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The effects of the rolling process and microstructure on the brittle crack initiation and arrest of marine steel were systematically investigated. The microstructures of two steel plates produced by different rolling processes were observed and analyzed. The results demonstrated that the rolling process significantly influenced the microstructure. As the rolling temperature decreased, the grain size decreased, the high‐angle grain boundary (HAGB) content increased, and the average grain misorientation angle increased. The brittle crack initiation and the arrest abilities were evaluated by initiation fracture toughness and crack arrest toughness, respectively. The initiation fracture toughness and crack arrest toughness increased with the decreasing grain size and the increasing content of HAGBs. Finally, the influence of microstructure on the brittle crack initiation and arrest ability was explained from two aspects: (1) the critical event of crack initiation at low temperatures, and (2) the hindering effect of HAGB on the propagation of brittle cracks. Highlights: The average grain size decreased with the decreasing rolling temperature.The high‐angle grain boundary content and the grain misorientation angles increased with the decreasing rolling temperature.The critical fracture stress increased with the decrease in the critical crack size.The high‐angle grain boundary altered the brittle crack propagation path and improved the crack arrest ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background During a critical event in the labor and delivery operating room, it is crucial for team members responding to the situation to be aware of the designated leaders. Visual and verbal cues have been utilized to designate leadership in various healthcare settings; however, previous research has indicated mixed results using visual cues for role designation. Methods The purpose of this study was to explore the use of the red surgical hat as a visual cue of leadership during obstetric emergency simulation training. We used a mixed-methods design to analyze simulation-based education video and debriefing transcripts. Results There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of participants who declared leadership vs. those who donned the red hat. Participants were more likely to visually declare leadership utilizing a red surgical bouffant hat than to verbally declare leadership. Most participants indicated that observing the red hat to detect leadership in the operating room was more effective than when leaders used a verbal declaration to inform others who was leading. Conclusions Our findings suggest that utilizing a visual cue of leadership with the red surgical bouffant hat improves participant perceptions of communication of the surgical team during an obstetrical critical event in a simulation environment.

Objective: HealthPathways is a web-based platform designed for use during a consultation to offer health professionals locally agreed information to support clinical and referral decision making. This study aimed to investigate whether access to specific HealthPathways pages in the North Coast New South Wales (NSW) region increased during specific critical events. High pageviews is used as a proxy for platform usefulness, and/or trust as a source of up-to-date information. Methods: Data were extracted from Google Analytics from December 2015 to December 2021. Descriptive statistics were generated for the total number of pageviews for all pages by month and year (2015–2021); for the top 15 most viewed pages in 2019, February–March 2020 inclusive (early COVID-19 pandemic period), 10–24 March 2021 (North Coast NSW region local disaster declaration period) and 26 June–11 October 2021 (NSW COVID-19 lockdown period); and for monthly pageviews for the Influenza Immunisation pathway (2016–2021). Results: Access to specific pages in HealthPathways increased alongside the occurrence of critical events affecting the region. Spikes in access to specific pages were seen during COVID-19 lockdown periods, during natural disasters, as well as during the annual influenza season. Conclusions: HealthPathways is viewed as a useful and trusted source of information for health professionals in the North Coast NSW region. HealthPathways provides an opportunity for timely dissemination of information during critical events, including natural disasters and emergencies. What is known about the topic? Evidence from New Zealand suggests that HealthPathways is viewed as a useful and trusted source of information by health professionals during critical and emergency events, and when information needs are subject to frequent change. What does this paper add? This paper provides evidence in the Australian context that health professionals access specific pages in HealthPathways at higher rates during critical and emergency events. What are the implications for practitioners? HealthPathways has the capacity to provide timely and accurate information to health professionals during critical and emergency events, as well as to identify their emerging information needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The complexity of caring for patients with cancer has a direct impact on oncology nurses. When a patient with cancer experiences a critical health event, oncology nurses may have concerns about their ability to provide high-quality care for patients in the current healthcare environment. These concerns can negatively affect nurses' emotional well-being and lead to compassion fatigue and burnout. OBJECTIVES: This article aims to examine critical event debriefing and identify ways oncology nurses can implement a critical event debriefing framework into their clinical practice. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in CINAHL® and PubMed® databases for articles related to critical event debriefing and compassion fatigue and burnout among oncology nurses. A case study demonstrates the use of critical event debriefing on an oncology unit. FINDINGS: Critical event debriefing frameworks can enhance teamwork, help initiate process improvements, and offer psychological support to improve emotional well-being. Additional research is needed about the use of critical event debriefing as a solution to compassion fatigue and burnout among oncology nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay addresses the Chilean social uprising of 2019 through the experiences of Marta and Juan, two residents of the peripheries of Santiago, who became involved in this event despite having no previous experience of participation in social and political organizations. It explores this event's strength in triggering contentious actions on the urban margins, and repression by the police‐criminal apparatus of the state. Delving into the ethical and biographical dispositions facilitating this couple's politicization during the course of the revolt, it argues that the critical force of this event lies precisely in the entry of unexpected—even unwanted—actors into the political space. Through a biographical narrative approach, it details the shift of its protagonists. By way of subjectivation, this shift unfolds in them a critical attitude embodied in public interventions demanding equality and social justice and in acts of community and neighborhood solidarity. The case sheds light on a rarely explored dimension of social revolts: the way certain actors collectively experience these critical events through a politics of care, bringing the polis into the domestic space, and from such politicization of the oikos, opens an unusual way of challenging the police order of their world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between October 2019 and March 2020 Chile experienced the most massive and heavily repressed cycle of social protests in its post‐dictatorship (1973–90) history. This essay explores the social uprising as a critical event of political subjectivation through the story of Ricardo, an ordinary young medical technician with no background of political affiliation who fully immersed himself in the forefront of confrontation with the police in the ground zero protest zone while also providing first‐aid assistance to those injured. Two vectors triggering Ricardo's unexpected and sudden transformation into an activist are identified: the intergenerational potency of antidictatorial memories and the power of the spontaneous multitude in demonstration. In recalling the dictatorship, Ricardo and his friends used to ask themselves, "What would I have done if I'd been there?" In the face of the social uprising, Ricardo brings to the present that generation‐specific question and responds with total exposure, defending the multitude and healing the wounded. We argue that the event's critical nature is interpreted in the light of the past. Ricardo's involvement becomes an ethical imperative in his time and in his own history. This duty fuels his mobilization and desire for social transformation, blurring the analytical boundaries between ethics and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Obstetrics and Gynecologic operating room emergencies, the surgeon cannot both operate and lead a suddenly expanded and redirected team response. However, one of the most often used approaches to interprofessional continuing education designed to improve teams' ability to respond to unanticipated critical events still emphasizes surgeon leadership. We developed Explicit Anesthesia and Nurse Distributed (EXPAND) Leadership to imagine a workflow that might better distribute emergency leadership task responsibilities and practices. The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate teams' responses to distributing leadership during an interprofessional continuing education simulated obstetrical emergency. We used interpretive descriptive design in a secondary analysis of teams' post-simulation reflective debriefings. One-hundred sixty providers participated, including OB-Gyn surgeons, anesthesiologists, CRNAs, scrub technicians, and nurses. Using reflective thematic analysis, we identified three core themes: 1) The surgeon is focused on the surgical field, 2) Explicit leadership initiates a nurse transition from follower to leader in a hierarchical environment, and 3) Explicit distributed leadership enhances teamwork and taskwork. Continuing education which uses distributed leadership to improve teams' ability to respond to an obstetric emergency is perceived to enhance team members' response to the critical event. The potential for nurses' career growth and professional transformation was an unexpected finding associated with this continuing education which used distributed leadership. Our findings suggest that healthcare educators should consider ways in which distributed leadership may improve teams' response to critical events in the operating room. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The paper examines the psychological facet of innocent suffering. One can find a description of this phenomenon in social psychology as a factor that affects the belief in a just world, but there is a lack of qualitative scientific data about related psychological features, processes, copings, and consequences on the personality level. Methods: To study innocent suffering, semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted (31 respondents, ~223 minutes per respondent, 6,924 min in total) aimed to gather data about the experiences of innocent sufferings happened to participants. For the analysis of texts, a narrative and content analysis are used within the framework of grounded theory. The reliability of the results is based on expert assessment. Results and discussion: As a result, six essential properties of innocent sufferings were identified: complexity, stability, distress, injustice, casual incoherence, and breaks of integrity of a life story. The most “popular” life domains, in which participants reported about innocent sufferings, are violence, abuse (physical and psychological), and quitting romantic relationships. It is proposed a scientific definition of innocent suffering and the prototype of the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to understand the experience of second victim certified registered nurse anesthetists regarding the critical events in which they were involved, and the support received following the event. This was a mixed methods study and the quantitative portion consisted of the post-traumatic