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Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is an economically important pest of many agricultural commodities world-wide. Multiple acaricides, including bifenazate, bifenthrin, and extoxazole, are currently registered to control T. urticae. However, populations of T. urticae in many different growing regions have developed acaricide resistance through multiple mechanisms. Within T. urticae, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been documented in different genes which are associated with acaricide resistance phenotypes. The detection of these mutations through TaqMan qPCR has been suggested as a practical, quick, and reliable tool to inform agricultural producers of acaricide resistance phenotypes present within their fields and have potential utility for making appropriate acaricide application and integrated pest management decisions. Within this investigation we examined the use of a TaqMan qPCR-based approach to determine genotypes which have been previously associated with acaricide resistance in field-collected populations of T. urticae from peppermint fields and hop yards in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and confirmed the results with a multiplex targeted sequencing. The results suggest that a TaqMan qPCR approach accurately genotypes T. urticae populations for SNPs that have been linked to Bifenazate, Bifenthrin, and Etoxazole resistance. The results also demonstrated that different populations of mites in Washington and Idaho displayed varying frequencies of the examined SNPs. While we were able to detect the SNPs associated with the examined acaricides, the mutation G126S was not an appropriate or accurate indicator for bifenazate resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alfalfa leafcutting bee Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) is the primary pollinator for the alfalfa seed industry. It is a solitary cavity nesting bee that utilizes leaf lined brood cells provisioned with pollen for larval development and pupation into the adult stage. During development, multiple pathogens, parasitoids, and predators can prey upon or use the larvae as a host, resulting in the loss of the future adult bee. As such, the presence of invertebrate pests and fungal pathogens presents a major concern for commercial alfalfa seed growers. In the present study, we used historic data from the Parma Cocoon Diagnostic Laboratory to determine baseline rates of pathogens, parasitoids, and predators of Megachile rotundata brood cells and used this analysis to determine cutoffs for management practices to inform growers when the purchase of new bee stocks should be considered. Additionally, we compared the presence of chalkbrood, predators, and parasitoids in samples collected from both grower-produced stocks and newly purchased Canadian bees. The results of the investigation provide historic averages of the presence of chalkbrood, predators, and parasitoids, show a significant increase in chalkbrood and predators in 2007–2011, and find a significant difference in rates of chalkbrood and predators between samples from Canadian suppliers and grower stocks. We speculate that these differences may have resulted from economic conditions that increased the cost of Canadian Megachile rotundata cells and likely resulted in increased reliance on 2nd-year U.S. grower stocks and subsequently increased infection rates during this time period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alfalfa leafcutting bee Megachile rotundata Fabricius (HYMENOPTERA: Megachilidae) is an important pollinator for multiple agricultural seed commodities in the United States. M. rotundata is a solitary cavity nesting bee that forms brood nests where its larvae can develop. During the developmental stages of growth, brood can be preyed upon by multiple different fungal pathogens and insect predators and parasitoids, resulting in the loss of the developing larvae. Larval loss is a major concern for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed producers because they rely on pollination services provided by M. rotundata. Reduced pollination rates result in lower yields and increased production costs. In the present study, we examined the taxonomic composition of organisms found within M. rotundata brood cells using a multiplex PCR assay which was developed for the detection of bacterial, fungal, and invertebrate pests and pathogens of M. rotundata larvae. Known pests of M. rotundata were detected, including members of the fungal genus Ascosphaera , the causative agent of chalkbrood. The presence of multiple Ascosphaera species in a single brood cell was observed, with potential implications for chalkbrood disease management. The multiplex assay also identified DNA from more than 2,400 total species, including multiple predators and pathogenetic species not previously documented in association with M. rotundata brood cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, e.g. drones) are a common tool for many civil applications, including precision agriculture, transportation, delivery services, rescue missions, law enforcement, and more. Remote sensing technologies used in conjunction with drones are a dominant application in precision agriculture. Multispectral instrumentation attached to UAVs allows the user to observe multiple parameters, including the normalized difference vegetation index which can represent crop stresses induced by various factors (e.g. drought, insect outbreak, nutrient loss, and other diseases). However, little research has been done to apply drones to accomplish a mission-oriented actionable task in agriculture, such as insect sampling. We propose a low-cost, open source-based live insect scouting drone named 'iDrone Bee' to benefit the integrated pest management (IPM) community by minimizing time and efforts of human interventions while collecting live insects in agricultural fields. Herein we present instruction and operation procedures to build and operate an iDrone Bee for insect scouting in an agricultural ecosystem and validate the system in an alfalfa seed field. The findings of this investigation demonstrate that a drone-based insect