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Darchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is a bark of a cinnamon plant that belongs to the Lauraceae family. Cinnamon is a rich tasting and aromatic spice used by different cultures worldwide. Recently, many phytochemicals were discovered and obtained from Darchini. Numerous experimental research using these phytochemical components have established several therapeutic actions. In addition, it possesses useful medicinal properties and is considered a remedy for indigestion, flatulency, depletion of innate heat, respiratory diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. A manual literature search of classical Unani manuscripts was carried out to acquire information on temperament (Mizaj), pharmacological activities and medicinal applications of Darchini. In addition, all accessible material on phytochemical, physiochemical and pharmacological studies have been collected using an extensive review of internet sources such PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct. The aim of this review article is to further highlight the discovered pharmacological effect and medicinal values of Cinnamomum zeylanicum as per the Unani literature as well as scientific research. Based on scientific studies regarding its phytochemical components, it is beneficial for various ailments. Darchini also has a beneficial effect on some gynaecological disorders such as amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, prolapse, and vaginosis. However, there is need to conduct experimental and clinical study to validate their effectiveness and safety in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports for the first time a comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to flame ionisation detector and mass spectrometry detection of the essential oils from leaf, stem-bark and root bark of three wild Cinnamomum species collected from Sinharaja and Kanneliya Forests in Sri Lanka together with cultivated cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). DNA barcoding has been carried out to identify and distinguish wild cinnamon species from commercial cinnamon species. Predominant compounds in stem bark oil were trans-Cinnamaldehyde [C. zeylanicum (68.3%)], β-linalool [Cinnamomum capparu-coronde (44.5%], β-phellandrene [Cinnamomum dubium (24.7%)] or menthol, 1'-(butyn-3-one-1-yl) [Cinnamomum sinharajaense (17.7%)]. The predominant constituents in leaf oil were eugenol [C. zeylanicum (83.0%) and C.capparu-coronde (71.6%)], β-phellandrene [C. dubium (39.9%)] or palmitic acid [C. sinharajaense. (79.8%)]. In oil extracted from root bark, the principal constituents were either camphor [C. zeylanicum (51.1%)], methyl eugenol [C. sinharajaense (82.2%) and C. dubium (84.2%)] or safrole [C. capparu-coronde (58.6%)]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lead (Pb) exposure has been linked to reduced academic performance, lower IQ, cognitive and memory impairments, and other psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety. Natural antioxidants and dietary sources of phytochemicals, including Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ), have been investigated to possibly replace the current adverse reacting drugs used to treat Pb poisoning. Consequently, this study evaluated the activity of CZ against Pb-mediated neurotoxicity. Methods: Wistar rats were assigned into six groups (n = 8) namely: Control; Lead acetate (Pb; 100 mg kg−1 body weight [BW]); CZ-pre-treated groups (CZ1 [200 mg.kg−1 BW] + Pb and CZ2 [400 mg kg−1 BW] + Pb); and CZ-only groups (CZ1 and CZ2). After 28 days, neurobehavioral, antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and Pb concentration levels, as well as hippocampal and cerebral histology, were evaluated. Results: Findings showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in final body and whole brain weights, cognition, and memory impairments, dysregulation of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and elevated nitric oxide as well as high Pb concentrations in the hippocampus and cerebrum of Pb-exposed rats following comparison to the control and CZ pretreated rats. Histological findings revealed morphological alterations with vacuolated tissue architecture in the hippocampus and cerebrum of Pb-exposed rats while the rats pre-treated with CZ showed similar morphology to the control rats. Conclusion: Altogether, the findings showed that CZ was not toxic to the rats but protected against Pb toxicity, mediated possibly through its potent antioxidant, nitric oxide scavenging, and metal chelation activity.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) supplement use on the glycemic levels of Mexican adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted with 30 patients over 18 years of age with type 2 diabetes. They were randomized into intervention and control groups where they took 2-gram capsules of Cinnamomum zeylanicum or wheat flour (placebo) daily for 12 weeks; then the anthropometric and biochemical variables HbA1c, FPG, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL were measured. IBM SPSS version 23 software was used and the Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples (according to the behavior of the variable) were applied for differences between groups, p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: No significant changes in HbA1c were seen between the two groups (p>0.05). However, posttreatment, the HbA1c value in the intervention group decreased significantly when compared to their baseline (-0.41%, p=0.01), while no differences were found in the control group (+0.03%, p=0.64). There were no significant differences in the anthropometric or biochemical variables. Conclusions: The consumption of 2 g of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in Mexican people with type 2 diabetes did not produce significant changes between the groups. New studies evaluating cinnamon supplementation on a larger sample size are suggested. ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT04023539. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to prepare ternary blended polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–urea hydrogels containing Ormocarpum cochinchinense, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and antibiotic cephalexin by freezing-thawing method in order to assess the wound healing qualities. In addition to being a synthetic polymer, PVA is a recyclable and biocompatible artificial polymer blend that has attracted a lot of interest in biological applications. The freezing-thawing process with PVA–urea blend is used to make hydrogel film. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and swelling investigations were carried out for the composite membranes. Biological studies involving antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxicity and wound healing activities were also carried out for the composite membranes. The composite membrane developed has a lot of potential for wound dressing and other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), poses a significant threat to agriculture worldwide. This study examines the potential insecticidal effects of essential oils from Mentha arvensis and Cinnamomum zeylanicum on controlling C. capitata under laboratory conditions. Even at low concentrations, toxicity assays indicated that both essential oils significantly increased the mortality of adult Medflies. The concentration-dependent effect of these oils on C. capitata mortality is demonstrated, with Mentha arvensis achieving 100% mortality within 48 hours at 1% concentration and Cinnamomum zeylanicum exhibiting rapid efficacy, reaching a low LC50 value after only 1 hour of application. The concentration and application time of essential oils were found to have a significant impact on their effectivness. This study highlights the potential of essential oils for controlling C. capitata populations. Essential oils offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for managing C. capitata but further studies are necessary for their successful incorporation into integrated pest management programs.