stress checklist-5 (PCL-5) survey deployed to random American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology members, two copies were completed; one with the stress levels and symptoms at the time of the critical event and the second was completed with the stress level and symptoms experienced regarding the event at the time of the study. The qualitative portion utilized hermeneutic phenomenology as its basis. The PCL-5 surveys were analyzed using the Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-rank test and a repeatedmeasures linear generalized estimating equations model was developed. The qualitative data supported the findings of the quantitative data. Initially stress levels were high but decreased over time. Stress levels may have fallen for a variety of reasons: support from colleagues and friends, increased event clarity. This study demonstrated that stress levels related to critical events decreased over time. Possible reasons for this are increased clarity about the event and other life-related distractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe paper examines the psychological facet of innocent suffering. One can find a description of this phenomenon in social psychology as a factor that affects the belief in a just world, but there is a lack of qualitative scientific data about related psychological features, processes, copings, and consequences on the personality level.MethodsTo study innocent suffering, semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted (31 respondents, ~223 minutes per respondent, 6,924 min in total) aimed to gather data about the experiences of innocent sufferings happened to participants. For the analysis of texts, a narrative and content analysis are used within the framework of grounded theory. The reliability of the results is based on expert assessment.Results and discussionAs a result, six essential properties of innocent sufferings were identified: complexity, stability, distress, injustice, casual incoherence, and breaks of integrity of a life story. The most “popular” life domains, in which participants reported about innocent sufferings, are violence, abuse (physical and psychological), and quitting romantic relationships. It is proposed a scientific definition of innocent suffering and the prototype of the phenomenon.

Drawing on in-depth interviews with six Chinese Mingshi (expert teachers), this qualitative study examined how these teachers became Mingshi through three decades of endeavors. Using 53 critical events as landmarks, we found that these teachers first stood "up" as effective teachers in classrooms, next stood "out" as leading teachers in local communities, and then stood "ahead" as model teachers in the country under the influence of an array of personal, interpersonal, and institutional factors. The research findings constitute a Chinese model of teacher development, which contributes scholarly new insights and suggests practical implications to the field of teacher education. • Chinese Mingshi is a vital but understudied group of teachers. • Chinese Mingshi seek career development by climbing the teacher career ladder. • Personal, interpersonal, and institutional factors influence teacher career development. • Critical events are a catalyst and an underlying mechanism of teacher career development. • Proposes a Chinese-context-specific model for teacher career development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extreme temperature induced by fire and hot toxic smokes in tunnels threaten the trapped personnel and firefighters. To alleviate the potential casualties, fast while reasonable decisions should be made for rescuing, based on the timely prediction of fire development in tunnels. This paper targets to achieve a real-time prediction (within 1 s) of the spatial-temporal temperature distribution inside the numerical tunnel model by using artificial intelligence (AI) methods. A CFD database of 100 simulated tunnel fire scenarios under various fire location, fire size, and ventilation condition is established. The proposed AI model combines a Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) model and a Transpose Convolution Neural Network (TCNN). The real-time ceiling temperature profile and thousands of temperature-field images are used as the training input and output. Results show that the predicted temperature field 60 s in advance achieves a high accuracy of around 97%. Also, the AI model can quickly identify the critical temperature field for safe evacuation (i.e., a critical event) and guide emergency responses and firefighting activities. This study demonstrates the promising prospects of AI-based fire forecasts and smart firefighting in tunnel spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's rapidly changing living conditions and increasing consumer needs lead to continuous differentiation of working conditions. This situation builds extra stress on workers which leads to possible new risks and dangers where it causes accidents. For the safety of industrial plants the requirements are; systematically define the risks together with dangerous situations within the workplace and prioritize them, take the necessary precautions to control the hazards and finally maintain the continuity of improvements. In this study, international data sources have been reviewed for the definition of the frequency of critical events and route causes to make a prioritization between dangerous phenomenas. Besides, the transformation of a qualitative risk assessment to a quantitative structure have been investigated. Finally, a sample study has been conducted on a petroleum refinery atmospheric distillation column for the critical event defined as a liquid leak on the pipeline which goes to the scrubber. In the sample study, the dangerous phenomena with the highest occurrence frequency has found to be; “environmental damage caused by the leakage spread without ignition" with a frequency rate of 1, 73 10-6/year. Vapor cloud explosion has found to be the dangerous phenomena with the highest severity rate of 5,2 10-7/year. As a result it has been seen that besides taking precautions to prevent dangerous phenomenas it is also important to consider the severity and frequency of critical events.