scouting method may be a valuable tool to benefit the IPM community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) is a major agricultural pest of commercial potatoes, partially due to its ability to rapidly develop resistance to multiple insecticide modes of action. Patterns of L. decemlineata insecticide resistance in the contiguous United States have been linked to geographic location and regional management practices. Several previous studies have classified enzymes that are overexpressed following L. decemlineata exposure to commercial pesticides, many of which have been linked to xenobiotic metabolism. Studies have further associated geographic disparities in resistance patterns to cross‐resistance driven by fungicide exposure in the East Coast and Midwest. RESULTS: In this study, our objective was to investigate transcript expression of 38 previously classified detoxification enzymes induced by imidacloprid (an insecticide) and chlorothalonil (a fungicide) within five discrete populations of L. decemlineata obtained from areas in the USA representing eastern, midwestern and western production regions. We found unique patterns of transcript expression in different geographic locations, including overexpression of transcripts related to insecticide metabolism within insecticide‐resistant populations. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the genetic response of these populations may be partially linked to geographic location and corresponding management practices. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aster Yellows phytoplasma (AYp; 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris') is an obligate bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of multiple diseases in herbaceous plants. While this phytoplasma has been examined in depth for its disease characteristics, knowledge about the spatial and temporal dynamics of pathogen spread is lacking. The phytoplasma is found in plant's phloem and is vectored by leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera), including the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes. The aster leafhopper is a migratory insect pest that overwinters in the southern United States, and historical data suggest these insects migrate from southern overwintering locations to northern latitudes annually, transmitting and driving phytoplasma infection rates as they migrate. A more in-depth understanding of the spatial, temporal and genetic determinants of Aster Yellows disease progress will lead to better integrated pest management strategies for Aster Yellows disease control. Carrot, Daucus carota L., plots were established at two planting densities in central Wisconsin and monitored during the 2018 growing season for Aster Yellows disease progression. Symptomatic carrots were sampled and assayed for the presence of the Aster Yellows phytoplasma. Aster Yellows disease progression was determined to be significantly associated with calendar date, crop density, location within the field, and phytoplasma subgroup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aster Yellows phytoplasma (AYp; Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) is associated with diseases of herbaceous plants, including ornamentals and important commercial vegetable and grain crops. The aster leafhopper (ALH; Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes) is the predominant vector of these bacteria, though other leafhopper species can acquire and transmit AYp. Potentially inoculative leafhoppers are reported to overwinter in the southern United States and migrate to northern latitudes in the spring. Examining the genetic similarities and differences in AYp associated with southern and northern populations of ALH may provide insight into the role that migrating ALH play in AYp disease development. To investigate similarities among geographically distinct populations of ALH and characterize the variation in AYp associated within these populations, we identified genetic variations in subgroup designation and the relative proportions of secreted AY-WB proteins from field-collected populations of AYp isolated from ALH from select locations in the southern (Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas) and the northern United States (Wisconsin) in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Isolated phytoplasma were tested for variation of AYp genotypes, numbers of potentially inoculative (AYp-positive) ALH, and presence of specific AYp virulence (effector) genes. Geographically distinct populations of ALH collected in northern and southern regions were similar in CO1 genotype but carried different proportions of AYp genotypes. While similar AYp strains were detected in geographically distinct locations, the proportion of each genotype varied over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, is a major agricultural pest of solanaceous crops in the United States. Historically, a multitude of insecticides have been used to control problematic populations. Due to increasing resistance to insecticides, novel compounds and methodologies are warranted for the control of beetle populations. Mixed-isomer conjugated linoleic acid has been studied in-depth for its beneficial properties to mammalian systems. At the same time, studies have demonstrated that conjugated linoleic acid can manipulate fatty acid composition in non-mammalian systems, resulting in embryo mortality. Consequently, experiments were conducted to assess the effects of foliar-applied conjugated linoleic acid on larval growth, embryogenesis, and feeding preference in Colorado potato beetle. Both maternal and deterrent effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid were assessed. Conjugated linoleic acid demonstrated desirable insecticidal properties, including increased larval mortality, slowed larval development, antifeedant effects, and decreased egg viability after maternal ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is an agricultural pest of commercial potatoes in parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. Plant protection strategies within this geographic range employ a variety of pesticides to combat not only the insect, but also plant pathogens. Previous