The development of antibiotic resistant microbial pathogens has become a global health threat and a major concern in modern medicine. The problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has majorly arisen due to sub‐judicious use of antibiotics in health care and livestock industry. A slow progress has been made in last two decades in discovery of new antibiotics. A new strategy in combatting AMR is to modulate or disarm the microbes for their virulence and pathogenicity. Plants are considered as promising source for new drugs against AMR pathogens. In this study, fraction‐based screening of the Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract was performed followed by detailed investigation of antiquorum sensing and antibiofilm activities of the most active fraction that is, C. zeylanicum hexane fraction (CZHF). More than 75% reduction in violacein pigment of C. violaceum 12472 was overserved. CZHF successfully modulated the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by 60.46%–78.35%. A similar effect was recorded against Serratia marcescens MTCC 97. A broad‐spectrum inhibition of biofilm development was found in presence of sub‐MICs of CZHF. The colonization of bacteria onto the glass coverslips was remarkably reduced apart from the reduction in exopolymeric substances. Alkaloids and terpenoids were found in CZHF. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal, 2‐propenal, coumarin, and α‐copaene as major phytocompounds. This study provides enough evidence to support potency of C. zeylanicum extract in targeting the virulence of Gram −ve pathogenic bacteria. The plant extract or active compounds can be developed as successful drugs after careful in vivo examination to target microbial infections. Research Highlights: Hexane fraction of Cinnamomum zeylanicum is active against QS and biofilms.The broad‐spectrum antibiofilm activity was further confirmed by microscopic analysis.Dimethyl acetal, 2‐propenal, coumarin, α‐copaene, and so forth are major phytocompounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, is one of the oldest herbal medicines and a popular spice crop used in Asian countries. It has been valued for centuries for its distinct flavor and aroma, and it also possesses various medicinal properties. In Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, there are many constituents such as cimmaldehyde, eugenol, linalool and cinnamic acid. Therapeutic compounds found in plants are gaining attention as a potential source for new drug development. Objectives : The study aims to identify potential novel treatments for bacterial infections by evaluating commercially available ethanolic extracts' in vitro antimicrobial activity and observing their effects on bacterial biological activity inhibition. Material and methods: The well diffusion method was used to examine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of an ethanol extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark against both gram-positive (S. aureus and S.epidermides) and gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) standard microbes. In this study, all pathogenic bacteria that affect humans tested were inhibited to varying degrees by the concentrations investigated. Results:The results indicate that the inhibition zone for gram positive bacteria is greater than that of gram negative bacteria at all concentrations, ranging from 19.22 (29%)mm to 18.44 (28%)mm against S. aureus and S. epidermids. The inhibition zones for E. coli and P. aeruginosa are 14.67 (22%) and 14.11 (21%) respectively. Conclusion: In this study, all pathogenic bacteria that affect humans were inhibited to varying degrees by the concentrations investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a global epidemic that affects millions of people worldwide. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, there is a growing interest in natural remedies for its management. One such remedy is Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, commonly known as cinnamon. Recent studies have shown promising results in the effectiveness of cinnamon in treating dexamethasone-induced diabetes in albino Wistar rats. Cinnamon contains bioactive compounds that have shown antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. These components, such as cinnamaldehyde and procyanidins can decrease the level of glucose in the blood and improve insulin sensitivity. We conducted an analysis of the lipid profile of Albino Wistar rats by evaluating the serum levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG). To further enhance our analysis, we utilized Friedwald's formulas to determine the levels of very lowdensity lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. For the determination of tissue glycogen, we opted for Sadasivam's approach. Our study was conducted in the context of Dexamethasone-induced Diabetes, making our findings particularly relevant for understanding the metabolic changes associated with this condition. According to our findings, Cinnamomum zeylanicum aqueous bark extract exhibits substantial hypolipidemic action and helps to glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The liver, a complex organ with multidimensional functions and strategic location, is very much prone to diseases that may lead to liver failure, serious health problems, and even death. Despite tremendous advances in modern medicine, available hepatoprotective treatment possess risk to various other organs. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, a herbal plant commonly used as a spice in Indian households, has been claimed to have hepatoprotective potential. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of aqueous extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (AECZ) in experimentally induced hepatotoxicity by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in albino wistar rats. Methods: The present experimental study was conducted after obtaining approval from the institutional animal ethical committee in albino Wistar rats (200-250 gms). To evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of AECZ against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, animals were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group I was given normal saline (1ml/kg/day) per orally, Group II was administered CCl4 (1 ml/kg i.p.) only once on 21st day, Group III was given LIV 52 (1ml/kg) per orally once daily for 21 days, Group IV and V were treated with aqueous extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in graded dose (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) per orally respectively for 21 days. Injection carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg i.p.) was administered once on 21st day to Group III, IV and V. The rats were sacrificed under Ketamine (75 mg/kg) and Xylazine (10 mg/kg) anaesthesia given intraperitoneally after 24 hours. Blood samples (volume ~ 5 ml) for performing biochemical tests i.e., Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum albumin, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were collected from abdominal aorta. Then animals were sacrificed and liver was dissected out for histopathological examination. The data obtained was evaluated and analysed by suitable statistical methods i.e., Anova followed by post hoc test. Results: Cinnamomum zeylanicum aqueous extract pre-treated groups exhibited a significant (p>0.001) dose dependant limitation in rise of ALT, AST, ALP and serum bilirubin. AECZ (400 mg/kg per oral) demonstrated maximum protective effect. Histopathological observations further supported the biochemical findings. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum possesses hepatoprotective potential against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in a dose dependant manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of cinnamon on liver regeneration in a rat model of partial hepatectomy (PH).Materials and Methods: Thirty-two old male Sprague-Dawley rats (12 weeks old) were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=16). One group was fed with a standard diet (control) while the other group was fed with the same diet containing 1% cinnamon for 41 weeks. Then, all animals were subjected to the PH procedure and their livers were studied on postoperative days 2, 10 and 28. The liver contents of hepatic growth factor (HGF), insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were evaluated. Also, the serum levels of liver function markers (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), MDA, NOx and SOD activity were measured.Results: The regenerated liver weight was significantly higher in cinnamon-treated animals than the controls on both day 10 and 28 post hepatectomy. The hepatic MDA levels in the cinnamon-treated animals were significantly lower than the control rats. Cinnamon led to a significant increase of SOD on day 2 after hepatectomy in serum and liver content. The basal level of HGF in the liver of cinnamon-consuming rats was significantly higher than in the control rats. Hepatic insulin level was significantly increased relative to baseline and control on day 2 in the cinnamon-consuming rats. Hepatic TNF-α levels dramatically decreased on postoperative days (POD) 2 relative to baseline in the control and cinnamon-treated rats.Conclusion: Long-term cinnamon consumption enhanced liver regeneration outcomes in old rats.