Communication is critical to safe patient care. In this issue of the British Journal of Anaesthesia, Jaulin and colleagues show that use of a Post-Anaesthesia Team Handover (PATH) checklist is associated with fewer hypoxaemia events in the PACU, reduced handover interruptions, and other important metrics related to improved communication. The PATH checklist provides a link within a broader chain of safety checklists and other interventions that comprise a perioperative chain of survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By considering the emergence and threat of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Europe, this paper demonstrates the growing role of veterinary rationales in reframing contemporary human-wild boar coexistence. Through comparative ethnographies of human-wild boar relations in the Czech Republic, Spain and England, it shows that coexistence is not a predictable and steady process but is also demarked by points of radical change in form, course and atmosphere. Such moments, or wild boar events, can lead to the (re-)formation or magnified influence of certain discourses, practices and power relations in determining strategies of bio-governance. Specifically, this paper highlights how the spread of ASF in Europe has accelerated an already ongoing process of veterinarization, understood as the growing prominence of veterinary sciences in the mediation and reorganization of contemporary socioecologies. This example highlights how veterinary logics increasingly influence localized human-wildlife relations and, through analogous practices of biosecurity and control, also connect different places and geographic contexts.

This paper examines responses to the 2015 terror attack on Charlie Hebdo, a French satirical magazine, amongst students in a secondary school in Berlin-Neukölln, Germany. The Charlie Hebdo attack occurred in the final weeks of a 19-month ethnographic study in the community. By analyzing the responses in the school to this critical event, we identify what is at stake for Muslim students. Students presented many explanations for why the attack happened, and opinions on whether the attackers' actions were justified. Staff were alarmed about students' viewpoints that they considered "extreme". These dynamics resulted in conflicts and misunderstandings amongst students, and between students and staff. Yet, we show that, rather than the violence itself, or questions about its legitimacy, it was everyday processes in students' lives – e.g., bullying, peer pressure and discrimination, and feelings of being misrepresented and misunderstood – that were central to students' reactions to the event. We suggest that to understand students' reactions, both the immediate and the broader socio-political contexts must be considered, particularly rising xenophobia and processes of polarization in Germany and Europe at large. We thus conclude that to understand young people's reactions to terrorist acts, we need to look beyond initial statements and explore ethnographically how wider contexts shape the actions, reactions, and future orientations of young Muslims in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nursing students often experience critical events in the clinical setting and clinical instructors may not be prepared to adequately support them. These students often feel alone and abandoned, increasing their risk of psychological distress. A grounded theory study was conducted to explore pre-licensure nursing students' experiences of critical events in the clinical setting. Specific attention was paid to understanding how they are prepared for and supported before, during, and after critical events, and their experiences of psychological distress and psychological recovery. Strauss and Corbin's Grounded Theory methodology was used for this study. Fourteen undergraduate student nurses from universities in the western United States were interviewed. Ten concepts were identified, and a theory of Student Nurses' Experiences of Critical Events in the Clinical Setting emerged. Findings indicate that student nurses need active instructor and/or staff support during critical events, and pre-briefing whenever possible. Debriefing positively affected students' post-event stress response and lack of debrief was associated with post-event psychological distress. Support for students exposed to critical events during clinical experiences should continue in the days, weeks, and months following the event; clinical instructors need to be prepared to provide this support. All faculty members should monitor students for signs of psychological distress and better support students' mental health and emotional wellbeing. • Nursing students are frequently exposed to critical events in the clinical setting. • Exposure to critical events in the clinical setting can be traumatizing for students. • Faculty and nursing staff must provide adequate psychological support to these students. • Nursing programs have a responsibility for preparing students before