research has shown that field populations of Leptinotarsa decemlineata have a chronological history of resistance development to a suite of insecticides, including the Group 4A neonicotinoids. The aim of this study is to contextualize the transcriptomic response of Leptinotarsa decemlineata when exposed to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid, or the fungicides boscalid or chlorothalonil, in order to determine whether these compounds induce similar detoxification mechanisms. We found that chlorothalonil and imidacloprid induced similar patterns of transcript expression, including the up-regulation of a cytochrome p450 and a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase transcript, which belong to protein families associated with xenobiotic metabolism. Further, transcriptomic responses varied among individuals within the same treatment group, suggesting individual insects’ responses vary within a population and may cope with chemical stressors in a variety of manners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is a major agricultural pest of commercial potatoes. Pest managers use a combination of control tactics to limit populations, including multiple insecticides. Finding a window of insecticide susceptibility and understanding genetic responses to insecticide exposure during a growing season may provide novel management recommendations for L. decemlineata. RESULTS We examined temporal changes (during one growing season) in phenotypic response between a susceptible population and an imidacloprid-resistant population. Beetles remained more susceptible to imidacloprid in the susceptible population throughout the growing season. Estimated mean LC50 values varied throughout the growing season in the resistant population, with increased susceptibility among overwintered and recently emerged adult beetles compared with a heightened level of resistance in the second generation. RNA transcript abundance was compared among multiple time points through the growing season, showing that cuticular proteins and cytochrome p450s were highly upregulated during peaks of measured resistance. CONCLUSION Temporal variation in imidacloprid susceptibility of L. decemlineata was observed, which included early time points of susceptibility and later peaks in resistance. Heightened resistance occurred during the second generation and correlated to increased transcript abundance of multiple mechanisms of resistance, including multiple cuticular protein and cytochrome p450 transcripts. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is a major agricultural pest in the Central Sands region of Wisconsin. Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, has commonly been used for control of L. decemlineata since its registration in 1995. In the last 10 years, many field populations of L. decemlineata have begun to show increasing imidacloprid resistance. We studied resistance phenotype as a phenomenon that reduces neonicotinoid efficacy and has practical consequences for potato pest management. Although we have not observed complete field failure following the use of these products, multiple studies have demonstrated that the lethal concentration to kill 50% of the test organisms (LC50) in different field populations of L. decemlineata varies greatly which may suggest that resistance of L. decemlineata is heritable and involves genetic changes. An important challenge in understanding resistance is assessing the genetic mechanisms associated with resistance and classifying up-regulated genes that may be involved in combating an insecticide insult. In this study we uncovered trends in imidacloprid phenotypic response that have developed in the region by estimating the LC50 values among different field populations against a range of imidacloprid doses. The LC50 values collected in 2008–2011, and more recently in 2013 and 2014, show that some field locations remain susceptible to imidacloprid, while nearby fields (<100km) have developed high levels of resistance. We also sought to uncover potential mechanisms of resistance at each field location. We compiled a transcriptome for populations, characterized as phenotypically ‘susceptible’ and ‘resistant’, by isolating mRNA from adult beetles and analyzing gene expression level differences. Strong differences were observed in constituently up and down-regulated genes among different field populations. Most significantly, the up-regulation of 3 cytochrome p450s and a glutathione synthetase related protein in multiple resistant populations provide a mechanistic explanation of resistance evolution in L. decemlineata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction to the article related to temporal patterns of imidacloprid resistance in the growing season in Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations is presented.

The Colorado potato beetle is one of the most challenging agricultural pests to manage. It has shown a spectacular ability to adapt to a variety of solanaceaeous plants and variable climates during its global invasion, and, notably, to rapidly evolve insecticide resistance. To examine evidence of rapid evolutionary change, and to understand the genetic basis of herbivory and insecticide resistance, we tested for structural and functional genomic changes relative to other arthropod species using genome sequencing, transcriptomics, and community annotation. Two factors that might facilitate rapid evolutionary change include transposable elements, which comprise at least 17% of the genome and are rapidly evolving compared to other Coleoptera, and high levels of nucleotide diversity in rapidly growing pest populations. Adaptations to plant feeding are evident in gene expansions and differential expression of digestive enzymes in gut tissues, as well as expansions of gustatory receptors for bitter tasting. Surprisingly, the suite of genes involved in insecticide resistance is similar to other beetles. Finally, duplications in the RNAi pathway might explain why Leptinotarsa decemlineata has high sensitivity to dsRNA. The L. decemlineata genome provides opportunities to investigate a broad range of phenotypes and to develop sustainable methods to control this widely successful pest.