One of the main problems in cattle farming is infestations caused by Rhipicephalus microplus ticks, the most important parasitic species in the cattle industry. Its control is based mainly on the application of ixodicides. However, the excessive and inappropriate use of these products has generated resistant strains. As an alternative, biological control has been proposed as a promising method, as it prevents environmental contamination, promotes the safety of animal products, and contributes to sustainability. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to perform an in vitro evaluation of the ixodicidal effect of two plant extracts of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Tagetes erecta on R. microplus ticks. The analysis was carried out using the larval immersion technique (LIT) and the adult female immersion technique (AIT), and the morphological damage to the cuticular structure of the ticks was then determined by stereo microscopy. The most significant result was 100 % larval mortality (P<0.05) for the C. zeylanicum extract at a concentration of 6%, presenting evident morphological damage in the cuticular structure. In contrast, T. erecta extract showed no ixodicidal activity. Finally, it is concluded that the plant extract of C. zeylanicum shows efficacy in in vitro tests against R. microplus larvae and may prove useful as an economical and sustainable alternative for tick control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the world health organisation, the infectious diseases is defined as an infection caused by various microorganism such as bacteria, fungi, virus, prions and protozoa where the bacterial disease is the leading cause of death which may be transmitted through the skin and mucosal membrane. The bacterial disease has caused about 58% of mortality rate. The essential oils are highly volatile substances obtained from the distillation process. The essential oil is well known for its medicinal uses and used against various diseases. The objective of the study is to develop novel antibacterial strip from the essential oils of Illicium verum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The work involves extraction and analysis of essential oils from both sources, then the essential oil was characterised using biochemical assay. The essential oils were screened for their potential anti-microbial activity. The essential oil from Illicium verum and Cinnamomum showed good result in every assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oil was analysed against the bacteria and finally, the anti-bacterial strip was developed which displayed good wound healing property and prevents the entry of bacteria through wounds and cuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-alcohol wines (ranging from Citrus medica or Cinnamomum zeylanicum) were produced and evaluated for their properties. The viability of the immobilized kefir cultures on apple and pear pieces was not affected by the addition of EOs, and levels >7 logcfu/g were maintained after 2 h of immersion in wines. HS-SPME GC/MS analysis revealed characteristic compounds originating from the chemical composition of the added EOs in the final products. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the relative content of terpenes, alcohols and carbonyl compounds played a major role in the discrimination of low-alcohol wine products. EO addition affected the products’ sensory evaluation and resulted in significantly higher aroma and taste density compared to control samples. Notably, all novel Sangria-type wine variants were approved during preliminary sensory evaluation.

Uno de los principales problemas de la ganadería bovina son las infestaciones ocasionadas por garrapatas, siendo Rhipicephalus microplus la especie más importante en la industria ganadera. Su control se basa principalmente en la aplicación de ixodicidas. Sin embargo, el uso excesivo e inadecuado de estos productos ha generado cepas resistentes. Como alternativa se ha propuesto al control biológico como un método promisorio, ya que evita la contaminación del medio ambiente, favorece la inocuidad de los productos derivados de los animales y contribuye a la sustentabilidad. Por esta razón, el objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una evaluación in vitro del efecto ixodicida de dos extractos vegetales de Cinnamomum zeylanicum y Tagetes erecta sobre garrapatas R. microplus. El análisis se llevó a cabo mediante las técnicas de inmersión de larvas “LIT” e inmersión de hembras adultas “AIT” y posteriormente se determinó el daño morfológico en la estructura cuticular de las garrapatas mediante microscopía estereoscópica. El resultado más significativo fue de 100 % de mortalidad larval (P

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of cinnamon in reducing lipid levels in people with diabetes. Method: Randomized clinical trial of parallel groups, triple-blind, conducted in Basic Health Units in the state of Piauí in 2019. People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, between 18 and 80 years old, using oral antidiabetics, were included, and divided into two groups. The experimental group tested 3g of cinnamon for 90 days. Results: 140 people participated in the study. From these, the experimental group (n= 71) showed a reduction in mean levels of total cholesterol (p= 0.316 | CI 95% -24.9-8.1), LDL (p= 0.024 | CI 95% -29.3 -2.1) and triglycerides (p= 0.969 | 95% CI -28.6-27.5), and increased HDL (p= 0.001 | 95% CI 4.2-10.2). Conclusion: The use of 3g of cinnamon per day, for 90 days, seems to help reduce LDL values and increase HDL levels in patients with diabetes.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamon on the pharmacodynamic (PD) & pharmacokinetic (PK) of amlodipine in hypertensive rats. The hypertensive control group of Wistar rats received L-NAME (40 mg/kg, daily, orally) only. The cinnamon group of rats was treated with cinnamon (200 mg/kg, daily, orally) along with L-NAME. Following 14 days treatment period, blood pressures of rats were monitored at designated intervals over 24 h utilizing a tail-cuff system for measuring blood pressure. To assess the oral PK; amlodipine was administered as a single oral dose of 1 mg/kg to rats and blood samples were collected at specified intervals over 24 h and analysed by UPLC-LC MS/MS.Synergistic decreased in rat’s blood pressure was observed in presence of cinnamon + amlodipine. Simultaneous administration of cinnamon ameliorates the Cmax and AUC0-t of amlodipine, the Cmax and AUC0-t was 11.04 ± 1.01 ng/ml and 113.76 ± 5.62 ng h/ml for the cinnamon + amlodipine group as compared to 4.12 ± 0.49 ng/ml and 48.59 ± 4.28 ng h/ml for the amlodipine alone group. The study demonstrates that the use of cinnamon considerably decreases the blood pressure levels and enhances the PK parameters of amlodipine in hypertensive rats.

