech Republic. Statistical analyses including the Mann-Whitney U test were performed to test the hypotheses. Results: Analysis and results were based on the completion of the entire questionnaire by the doctors. There were no statistically significant differences between both the practices; however, individual analyses of both the practices showed a different outcome. Conclusion: Despite our statistical results, it was observed that private practices faced more deficits and were more financially vulnerable. They were also other issues reported by both practices that could compromise the care of patients, functioning of workplaces and support of doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The availability and development of methods testing the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) brought a broader view into the lateral semicircular canal (L-SCC) function. However, the higher number of evaluated parameters makes more difficult the specialist's diagnose-making process. Purpose. To provide medical specialists, a new diagnostic-graphic tool, Estimated Vestibulogram- EVEST, enabling a quick and easy-to-read visualization and comparison of the VOR test results within the L-SCC. Methods. The development of EVEST involved 148 participants, including 49 healthy volunteers (28 female and 21 male) and 99 (58 female and 41 male) patients affected by different degrees of peripheral vestibular deficit. The corresponding L-SCC VOR test results, from patients meeting the diagnostic criteria, were used to create the EVEST. Results. Based on the test results, we depicted and calculated the EVEST vestibular function asymmetry (VFA) in all the groups. To assess a feasibility of EVEST to describe a vestibular function deficit, we calculated sensitivity and specificity of VFA using a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and compared it to single tests. In all the tests, we determined the cutoff value as the point with the highest sensitivity and specificity. For discrimination of any vestibular deficit, the VFA with cutoff 6.5% was more sensitive (91%) and specific (98%) than single tests. Results showed that EVEST is a beneficial graphic tool for quick multifrequency comparison and diagnosis of different types of the peripheral vestibular loss. Conclusions. EVEST can help to easily evaluate various types of peripheral vestibular lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by pathogenic mutations in the alpha-galactosidase A (AGALA) encoding gene region. This rare disease affects several organs including the cochlea-vestibular system. Tinnitus and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) are reported among otoneurological symptoms. Early and correct diagnosis of FD is important with a view to available therapy. The aim of the study was to screen for alpha-galactosidase deficiency in men with tinnitus/SNHL. A prospective multicentric study including consecutive patients with SNHL confirmed by tone audiometry or tinnitus evaluated (10/2016-8/2019). The diagnosis of AGALA deficiency was done by dry blood spot method using a threshold of 1.2 μmol/l/h. Only men aged 18-60 were included. 181 patients were subject to evaluation. SNHL was reported in 126 (70%) patients, 50 (28%) patients had unilateral, 76 (42%) patients had bilateral SNHL. Tinnitus was found in 161 (89%) patients, unilateral in 96 (53%) and bilateral in 65 (36%) patients. Suspected FD was not detected in any patient; alpha-galactosidase The AGALA values ranged 1.5-8.8 μmol/l/h, an average of 3.4 μmol/l/h. None of the 181 patients participating in the study had AGALA levels below the threshold 1.2 μmol/l/h. The occurrence of tinnitus and sensorineural hearing loss in men appears to be an irrelevant clinical sign for FD systematic screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a design and implementation of an intrusion detection system in heterogeneous network environment. The work includes work out characteristics of Intrusion detection systems, it's base classification, development of problematic, building structure, used strategies of analyses in intrusion detectio and studies of placement the detectors of system. The scope of this work is to design and to implement the Intrusion detection system with uses the anomaly detection analyses, concrete statistical methods, in target of the third layer of ISO/OSI model. In implementation of the work is using the knowledge from area of the programming in C language and the modular programming, and the knowledge from area of the computer networks mainly from the building a networks traffic up to third layer of ISO/OSI model. The work includes the classification of implemented system and the experimental verification of the system functionality on the real specimen of network traffic from different network environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the possibilities of interaction in the virtual environment (VE) of the CAVE LIRKIS system. Commonly available peripherals are keyboard, mouse or gamepad. However, these do not provide a sufficient level of immersion, such as hand gestures. The MYO armband has proven to be one of the potential devices for improving interaction. Therefore, a system for editing an object transformation in VE was created using hand gestures and movements. Enhancing the natural user interface (NUI) of the system with additional interaction capabilities has proven the device to be suitable also for further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This publication deals with obfuscating of virtual systems against malware. It describes virtual systems, malicious code, weaknesses of virtual systems and methods of obfuscating. The addresses at the type of virtual system, use in practice, definition of malware and methods of avoiding systems designed to detect malicious software. Findings are applied in the