critical events and following up after these events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: The purpose of this paper is to enhance nursing and collaborative practice by presenting a concept analysis of clinical debriefing and introducing an operational definition. Background: Debriefing has taken many forms, using a variety of approaches. Variations and inconsistencies in clinical debriefing, and its related terms, still exist in the clinical setting. Design: Concept analysis. Methods: Walker and Avant's eight‐step approach to concept analysis. Results: The defining attributes of clinical debriefing identified in this analysis are described as the five E's: educated/experienced facilitator, environment, education, evaluation and emotions. Antecedents identified in this analysis include the critical event, the desire or need to review such an event and the organizational awareness to execute clinical debriefs. The consequences of clinical debriefings are primarily advantageous and positively impact involved nurses, healthcare teams, patients and organizations. Empirical referents of clinical debriefing are complex and multifactorial. The productivity of a clinical debrief can be enhanced through a series of proposed questions. Together, the defining attributes, antecedents and consequences shape a proposed operational definition of clinical debriefing. Conclusion: Clinical debriefing is a valuable tool within healthcare organizations. Debriefing can be a holistic, interprofessional, collaborative experience when all five defining attributes are present. Further investigation is required to standardise debriefing practices in clinical settings. Relevance to clinical practice: A concept analysis on clinical debriefing promotes uniformity of debriefing practices, reflective practice among nurses and healthcare teams, and contributes to nursing science by creating a platform for the development of practice standards, research and theory development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Failures in situation awareness cause two-thirds of anaesthesia complications. Avatar-based patient monitoring may promote situation awareness in critical situations.Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomised, high-fidelity simulation study powered for non-inferiority. We used video analysis to grade anaesthesia teams managing three 10 min emergency scenarios using three randomly assigned monitoring modalities: only conventional, only avatar, and split-screen showing both modalities side by side. The primary outcome was time to performance of critical tasks. Secondary outcomes were time to verbalisation of vital sign deviations and the correct cause of the emergency, perceived workload, and usability. We used mixed Cox and linear regression models adjusted for various potential confounders. The non-inferiority margin was 10%, or hazard ratio (HR) 0.9.Results: We analysed 52 teams performing 154 simulations. For performance of critical tasks during a scenario, split-screen was non-inferior to conventional (HR=1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-1.33; not significant in test for superiority); the result for avatar was inconclusive (HR=0.98; 95% CI, 0.83-1.15). Avatar was associated with a higher probability for verbalisation of the cause of the emergency (HR=1.78; 95% CI, 1.13-2.81; P=0.012). We found no evidence for a monitor effect on perceived workload. Perceived usability was lower for avatar (coefficient=-23.0; 95% CI, -27.2 to -18.8; P<0.0001) and split-screen (-6.7; 95% CI, -10.9 to -2.4; P=0.002) compared with conventional.Conclusions: This study showed non-inferiority of split-screen compared with conventional monitoring for performance of critical tasks during anaesthesia crisis situations. The patient avatar improved verbalisation of the correct cause of the emergency. These results should be interpreted considering participants' minimal avatar but extensive conventional monitoring experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Critical incident stress management (CISM) teams can be adapted in urban primary care clinics to address and process traumatic events in primary care. A guide for implementing the CISM team model within this setting is delineated. Methods: Review of existing literature and guide to implementation of CISM team in primary care. Results: Respondents reported the team validated their reactions to the critical incident and were grateful for CISM presence. Conclusion: Despite indications that vicarious traumatization, burnout, and compassion fatigue are rising (Bodenheimer & Sinsky, 2014; Coles et al., 2013; Woolhouse et al., 2012), there is little information about efforts to address this. Operating and emergency rooms and intensive care units utilize CISM (Maloney 2012; Powers, 2015); however, it's overlooked in primary care (Blacklock, 2012; Naish et al., 2002). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The situation caused by the appearance of Covid-19 can be viewed as a critical event: typologically, it is an unprecedented event, which requires and shapes new forms of historical action hitherto unknown in the given context. Critical events serve as strong value and emotional landmarks in the cultural cognition of each social environment, and form the basis for a meaningful determination towards other events. Using material collected primarily from the online versions of electronic and printed media, we consider how the reality they presented is shaped through the news through the statements of politicians and medical doctors in Serbia. We trace how the narrative transformation of socio-cultural reality took place from the time before the of Covid-19 outbreak in our country to the time immediately after the lifting of the state of emergency declared due to that infection. The premise of all that is being done to tackle the infection is not a purpose in itself, but aims to enable a return to the life we were accustomed to before the outbreak of the epidemic. Covid-19 destabilizes our everyday life – a life that consists of work or study, use of free time, socializing etc. Such everyday life is a reference point of "normalcy". Socio-cultural normalcy refers to all that is understood as a normal and undisturbed course of everyday life. The appearance of Covid-19 gave rise to the notion of the "new normal", that is, a course of everyday life that is similar to normal, ordinary life, but with adherence to measures aimed at preventing the spread of infection by the authorities. In the paper we deal with the period that begins just before the outbreak of Covid-19 in our country, and ends with the period after the lifting of the state of emergency, to show the discursively produced picture of social reality in which the concept of the "new normal" serves as a cultural cognitive tool for understanding a situation in which one has to live with Covid-19 in order to one day be able to return to the way of life that existed before it.

The inspiration for writing this article is on the one hand, the critical event caused by the COVID-19 pandemic that is being shared by all people around the world and that affects us all universally. On the other hand, it is my academic experience, shared by my colleagues - academic teachers. Therefore, the research I conducted meets all the conditions of critical engaged research: it stems from my own biographical experiences, it is an important opinion on the issue, it is rooted in the current, critical social event and it is aimed at unmasking, revealing real social practices and behaviors. Described below are the styles of managing institutions of higher education (of different kinds - vocational, academic, etc.) in a critical event related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Which management styles are being updated in a critical situation, which are selected and preferred by management, and what are the consequences? These are the questions I will try to answer. In accordance with aforementioned declarations, I will do it based on interviews with the authorities of several Polish institutions of higher education, as well as on the basis of autoethnography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terror attacks in Norway 2011, targeting what the perpetrator described as proponents of immigration and multicultural society, created exceptional circumstances for people to reflect on issues of belonging. In this kind of situation, it is assumed that people emphasise their affinity with the affected country. This, in turn, makes the problematisation of the affinities displayed particularly interesting since the act of expressing them even in a very taxing situation indicates their importance. Texts by individuals from ethnic minorities, written soon after the attacks, are analysed in terms of conceptions of ‘Norwegianness’. Results show explicit support for civic values but also multiple expressions of not feeling recognised as part of majority society also from individuals obviously acculturated to Norwegian lifestyles and cultural codes. These expressions are explained in terms of whiteness – non-whiteness and religion.

We propose a psychological need detection framework which automatically identifies people needs and measures their satisfaction level. The framework employs three need models, which are developed using psychological, linguistic, and Twitter-specific features. We evaluate the performance of the proposed models on psychological need data sets which are annotated by psychologists. The models obtained encouraging results: 78.71% in recognizing need content, 81.96% in identifying need type, and 93.56% in measuring need satisfaction level. We use the proposed framework to recognize individual needs and measure their satisfaction level in response to the Florida shooting event, which occurred on February 14, 2018, and the related March for Our Lives event which followed on March 24, 2018. Timeline-based visual and textual representations are generated to explain the motivation behind public reaction and behavior.