Motivated by combat against the spread of foodborne diseases, the formulations of simple and easy-to-use spray disinfectants containing Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Ocimum gratissimum essential oils were studied. Central composite experimental design was used in the development of stable products with optimal essential oil content for antimicrobial efficacy. It also allowed minimizing the alcohol content which was used to ensure miscibility between the essential oils and the aqueous phase. Trans-cinnamaldehyde was the major compound in the C. zeylanicum essential oil. Its low toxicity allowed the formulation of a risk-free product despite the great variability in the chemical composition of the essential oil. Cooked food coated with a spray containing 1% of this essential oil, in combination with Thymus vulgaris tincture, could be preserved for 3 days without refrigeration. Eugenol was the major component of O. gratissimum essential oil, followed by 1,8- cineole and methylchavicol. Sprays containing 1.5% of this essential oil were effective against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Xanthan gum proved to be a good essential oil-trapping agent under accelerated ageing conditions at 45 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the potential effects of Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) and of Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. bark on the selected serum cytokines as possible serum tumor markers -- interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the rat model of mammary carcinogenesis. R. coriaria and C. zeylanicum bark were used as the chemopreventive-therapeutic agents taken by rats in the powder form in the diet at two different concentrations during the entire period of two experiments carried out separately: lower concentration 1 g/kg -- 0.1% and higher concentration 10 g/kg -- 1%. The serum levels of cytokines of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were determined using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. In the first experiment treated with R. coriaria, a significant decrease in serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α was present at higher concentrations compared to the chemoprevention-free control group. R. coriaria at lower concentrations non-significantly reduced the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α when compared to controls. A significant decrease in serum levels of TNF-α was present at higher concentrations compared to lower concentrations. The significant effect of R. coriaria on the serum levels of IL-10 was not observed. In the second experiment treated with C. zeylanicum bark, a significant decrease in serum levels of IL-6 was observed in lower and higher concentrations compared to the chemoprevention-free control group. C. zeylanicum bark non-significantly reduced the serum levels of TNF-α and had no effect on the serum levels of IL-10. In conclusion, R. coriaria and C. zeylanicum bark demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects by analyzing the selected serum cytokine levels in the rat breast carcinoma model. Observed anti-inflammatory effects of both plant-natural substances were associated with their anticancer activities in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-alcohol wines (ranging from <0.5 to 10.5% vol) are novel products that have been steadily gaining scientific and commercial attention. Over the past few years, consumer interest in healthier foods has augmented the development of novel functional products containing probiotic microorganisms, while the urge for a reduction in chemical preservatives has shifted the food and wine industry's interest to natural alternatives, such as essential oils (EOs). In the present study, low-alcohol (~6% vol) wines with (wet or dried) immobilized kefir cultures on fruit pieces, and essential oils (Citrus medica or Cinnamomum zeylanicum) were produced and evaluated for their properties. The viability of the immobilized kefir cultures on apple and pear pieces was not affected by the addition of EOs, and levels >7 logcfu/g were maintained after 2 h of immersion in wines. HS-SPME GC/MS analysis revealed characteristic compounds originating from the chemical composition of the added EOs in the final products. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the relative content of terpenes, alcohols and carbonyl compounds played a major role in the discrimination of low-alcohol wine products. EO addition affected the products' sensory evaluation and resulted in significantly higher aroma and taste density compared to control samples. Notably, all novel Sangria-type wine variants were approved during preliminary sensory evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to demonstrate that spray-drying encapsulation of cinnamon leaf essential oil (CLO) in Arabic gum can be used to stabilize the oil and delay microbial growth in fresh-cut kiwifruit without compromising consumer acceptability. The encapsulation efficiency of CLO in Arabic gum ranged from 39 − 72%, with the highest efficiency obtained at a ratio of 12.2:87.8, dried at 130 °C. Physicochemical characterization of the capsules showed a moisture content of 4.9% and an average size of 474 ± 37.63 nm. The zeta potential was − 15 mv. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that encapsulation protected the trapped CLO by delaying evaporation. Overall, the study suggests that the encapsulation of CLO in Arabic gum can be used in the food industry to increase the shelf life of freshly-cut fruits and minimize the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of cinnamon on liver regeneration in a rat model of partial hepatectomy (PH). Materials and Methods: Thirty-two old male Sprague-Dawley rats (12 weeks old) were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=16). One group was fed with a standard diet (control) while the other group was fed with the same diet containing 1% cinnamon for 41 weeks. Then, all animals were subjected to the PH procedure and their livers were studied on postoperative days 2, 10 and 28. The liver contents of hepatic growth factor (HGF), insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were evaluated. Also, the serum levels of liver function markers (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), MDA, NOx and SOD activity were measured. Results: The regenerated liver weight was significantly higher in cinnamon-treated animals than the controls on both day 10 and 28 post hepatectomy. The hepatic MDA levels in the cinnamontreated animals were significantly lower than the control rats. Cinnamon led to a significant increase of SOD on day 2 after hepatectomy in serum and liver content. The basal level of HGF in the liver of cinnamon-consuming rats was significantly higher than in the control rats. Hepatic insulin level was significantly increased relative to baseline and control on day 2 in the cinnamon-consuming rats. Hepatic TNF-α levels dramatically decreased on postoperative days (POD) 2 relative to baseline in the control and cinnamon-treated rats. Conclusion: Long-term cinnamon consumption enhanced liver regeneration outcomes in old rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of agrochemicals has caused environmental problems and toxicity to humans, so natural alternatives for disease control during harvest and postharvest have been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate cinnamon essential oil, neem oil, and black sapote fruit extract for in vitro inhibition of fungi isolated from chayote fruit. The extracts were applied at 300, 350, and 400 ppm in Petri dishes and the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Goetrichum sp., and Phytophthora capsici was evaluated for 7 days, and the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition per day was calculated. Cinnamon oil showed a fungicidal effect at all concentrations. Neem oil at 400 ppm showed a 42.3% reduction in the growth of F. solani and 27.8% reduction in the growth of F. oxysporum, while at 350 ppm it inhibited the mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici by 53.3% and of Goetrichum sp. by 20.9%; finally, the black sapote extract at 400 ppm inhibited 21.9–28.6% of the growth of all fungi. The growth of postharvest fungi on chayote fruit could be prevented or reduced by applying the plant extracts evaluated at adequate concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by combat against the spread of foodborne diseases, the formulations of simple and easy-to-use spray disinfectants containing Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Ocimum gratissimum essential oils were studied. Central composite experimental design was used in the development of stable products with optimal essential oil content for antimicrobial efficacy. It also allowed minimizing the alcohol content which was used to ensure miscibility between the essential oils and the aqueous phase. Trans-cinnamaldehyde was the major compound in the C. zeylanicum essential oil. Its low toxicity allowed the formulation of a risk-free product despite the great variability in the chemical composition of the essential oil. Cooked food coated with a spray containing 1% of this essential oil, in combination with Thymus vulgaris tincture, could be preserved for 3 days without refrigeration. Eugenol was the major component of O. gratissimum essential oil, followed by 1,8cineole and methylchavicol. Sprays containing 1.5% of this essential oil were effective against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Xanthan gum proved to be a good essential oil-trapping agent under accelerated ageing conditions at 45 °C.

Halitosis is an oral malodor condition in the oral cavity that comes from the breakdown of protein by anaerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Some bacteria that are often found in cases of halitosis are Solobacterium moorei, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, dan Streptococcus mutans. Medicinal plants to treat various diseases have shown minimal side effects. Indonesia is one of the countries that has used plants as traditional medicine since ancient times. As many as 7,000 species of medicinal plants in Indonesia have been studied to address health problems. Among the medicinal plants that have been studied are Green Betel (Piper betle L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Star Anise (Illicium verum), Mint (Mentha piperita) dan Oregano (Origanum vulgare) which have been shown to cure various diseases. This review article describes the potential of plants as an antibacterial against halitosis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of ethnomedicine and the potential effects of antibacterial medicinal plants that can be used in cases of halitosis.

