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Background: Elder abuse is a global human rights issue, particularly in residential care settings where there is limited understanding of older people's experiences of this phenomenon. This scoping review aims to map and describe the existing literature on this phenomenon. Methods: Using Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review methodology, further developed by Levac et al. and the Joanna Briggs Institute, a systematic search of six databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published from inception to January 2023. Studies were included if they focused on older people's experience of abuse within residential care settings. A comprehensive data extraction process was employed to identify key themes from the included studies. Results: The initial search yielded a total of 3701 articles of which eight met the inclusion criteria. The findings revealed a range of abusive experiences encountered by older people living in residential care settings, including psychological, physical, financial, neglect and sexual abuse. The common attributes of residents vulnerable to abuse were evident throughout each of the studies. Finally, the theme of organizational neglect was apparent through the absence of effective safeguarding measures in the included studies. The findings revealed the insufficient implementation of safeguarding measures increases the risk of abuse among residents. Conclusion: This scoping review highlights the limited research on the experiences of older people who have encountered elder abuse in residential care settings. The findings stress the need for further research exploring the complex interplay of factors contributing to elder abuse within aged care settings. The insights gained from this scoping review can inform the development of comprehensive safeguarding strategies to prevent and address elder abuse in residential care settings, promoting the well‐being and safety of older people. Patient or Public Contribution: This project is a scoping review of the literature; therefore, no patient or public contribution was deemed necessary. What this paper contributes to the wider global community: Most research on elder abuse has been conducted in the community rather than in Residential Care Settings where there is a limited understanding of older people's experiences of abuse within the published literature.The scoping review highlights the presence of inadequate safeguarding strategies in Residential Care Settings within the reviewed studies, providing recommendations for developing and improving safeguarding measures in Residential Care Settings to prevent abuse, neglect, and harm in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify predictors of sexual satisfaction in patients with advanced cancer and their family caregivers. Methods: Cross‐sectional study using baseline survey data from a randomized controlled trial in six European countries. Patients with advanced cancer and their family caregiver completed measures on sexual satisfaction (one item from Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy ‐ General questionnaire for patients and Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer scale for family caregivers) and health‐related characteristics. Multivariable linear regressions were performed for all predictors (identified based on literature) with sexual satisfaction as dependent variable. Results: The sample comprised 431 patient‐family caregiver dyads. Patients with prostate or gynecological cancer reported lower sexual satisfaction (respectively B = −0.267 95% CI: −1.674, −0.594 and B = −0.196, 95% CI −2.103, −0.452). Higher emotional (B = 0.278, 95% CI 0.024, 0.057) physical (B = 0.305, 95% CI 0.012, 0.025) and social functioning (B = 0.151, 95% CI 0.001, 0.013), global health (B = 0.356, 95% CI 0.007, 0.013) and social wellbeing (B = 0.161, 95% CI 0.013, 0.082) among patients were associated with higher sexual satisfaction. Among family caregivers, sexual satisfaction was lower with increased age (B = −0.142, 95% CI −0.022, −0.004). Higher emotional functioning (B = 0.027, 95% CI 0.011, 0.043) and quality of life (B = 0.165, 95% CI −0.165, 0.716) were associated with higher sexual satisfaction in family caregivers. Conclusions: The results underscore that sexual wellbeing of patients and family caregivers is related to health related factors in physical, emotional, and social domains. Patients and family caregivers could benefit from a dyadic approach to address sexual wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the tropopause was first identified, the quality and resolution of weather balloons has dramatically improved. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories (ESRL) have provided high resolution and very high quality ozonesondes from eight locations: Fiji; American Samoa; Greenland; Antarctica; and several locations in USA (Hawai'i, Colorado, California and Alabama). These locations collectively cover polar regions, mid‐latitudes and tropics. Using this publicly archived data set, we studied the variability of the tropopause for all eight locations for one complete year (2016). Along with the standard estimates of the tropopause provided by NOAA ESRL, we developed four alternative tropopause definitions each based on changes in one of the following: (a) molar density; (b) temperature lapse rates; (c) water vapor content; (d) ozone content. These old and new tropopause definitions appear to hold over all eight locations—for all seasons and from the tropics to the poles. The cohesiveness between all five of these independent tropopause definitions is remarkable, although the NOAA ESRL estimates sometimes identify higher tropopause onsets than the other estimates. Therefore, each tropopause definition could potentially be used as proxies for other tropopause definitions. However, it also confirms that the troposphere/tropopause transition is a multi‐faceted physical and chemical phenomenon associated with more than just temperature