design and subsequently in the implementation of the tool. The tool uses wear and tear artefacts to obfuscate virtual systems which are detecting malicious software. Designed and implemented software section of this publication is launched in virtual system with operation system Windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of machine learning for football match result prediction is still a difficult task. Betting companies use predictions for betting odds estimation and profit generation. Chosing the correct data for training models is thus crucial. In this paper the data model is selected and multiple machine learning algorithms are compared. Along with data model selection, impact of number of game seasons on success rate was analyzed. Last but not least, simple three class prediction was compared to separate binary predictions of win, lose and draw. All models were tested by one whole game season from last 380 games of English football championship Premier League. The best results acieved passed 60% accuracy, which outperforms all the analyzed works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between January 1997 and December 2013, the Charles University 3rd Medical School and Royal Vinohrady Teaching Hospital Ear, Nose and Throat oncology team treated 185 patients with advanced laryngeal cancer, which, from a surgical perspective, required a total laryngectomy. Overall, ~70% of these patients (n=129) underwent conventional treatment (i.e., total laryngectomy with post-operative radiotherapy), and ***30% (n=56) were treated with larynx preservation protocols (including primary radiotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, or primary chemoradiotherapy). Patients treated with laryngeal preservation protocols had a 5-year survival probability of 48%, whereas those treated with total laryngectomy and post-operative radiotherapy had a 5-year survival probability of 63%. This difference was not statistically significant. However, patients who underwent primary surgical treatment survived for a significantly longer period (P<0.010). The sex of the patient did not have a statistically significant impact on patient survival probability. More extensive local disease and more advanced disease stages conferred a lower survival probability, but were not statistically significant; however, a lower survival probability in patients >70 years was identified to be statistically significant (P<0.010). Local disease recurrence and recurrent cervical nodal metastases had a statistically significant impact on the 5-year survival probability (P<0.001). A step wise Cox regression analysis was used to compare the parameters of sex, patient age, tumor extent, disease stage, choice of primary surgery, local recurrence and cervical nodal recurrence. In the first step, local recurrence was selected as the parameter having the greatest effect on survival (P<0.001); patient age >70 years (P<0.001) was selected in the second step; cervical nodal recurrence (P<0.001) in the third step; and disease stage (P<0.010) in the fourth step. Other parameters did not significantly affect survival. The results of the present study confirmed that primary non-surgical treatment is an alternative approach to total laryngectomy, and that an informed patient should determine the treatment approach. The decreased overall survival observed in more extensive tumors suggests that surgical treatment may be a better selection in these cases. Due to increased overall survival, primary non-surgical treatment may be recommended for younger patients. If the patient chooses primary non-surgical treatment, concomitant chemoradiotherapy is recommended. If the patient cannot tolerate cytostatic chemotherapy, radiotherapy alone is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a noninvasive method and system of quantifying postural stability of patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma microsurgery. Recent alternatives quantifying human postural stability are rather limited. The major drawback is that the posturography system can evaluate only two physical quantities of body movement and can be measured only on a transverse plane. A complex movement pattern can be, however, described more precisely while using three physical quantities of 3-D movement. This is the reason why an inertial measurement unit (Xsens MTx unit), through which we obtained 3-D data (three Euler angles or three orthogonal accelerations), was placed on the patient’s trunk. Having employed this novel method based on the volume of irregular polyhedron of 3-D body movement during quiet standing, it was possible to evaluate postural stability. To identify and evaluate pathological balance control of patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma microsurgery, it was necessary to calculate the volume polyhedron using the 3-D Leibniz method and to plot three variables against each other. For the needs of this study, measurements and statistical analysis were made on nine patients. The results obtained by the inertial measurement unit showed no evidence of improvement in postural stability shortly after surgery (4 days). The results were consistent with the results obtained by the posturography system. The evaluated translation variables (acceleration) and rotary variables (angles) measured by the inertial measurement unit correlate strongly with the results of the posturography system. The proposed method and application of the inertial measurement unit for the purpose of measuring patients with vestibular schwannoma appear to be suitable for medical practice. Moreover, the inertial measurement unit is portable and, when compared to other traditional posturography systems, economically affordable. Inertial measurement units can alternatively be implemented in mobile phones or watches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]