Background: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive impairment of behavioural and cognitive functions and the most common cause of dementia. The pathophysiology of AD is associated with low acetylcholine, accumulation of amyloid beta plaque, and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Cinnamomum zeylanicum is known to have many medicinal properties, especially neuroprotective effects. Objective: This research was designed to determine the neuroprotective potential of the phytochemicals C. zeylanicum using an in silico study. Methods: There are 5 phytochemicals compounds of C. zeylanicum used in this study. It's qualified for Lipinski's rules of five and can cross blood brain barrier. The protein targets were AChE, BACE1, and GSK-3. Molecular docking and visualization were performed using Avogadro, AutoDock 4.2 PyMol and Biovia Discovery Studio 2019. Results: In silico results show that the main phytochemical compounds of C. zeylanicum Blume essential oil have great potency as an AD drug. The best interaction model of the compound was shown by trans-cinnamyl acetate and coumaric acid. Although the binding energy of the compounds is lower than AD drugs (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine), the binding energy is not much different from rivastigmine and galantamine. Conclusion: The phytochemical compounds of C. zeylanicum Blume essential oil have an effect as a neuroprotective agent for AD and should be investigated in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilms represent an evolutionary form of life, which translates from life in free-living cells to a community lifestyle. In natural habitats, biofilms are a multispecies complex, where synergies or antagonisms can be established. For example, Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens are associated with a dual-species biofilm that is widespread in dairy plants. In food plants, multiple strategies are devised to control biofilms, including natural compounds such as essential oils (EOs). In this respect, this study evaluated the effectiveness of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. (TEO) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CEO) against a dual-species biofilm of L. monocytogenes and P. fluorescens, mimicking dairy process conditions. Based on Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations results, the EOs concentration (10 µL/mL) was chosen for the antibiofilm assay at 12°C on polystyrene (PS), and stainless-steel surfaces for 168 h, using a Ricotta-based model system as culture medium. Biofilm biomass was assessed by crystal violet staining, and the planktonic and sessile cells were quantified in terms of Log CFU/cm2. Results showed that CEO displayed the greatest antibiofilm activity, reducing significantly (P<0.05) P. fluorescens and L. monocytogenes sessile cells of about 2.5 and 2.8 Log CFU/cm2 after 72 h, respectively. However, L. monocytogenes gained the protection of P. fluorescens, evading CEO treatment and showing a minimal sessile cell reduction of 0.7 Log CFU/cm2 after 72 h. Considering the outcome of this study, CEO might have promising perspectives for applications in dairy facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ) is known to have numerous beneficial medicinal effects. The mechanism of action and compounds which account for these effects are not yet clearly defined. The present study aims to develop and validate a method to quantify the metabolites of CZ in human plasma and study its pharmacokinetic profile. Cinnamic acid (CA) was identified as the main metabolites of CZ in human plasma and was used to develop and validate the method. HPLC with a UV-detector was used to identify and quantify CA. Linearity, precision, bias, repeatability, and lower limit of detection (LOD) were determined. CZ (5 g) was orally administered to 5 healthy volunteers and serial blood samples were taken, to determine maximal plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximal concentration (Tmax) and elimination half-life (T½) of CA. The precision, bias, and repeatability, of the method were 7.73%, 4.20%, and 5.63%, respectively. LOD was 1.11 µmol/L and samples were stable up to five days at 4 oC. Recovery of the method was 95% -125%. The retention time of CA was 16 minutes at 254 nm. Concentrations of CA between 0.5 and 200.0 µmol/L in a plasma matrix showed a linear response. Cmax was 1.9 ± 1.5 µmol/L, while Tmax and T½ were 15 and 36 minutes respectively. The study developed a sensitive and specific HPLC method to detect CA, a key metabolite of CZ in humans, which is suitable for human pharmacokinetic studies. These pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, T½) would help in further development of CZ as a pharmaceutical agent for use in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilms represent an evolutionary form of life, which translates from life in free-living cells to a community lifestyle. In natural habitats, biofilms are a multispecies complex, where synergies or antagonisms can be established. For example, Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens are associated with a dual-species biofilm that is widespread in dairy plants. In food plants, multiple strategies are devised to control biofilms, including natural compounds such as essential oils (EOs). In this respect, this study evaluated the effectiveness of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. EO and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CEO) against a dual-species biofilm of L. monocytogenes and P. fluorescens, mimicking dairy process conditions. Based on Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations results, the EOs concentration (10 µL/mL) was chosen for the antibiofilm assay at 12°C on polystyrene (PS), and stainless steel surfaces for 168 h, using a Ricotta-based model system as culture medium. Biofilm biomass was assessed by crystal violet staining, and the planktonic and sessile cells were quantified in terms of Log CFU/cm2. Results showed that CEO displayed the greatest antibiofilm activity, reducing significantly (P

In this study, for the first time, the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of the essential oil from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) leaves were evaluated and investigated using various bioanalytical methods. In addition, the inhibitory effects of cinnamon oil on carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and α-amylase, which are associated with various metabolic diseases, were determined. Further, the phenolic contents of the essential oil were determined using LC-HRMS chromatography. Twenty-seven phenolic molecules were detected in cinnamon oil. Moreover, the amount and chemical profile of the essential oils present in cinnamon oil was determined using GC/MS and GC-FID analyses. (E)-cinnamaldehyde (72.98%), benzyl benzoate (4.01%), and trans-Cinnamyl acetate (3.36%) were the most common essential oils in cinnamon leaf oil. The radical scavenging activities of cinnamon oil were investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and (ABTS•+) bioanalytical scavenging methods, which revealed its strong radical scavenging abilities (DPPH•, IC50: 4.78 μg/mL; and ABTS•+, IC50: 5.21 μg/mL). Similarly, the reducing capacities for iron (Fe3+), copper (Cu2+), and Fe3+-2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) were investigated. Cinnamon oil also exhibited highly effective inhibition against hCA II (IC50: 243.24 μg/mL), AChE (IC50: 16.03 μg/mL), and α-amylase (IC50: 7.54μg/mL). This multidisciplinary study will be useful and pave the way for further studies for the determination of antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibition profiles of medically and industrially important plants and their oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: considering the benefits of cinnamon consumption, the objective was to evaluate the action of crude extracts of the leaf and bark of the cinnamon stem (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) on biochemical parameters and histological, morphometric, and stereological aspects of the liver of obese rats. Methods: thirty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: normonourished and obese. The normonourished received standard diet and the obese group received hypercaloric diet, from the 21st to the 120th day of life. After 99 days of diet intake, the rats were divided into six subgroups and treated with extracts by gavage for 21 days at a dose of 200 mg/kg. At the end of the treatment, the animals were euthanized, the blood collected for biochemical measurements and the liver tissue for histological, morphometric, and stereological analysis. Results: cinnamon extracts improved the plasma triglyceride profile, reduced blood glucose levels, reduced AST levels, and decreased the volume of the middle lobe of the liver of obese rats. In the histological analysis, it was observed that the extracts acted by reducing the hepatic steatosis. Conclusion: the results found demonstrate that the dose and time of use of cinnamon extract can reverse some adverse effects of an obesogenic diet and, consequently, the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, these findings should be continued with complementary studies, such as the isolation of specific substances from the extracts, diversified doses, and longer usage times for better use of raw cinnamon extracts in the prevention and development of NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Botanical fungicides are an interesting alternative for pathogen control and plant protection in sustainable production systems. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of cinnamon for use in inhibiting pathogens in tomato crop. Three main strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and a strain of Alternaria alternata were grown in in vitro conditions, and later used for tests of antifungal effect of cinnamon extract, compared to sodium hypochlorite. As a result, complete growth inhibition of the three strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Alternaria alternata were achieved only when using sodium hypochlorite from a concentration of 3%, and a partial inhibition with the use of cinnamon extract. Both, cinnamon extract and sodium hypochlorite solution, at concentrations above 2%, reduced Mycelial Growth Speed Index values. Cinnamon extract demonstrated its antifungal potential, indicating the possibility of its use in the in vitro control of phytopathogenic fungi in tomato crops. In addition, this study also showed the main effects of cinnamon extract on hyphae and conidia of these phytopathogens. [Correction added on 01 November 2022, after first online publication: The full form of 'MGRI' has been updated in the abstract of this version]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at extracting and quantifying phenolic compounds from Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Zingiber officinale Roscoe, then subjecting them, in vitro, to screening based on their richness in polyphenols, flavonoids, and their antioxidant potential. The extraction of phenolic compounds was performed by maceration in absolute methanol. The quantification of polyphenols and flavonoids from two extracts was performed using colorimetric techniques; the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the aluminum trichloride. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by three methods: FRAP, DPPH-radical scavenging, and H2O2 neutralization. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. In addition, the anti-bacterial activity, using the agar diffusion and incorporation methods, was tested on four bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 2592, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33862). The results showed that the methanolic extract from Cinnamomum zeylanicum (MEC) was richer in polyphenols than the methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (MEG). A strong antioxidant capacity was observed and highly significant with MEC compared to MEG for the three techniques used, the FRAP test (EC50 = 108.56 ± 4.18 μg/ml versus 310.07 ± 6.94 μg/ml respectively). The IC50 of DPPH-radical (5.27 ± 0.11 μg/ml versus 22.50 ± 0.45 μg/ml). Therefore, a highly significant inhibition potential of lipid peroxidation was obtained with MEC compared to MEG with MDA levels (57.68 ± 1.64 and 63.02 ± 2.95 μmol/g tissue), respectively. EMC has a strong antibacterial effect against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cinnamon exerts powerful biological activities compared to ginger; this ability could be due to the high content of phe)nolic compounds in the bark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vaginitis is one of the most common complaints in women around the world. Cinnamon is one of the medicinal plants for which there is contradictory evidence of its effect on vaginitis. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cinnamon on the treatment and recurrence of candidal vaginitis. Methods: We performed this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from April to August 2014 in Tehran, Iran. Totally 120 women aged 15 to 45 years clinically and paraclinical approved candidiasis vaginitis were included by convenient sampling at first and then were randomly allocated to 2 groups. The intervention group received 2.5 g of cinnamon powder. The control group received 2.5 g of placebo. Both groups should apply a vaginal applicator of clotrimazole cream (1%) daily. Vaginitis symptoms were evaluated with the researcher-made questionnaire and checklist at baseline, 4th, and 7th days of the treatment. Recurrence was evaluated 2 months later. Results: A significant decrease was seen in itching (from 83% to 11%) (P-value = 0.001), burning (from 71% to 5%) (P-value = 0.003), suprapelvic pain (from 65% to 3.3%) (P-value = 0.001), dyspareunia(from 80% to 7%) (P-value = 0.001) on the 7th day of the treatment in the cinnamon group. In the placebo group, a significant decrease was shown in itching (from 90% to 20%) (P-value = 0.001), burning (from 81.7% to 8.3%) (P-value = 0.001), dyspareunia (from 78% to 35%) (P-value = 0.001) and suprapubic pain (from 68% to 16.7%) (P-value = 0.001). After 2 months, recurrence was 45% in the cinnamon group (P-value = 0.001), but it was 71.7% in the placebo group (P-value = 0.003). No adverse effects of cinnamon were recorded. Conclusions: The efficacy of oral cinnamon capsule is better than clotrimazole vaginal cream in the treatment and recurrence of vaginal candidiasis. Therefore, the use of these products maybe an effective remedy for vaginal candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Due to the increased occurrence of bacterial resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs, there is a constant search for novel therapeutic strategies; medicinal plants represent an important source for obtaining such substances. The antimicrobial activity of extracts and essential oils of medicinal plants has been proven in several studies conducted in countries with diverse flora. Aim : To evaluate the antibacterial activity of cinnamon against multidrug- resistant bacteria. Material and Method: Bacterial susceptibility testing was conducted by the diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar using paper discs impregnated with test substances. Results: All test strains were sensitive to the essential oil of cinnamon. We observed low synergistic potential between essential oils against the strain of S. aureus. Conclusion: The essential oil of cinnamon has antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Future research should be conducted to define the best concentration and better extraction solution for mastic and cinnamon peels.

Background/objectivesPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in women that can alter blood glucose, lipid profile and sexual hormonal level. Therefore, the evaluation of potential therapeutic agents in this population is important. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of cinnamon, ginger, and metformin intake on improvement of sex hormones level, metabolic health (lipid profiles, insulin level and fasting blood glucose) and anthropometric indices (weight, body mass index (BMI), etc.) in women with PCOS.MethodsA total of 100 women with PCOS were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: cinnamon (500 mg of cinnamon, 3 × day), ginger (500 mg of ginger, 3 × day), metformin (500 mg of metformin 3 × day) or placebo. However, 17 participants were excluded for various reasons and consequently, 83 participants were considered for analysis. Sexual hormones, anthropometrics, glycemic and lipid markers were evaluated before and after the 8-week intervention.ResultsWeight and BMI decreased significantly in all intervention groups. The consumption of metformin and cinnamon significantly decreased insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in comparison to the placebo and ginger groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease in FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone) levels were observed in the ginger compared to the placebo group. While metformin and cinnamon significantly lowered testosterone levels (P < 0.05), none of the groups experienced a significant change in DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone).ConclusionOur findings suggest that in women with PCOS, cinnamon supplementation causes similar reductions in insulin resistance and testosterone level to that of metformin. Ginger supplementation decreased FSH and LH, hormonal effects not seen following metformin consumption. Overall, cinnamon and ginger supplementations may potentially be used as alternative treatment in women with PCOS.Clinical trial registration[https://www.irct.ir/trial/28548], identifier [IRCT20171227038105N1].