changes. Finally, these high‐resolution results suggest that the original term "tropopause" might be a misnomer since they suggest increases in temperature lapse rate variability, rather than the "pausing" implied by lower resolution data or by lapse rates that are averaged over large distances. Plain Language Summary: In the lower atmosphere ("the troposphere"), the temperature decreases with height. This is why it is colder on mountaintops. Since 1902, it has been known that higher up in the atmosphere, in the region near where commercial airplanes fly, temperatures remain relatively constant with height. This region is called "the tropopause." In 1957, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defined the start of the tropopause in terms of a set of rules, that were complex, but designed to be applicable for all latitudes and seasons. However, these rules are often hard to implement and can give ambiguous results. So, other definitions have been developed for specific regions, such as the tropics, that are more straightforward and easier to interpret. In this paper, we have developed four new tropopause definitions that can be used with modern high resolution "ozonesondes" (weather balloons that also measure ozone). These four independent definitions describe different aspects of the atmosphere but each give very similar estimates of the tropopause. This reveals that the tropopause involves many different but synchronous changes in the atmosphere. It also shows that the name "tropopause" is confusing because it is a part of the atmosphere involving lots of changes instead of "pausing." Key Points: Four new tropopause definitions have been developed for use with high‐resolution ozonesondes that work for all latitudes and seasonsAll these definitions yield almost identical tropopause estimates yet are derived from independent physical or chemical metricsSurprisingly, the "tropopause" marks a region with increased lapse rate variability over short altitudes as opposed to long‐term averages [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Clinical guidelines recommend people with heart failure are managed within a multidisciplinary team to receive optimal evidence-based management of the syndrome. There is increasing evidence that Nurse Practitioners (NP) in heart failure demonstrate positive patient outcomes. However, their roles as key stakeholders in a multidisciplinary heart failure team are not clearly defined. The aim of the review was to explore the literature related to NP-sensitive outcomes in heart failure. Methods and results A scoping review was conducted according to accepted guidelines using the Joanna Briggs Institute framework for conducting a scoping review, to identify the literature that related to NP-sensitive outcomes in heart failure management. Sixteen texts were selected for data extraction and analysis. The most common outcome measures reported were readmission rates, self-care measurement scales, functional status scores, quality of life measurements, and medication optimization outcomes. No two studies collected or reported on the same outcome measurements. Conclusion This review highlights that the reporting of heart failure (HF) NP outcome indicators was inconsistent and disparate across the literature. The outcome measures reported were not exclusive to NP interventions. Nurse Practitioner roles are not clearly defined, and resulting outcomes from care are difficult to characterize. Standardized NP-specific outcome measures would serve to highlight the effectiveness of the role in a multidisciplinary HF team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dying well at home usually requires the help and assistance of an informal caregiver. This role is usually unpaid, wide‐ranging and oftentimes demanding. From diagnosis to death of a loved one, informal caregivers can experience one and frequently numerous transitions, however, little is known about this process. The purpose of this scoping review is to chart, explore and understand caregivers' experiences of transitioning when providing end‐of‐life care. A preliminary search of the literature indicated a paucity of research highlighting a notable absence of caregiver's perspectives and acknowledgements of the support they need to ensure successful transitions during this time. Consequently, this review has the potential to make a valuable contribution to the literature. Methods: Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) framework, further enhanced by Levac et al. (2010) and Peters et al. (2020) was used to conduct this scoping review. The Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) guided reporting. A systematic search of the databases PUBMED, PsychINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Web of Science and a selection of grey literature was undertaken from the year 1990 to date by two researchers. Titles and abstracts of the literature identified were screened and finally, a narrative synthesis of 11 articles was undertaken to answer the following research question: What is known from the literature about informal caregivers' transitions when caring for a dying person in the home? Conclusions: Current knowledge on this topic is limited; however, from this review, two main themes were identified: 'Challenges arising during transitioning' with subthemes of burden of care and fading away. The second theme 'Coping strategies' comprised subthemes of meaning‐making, seeking normality and hope. This evidence may support the development of transitional care interventions in the future and improve patient and caregiver outcome measures and experiences to inform a larger research study exploring this phenomenon. Patient or Public Contribution: N/A as this is a Scoping Review. What this paper contributes to the wider global community: An understanding of the experiences of transitioning when caring for a loved one dying at home could help mitigate challenges informal caregivers face when providing end‐of‐life care in the home.While informal caregivers are crucial to support people who want to die at home, the role is often invisible and family carers need support and recognition to reduce the burden of care and challenges they experience as they transition in their role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of contemporary lightbars on vehicle fuel efficiency with a focus on quantifying their effects on fuel consumption and exploring strategies to improve drag performance through modifications. Simulations showed an 8–11% increase in drag for square-back vehicles, with greater penalties outlined for vehicles with rear-slanting roofs. Given the moderate drag increase, the impact on the driving range, especially for electric vehicles, remains minimal, supporting the continued use of external lightbars. Positioning experiments suggest marginal drag reductions when lowering the lightbar to its lowest position due to additional drag effects that can be caused by the mounting mechanism in its condensed form. Angling the lightbar showed negligible drag increases up to an angle of 2.5 degrees, but beyond that, a 4% increase in drag was observed for every additional 2.5 degrees. Additionally, fitting drag-reducing ramps ahead of the lightbar yielded no significant drag savings. Noise analysis identified that the lightbar's wake and rear surfaces were responsible for the largest production of noise. The optimal lightbar design was found to incorporate overflow rather than underflow and rear tapering in sync with roof curvature. Appendable clip-on devices for the lightbar, particularly rear clip-ons, demonstrated appreciable drag reductions of up to 2.5%. A final optimised lightbar design produced a minimal 2.8% drag increase when fitted onto an unmarked vehicle, representing a threefold improvement compared with the current generation of lightbars. This study advances the field of lightbar aerodynamics by precisely quantifying drag effects by using highly detailed geometry and examines the significance of optimal positioning, angle adjustment, and appendable clip-on devices in greater depth than any existing published work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accepted definitions of educational leadership practice typically view it as influence to achieve organisational goals. Such definitions have been widely used over the last 30 years. During that time, the number of educational leadership theories/models has increased and cover the many aspects of educational leadership all of which implicitly or explicitly use the accepted definition. However, the accepted definition is open to critique in a range of important ways and we consider that a more robust definition is required. In this article, we reconceptualise and redefine educational leadership practice as 'legitimate interaction in an educational institution intended to enhance engagement with the institutional primary task'. We analyse the concepts underpinning the key aspects of that definition: the institutional context of educational leadership practice; legitimacy and educational leadership practice; the interactional nature of educational leadership practice; institutionalisation and institutions; the notion of engagement and the necessary conditions of capability, opportunity and motivation; and the institutional primary task.

Educational management and educational leadership are central concepts in understanding organising in educational institutions but their meaning, the difference between them and their value in educational organising remain the subject of debate. In this article, we analyse and contrast the two concepts. We conclude that educational management entails carrying the responsibility for the proper functioning of a system in an educational institution in which others participate. Carrying a responsibility of this kind is a state of mind and does not necessitate actions, though it typically and frequently does. In contrast, educational leadership is the act of influencing others in educational settings to achieve goals and necessitates actions of some kind. When those carrying a delegated responsibility act in relation to that responsibility, they influence and are therefore leading. Although educational leadership is ideally undertaken responsibly, in practice it does not necessarily entail carrying the responsibility for the functioning of the educational system in which the influence is exercised. Through our analysis, the notion of responsibility, which is underplayed in considerations of organising in educational institutions, comes to the fore. Educational responsibility is an important notion and it should play a more prominent role in analyses of organising in educational institutions.

The rationale for the principles of effective school governance in England, as set out in government regulations, has never been made explicit. This article addresses that issue and develops and proposes such principles. We argue that effective school governance secures the legitimacy of schools as institutions. Such institutional legitimacy is achieved through the institutionalization processes in which the institutional primary task is central. Effective governance is therefore concerned with overseeing and ensuring the processes of institutionalization. We identify two general principles that relate to ensuring the school's legitimacy and ensuring that the school's institutionalization processes enable it to be a legitimate institution. We also distinguish six specific principles that relate to: the school's work on the institutional primary task, the resources required and deployed for work on the institutional primary task; the school's compliance with the rules and regulations that apply to the institution; the school's conformance to the norms expected of a school; the way the school operates on a day-to-day basis in relation to wider society's expectations; calling the headteacher or principal (HT/P) to account for the functioning of the school; and ensuring the HT/P's development. Our analysis is relevant to school governance in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]