Plant-based essential oils are promising anti-virulence agents against the multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) leaf and Eugenia caryophyllus (clove) flower bud essential oils revealed eugenol (73 and 75%, respectively) as their major component, with β-caryophyllene, eugenyl acetate, and α-humulene as common minor components. Cinnamon leaf and clove essential oils had minimum inhibitory concentrations of 600 and 500 µg/mL, respectively against the C. albicans RSY150 reference strain and 1000 and 750 µg/mL, respectively for the clinical reference strain ATCC 10231. The combined oils are additive (FICI = 0.72 ± 0.16) and synergistic (0.5 ± 0.0) against RSY150 and the clinical reference strain, respectively. Mycelial growth was inhibited by sublethal concentrations of either essential oil, which abolished colony growth. At half of the lowest combined lethal concentration for the two oils, the yeast-to-hyphal transition and mycelial growth was potently inhibited. Mutant strains als1Δ/Δ, als3Δ/Δ, hwp1Δ/HWP1+, and efg1Δ/Δ were sensitive to either or both oils, especially efg1Δ/Δ. In conclusion, oils of cinnamon leaf and clove and their combination significantly impact C. albicans virulence by inhibiting hyphal and mycelial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This work examines the available scientific evidence about the efficiency of essential oils (EO) as an alternative therapy to traditional treatment of fungal infections, including onychomycosis, assessing the effect of the three EO most frequently studied for their antifungal activity (thyme, cinnamon and tea tree EO) against three causative agents of fungal diseases in humans: Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex and Candida albicans. Methods and Results: The PRISMA statement protocol was followed to conduct a bibliographical search and 54 articles that met all the inclusion criteria were retrieved. Differences were observed in the MIC and MFC values depending on the micro‐organism strain and the EO used. The lowest MIC were observed with Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO (0.013–1120 μl ml−1) against the three micro‐organisms. For MFC, the lowest value was found for Thymus vulgaris EO (4.2 μl ml−1) against Trichophyton rubrum. Conclusions: The antifungal effects of EO could be a very promising solution to overcome the therapeutic shortcomings of antimycotic medication. More experiments are needed to examine the properties of these oils to devise effective and nonaggressive therapies for treatment of dermatophytosis. Significance and Impact of Study: The results indicate that EO remain good candidates for future treatments and could provide a solution for failed medications and/or adverse reactions to current pharmacological treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum leaves are used extensively as spices in food and to produce essential oils for flavoring and preservation of food besides having a number of biologically active compounds making it an important part of our traditional systems of medicines. The leaves of Cinnamomum zeylanicum were collected from three different attitudes of Uttarakhand to examine the chemical profile and antioxidant potential of their essential oil. The GC/GC/MS analysis of the oils resulted in the identification of total 15, 26 and 17 compounds from Mangoli, Ramnagar and Pantnagar representing 97.1%, 93.2%, 92.6%, of the oil respectively. The effect of different altitudes on the composition of essential oil was remarkable. (E)-Cinnamaldehyde being the highest in the Ramnagar (67.5%), (E)-cinnamyl acetate in Mangoli (39.9%) and linalool in Pantnagar (31.4%) collection. The oil samples were found to be rich in phenyl propanoids (90.8% in Mangoli, 76.5% in Ramnagar, 36.8% in Pantnagar). Sesquiterpenes were found to be the minor constituents. The essential oil yield and IC50 values correlated positively with the altitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder in women associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Cinnamon, a Chinese herbal medicine, is known for its anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties, making it a potential therapeutic agent for PCOS-related cardiovascular complications. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of cinnamon supplementation on cardiovascular risk markers in women diagnosed with PCOS., Methods: Twelve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the analysis. The primary outcomes assessed were body weight, insulin resistance measured by Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and fasting blood sugar (FBS)., Results: The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of cinnamon on reducing weight. Under the random-effects model, the pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) was -0.47 kg (95 % CI: -0.80 to -0.15, p < 0.001; I2 = 0.0 %). There was also a beneficial impact on insulin resistance, with reduced HOMA-IR scores following cinnamon supplementation (SMD=0.5015, 95 % CI: 0.2496 to 0.7533, p < 0.0001). Additionally, there was a significant improvement in FBS levels (pooled WMD: -7.72 mg/dL, 95 % CI: -12.33 to -3.12, p < 0.001; I2 = 91.3 %). The meta-analysis indicated a tendency towards reduced total cholesterol (WMD: -11.12 mg/dL, 95 % CI: -19.06 to -3.18, p = 0.01; I2 = 0.0 %) and LDL levels (WMD: -11.11 mg/dL, 95 % CI: -18.22 to -4.00, p < 0.01; I2 = 0.0 %) following cinnamon intervention. Substantial heterogeneity was observed among the studies, indicating the need for further research with larger sample sizes and standardized methodologies., Conclusion: Cinnamon supplementation demonstrates promising effects on body weight, blood sugar, total cholesterol, LDL, and insulin resistance in women with PCOS, indicating its potential in mitigating cardiovascular risk factors associated with this condition., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Recent discoveries in cancer therapeutics have proven combination therapies more effective than individual drugs. This study describes the efficacy of the combination of Cinnamomumzeylanicum and doxorubicin against benzene-induced leukemia. Methods and results: Brine shrimp assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of C. zeylanicum, doxorubicin and their combination. After AML induction in Sprague Dawley rats, the same drugs were given to rat groups. Changes in organ weight, haematological profile, and hepatic enzymes were determined. Real-time PCR was used to elucidate the effect on the expression of STMN1, GAPDH, P53 and various TRAIL and NF-kappaB components. C. zeylanicum reduced the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin. The combination treatment showed better anti-leukemic results than any of the individual drugs as evident from STMN1 expression (p < 0.001). It was particularly effective in reducing total white blood cell counts and recovering lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils along with hepatic enzymes ALT and AST (p < 0.001). All doses recovered relative organ weights and improved blood parameters. The combination therapy was particularly effective in inducing apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation marker GAPDH (p < 0.001) and NF-kappaB pathway components Rel-A (p < 0.001) and Rel-B (p < 0.01). Expressions of TRAIL components c-FLIP (p < 0.001), TRAIL ligand (p < 0.001) and caspase 8 (p < 0.01) were also altered. Conclusion: Cinnamomum zeylanicum in combination with doxorubicin helps to counter benzene-induced cellular and hepatic toxicity and improves haematological profile. The anti-leukemic effects are potentially due to inhibition of GAPDH and NF-kappa B pathway, and through regulation of TRAIL pathway. Our data suggests the use of C. zeylanicum with doxorubicin to improve anti-leukemic therapeutic regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum zeylanicum is a tropical plant with traditional medicinal significance that possesses antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-parasitic, and anti-tumor properties. Here, we have elucidated the anti-tumor effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract (CZE) and its bioactive compound cinnamaldehyde (CIN) on oral cancer and elucidated underlying molecular mechanisms. Anti-tumor activities of CZE and CIN were demonstrated by various in vitro experiments on oral cancer cells (SCC-4, SCC-9, SCC-25). The cell proliferation, growth, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy were analyzed by MTT, clonogenic assay, propidium iodide, annexin-V-PI, DAPI, and acridine orange staining, respectively. The binding affinity of CIN towards dihydrofolate reductase and p38-MAP kinase alpha was analyzed by molecular docking. Western blot assay was performed to assess the alteration in the expression of various proteins. CZE and CIN treatment significantly inhibited the growth and proliferation of oral cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. These treatments further induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy. CZE and CIN inhibited the invasion and cytoplasmic translocation of NF-κB in these cell lines. CIN showed a high affinity to MAP kinase P38 alpha and dihydrofolate reductase with binding affinities of −6.8 and −5.9 kcal/mol, respectively. The cancer cells showed a decreased expression of various PI3k-AKT-mTOR pathways related to VEGF, COX-2, Bcl-2, NF-κB, and proteins post-treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamon essential oils (EOs) are widely known for their pharmaceutical properties; however, studies investigating the use of these EOs in aquaculture are scarce. The aims of this study were to evaluate the anesthetic effect of bathing silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) with Cinnamomum cassia EO (CCEO) and its nanoemulsion (NCCEO); the growth-promoting and antioxidant effects of dietary supplementation with CCEO in silver catfish; and the in vitro antibacterial effect of CCEO, NCCEO, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO (CZEO) against bacteria isolated from diseased silver catfish. The two cinnamon EOs showed promising antibacterial activity, which was potentiated by the nanoemulsion. CCEO showed satisfactory anesthetic activity in silver catfish, and its nanoemulsion intensified the sedative activity. Supplementation of 1.0 mL CCEO per kg of diet for 60 days increased weight, length, and weight gain when compared to the control group, evidencing the growth-promoting activity of this EO. Dietary supplementation of CCEO for 30 and 60 days also showed an antioxidant effect, as it decreased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species and increased the superoxide dismutase activity in the liver of silver catfish. Therefore, cinnamon EOs have a promising use in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increase in the incidence and prevalence of type-2 diabetes and obesity which leads to the structural and functional changes in myocardium leading to a lethal complication called diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). In the present study, we investigated the preventive effect of cinnamon (3% of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark powder in AIN-93 diet for 3 months) feeding on DCM and the concerned mechanisms in a rodent model. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg b.w streptozotocin (STZ), 15 min after the ip administration of 60 mg/kg b.w of nicotinamide (NA) in Wistar-NIN (WNIN) male rats. The oxidative stress parameters were investigated by assessing superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) enzyme activity, protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The histopathology of myocardium was analyzed by H&E and Masson's trichrome staining, and scanning electron microscopy. The changes in diabetic rat heart involved the altered left ventricular parietal pericardium, structural changes in myocardial cells, enhanced oxidative stress. Masson's trichrome and H&E staining have shown increased fibrosis, and perinuclear vacuolization in NA-STZ induced diabetic rat myocardium. Cinnamon feeding prevented the oxidative stress and myocardial alterations in the heart of diabetic rats. Taken together, these results suggest that cinnamon can effectively prevent the metabolic and structural changes in NA-STZ induced diabetic cardiomyopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The toxicity induced by toxic substances and medications is one of the principal reasons for acute kidney injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Zingiber officinale extracts on the kidney of the rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Methods: In this study, thirty-six Wistar rats randomly divided into six groups: I) control, II) cinnamon 25mg/kg + ginger 125mg/kg, III) CCl4, IV) CCl4+ cinnamon 50mg/kg, V) CCl4+ ginger 250mg/kg, VI) CCl4+ cinnamon 25mg/kg and ginger 125mg/kg. Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Zingiber officinale extracts were injected for 14 days. On the 14th day, the rats in the CCl4 and the pretreatment groups were administered with 1mg/kg of CCl4 and olive oil mixture (1:1 v/v). Forty-eight hours after the injection of CCl4, blood samples were taken to conduct subsequent biochemical tests. Also, the kidney removed and histological alterations as well as oxidative markers were investigated. Results: The administration of CCl4 increased the levels of urea, uric acid, creatinine and malondialdehyde; while decreased the levels of serum albumin, total protein, total antioxidant capacity and renal tissue antioxidant enzymes. Pretreatment with Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Zingiber officinale extracts, especially with a combination of them, led to considerable improvement in these values compared to the CCl4 group. Conclusion: The results suggest that hydroalcoholic extracts of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Zingiber officinale, alone or simultaneously, have protective effects against free radicals produced during CCl4 metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La cannelle de Ceylan est une épice très appréciée pour ses qualités alimentaires dont est extraite de l'huile essentielle issue des feuilles ou du bois. Elle contient un aldéhyde aromatique, le cinnamaldéhyde, puissant et caustique, ainsi qu'un phénol considéré comme moins caustique que les autres. Ces deux molécules ont des propriétés anti-infectieuses importantes et à large spectre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Cinnamomum zeylanicum (“Ceylon cinnamon/true cinnamon”) is native to Sri Lanka. In addition to generating significant foreign income, over 350,000 families are involved in the cinnamon industry, demonstrating its long‐established role in the Sri Lankan society. The spice constitutes many bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal properties, in addition to therapeutic and preventive effects against many diseases and disorders. New uses of cinnamon continue to emerge, and in this review, we discuss the opportunities for crop and product improvement, which will likely impact positively on the lives and livelihood of the population in Sri Lanka. Summary Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, known as Ceylon cinnamon, is native to Sri Lanka, whereas Cinnamomum cassia J. Presl (Cassia cinnamon) and other types of Cinnamomum spp. are grown in China and many other parts of Asia. Ceylon cinnamon is relatively expensive due to its chemical composition, high quality, proven health benefits, and ultra‐low levels of the toxic chemical compound, coumarin, which is reported in comparatively high concentrations in Cassia cinnamon. In Sri Lanka, more than 350,000 families are involved in the cinnamon industry. Among the total agricultural produce of Sri Lanka, cinnamon exports provide the second highest in terms of income (second only to tea). In addition to the use of cinnamon as a spice, leaf and bark extracts are used in the food industry to (a) improve the postharvest life of perishable foods through antimicrobial activity and (b) control pests in postharvest storage (insecticidal activity). The human health benefits include antioxidant activity and therapeutic and preventative properties against diseases and disorders. The potential uses of Ceylon cinnamon in the global food industry, health, and cosmetics sectors are abundant. However, to ensure maximum benefits to producers and consumers, accredited laboratory testing and legislative procedures need to be developed and strengthened to detect and reduce malpractice and product adulteration in the global marketplace. There are also considerable opportunities for crop improvement. The application of contemporary genomic and genetic approaches coupled to plant breeding will be needed to improve yields and disease resistance and to safeguard production in the face of the threats posed by global environmental change.