Traumatic aortic rupture (TAR) is a highly fatal injury mechanism resulting from blunt deceleration forces against the descending aorta. The mechanism of TAR is directly attributed to the aorta suffering damage by indirect shearing forces. The descending aorta remains fixed to the posterior chest wall, while the heart and ascending aorta are exerted forward, thus causing the intimal tear. A characteristic triad presents as increased blood pressure in the upper extremities, decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities, and a wid- ened mediastinum on radiography. Early recognition of signs and symptoms of the mechanism of injury is key to initiating early damage control surgery and ultimately decreasing morbidity and mortality. This case report describes the intraoperative management of an elderly female patient with TAR following a motor vehicle collision in a remote location in rural Pennsylvania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel Phaytagorean fuzzy DEMATEL approach is introduced. • Phaytagorean fuzzy DEMATEL is addressed qualitative fuzziness and subjectivity. • The presented method is validated by three different mathematical methods. • A collapse in typical offshore facility platform is considered as a case study. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) techniques methodically assess the likelihood, impact, and subsequently the risk of adverse events. In a typical QRA method, one of the main intentions is to identify the critical root events which mostly contribute to the risk of the top event (TE) and requiring subsequent corrective actions (CAs). Finding the critical events which contribute to the risk is significantly dependent on the assumptions and methods applied to integrate the probabilities of different events and these events may have really low probability of occurrence. Thus, the probability reduction of the critical root events and subsequently the system's failure does not lead to an optimal solution. For this reason, ranking the CAs without consideration of several aspects such as their influence on root events probability, inter-relationships, and direct/indirect cost, is not an appropriate approach. This study aims to introduce an approach to deal with the aforementioned situations. A novel extension to DEMATEL (decision making trial and evaluation laboratory) named Pythagorean fuzzy DEMATEL is proposed on a common probabilistic safety analysis. As a case study, a collapse in an offshore facility platform (including 42 basic events and corresponding 30 CAs) is considered to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented approach. The application of the model confirms its robustness in prioritizing critical root events and CAs compared with a conventional model, consideration of the influencing factors, and a dynamic and flexible structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent decades, rapid transit system (RTS) plays a significant key role to form most affordable and comfort travel zone to humans. With increase in population and usage of RTS, safety measures are concerned to be most notable factor in the world. Moreover, during emergency cases internal wired safety setups of any RTS does not prevents drastic disaster and allows negative impact for on-demand reliable changes. As an alternative to other expensive technologies, wireless sensor network (WSN) system provides fast communicative and compact applications to RTS. Inorder to reduce causalities, designing such a network application to RTS always poses challenging problems in terms of fault tolerance and time bounded packet delivery. Integrated fuzzy-logic based synchronized data transmission (IFSDT) algorithm has been designed to optimize those challenges, especially in RTS. IFSDT is a synchronized energy aware algorithm that prevents the occurrence of potential faults during unexpected emergencies in the coaches of RTS and ensures the fast transmission of critical broadcast signal and response in a limited time span. Furthermore, the results of the proposed design performs better than the existing reliable and energy optimized WSN design and exhibits the optimized response time for broadcasting emergency signals which is below 0.02 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early recognition of intraoperative critical events is essential in optimizing the health outcomes of surgical patients. Use of simulation in nurse anesthesia education allows students to practice recognizing changes in the patient's condition in a safe learning environment. Second- and third-year student registered nurse anesthetists were randomly assigned to 2 groups to explore differences in recognizing intraoperative myocardial infarction (MI) using highfidelity mannequin simulation vs virtual simulation. One group participated in a virtual simulation first, followed by a high-fidelity mannequin simulation. The other group participated in a high-fidelity mannequin simulation first, then virtual simulation. Second-year students recognized an intraoperative MI faster when using high-fidelity mannequin simulation than when using virtual simulation. However, there was no significant difference among third-year students in the time it took to recognize a critical event when using high-fidelity mannequin simulation vs virtual simulation. These findings indicate that both simulation modalities are useful in evaluating student registered nurse anesthetists' timely recognition of intraoperative critical events such as MI. However, for students with less didactic and clinical practicum experience in the program, such as second-year students, the use of high-fidelity mannequin simulation for recognizing an intraoperative MI may be more beneficial than virtual simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil moisture is a key state variable in terrestrial water cycles, which links various land surface and hydrological processes. Owing to the significant spatiotemporal variability in soil moisture, collecting sufficient soil moisture data for relevant studies can be an astonishingly difficult task. Here, a statistical method based on the concept of depth functions was used to define Critical Events (CE) of soil moisture, which was hypothesized to contain disproportionally more system information on soil moisture dynamics. To test the feasibility of applying the CE concept for quantifying soil moisture dynamics, a long-term soil moisture dataset was retrieved from the Automated Weather Data Network (AWDN) located in the continental United States. The method of Temporal Stability Analysis (TSA) was adopted to examine the information embedded in soil moisture data that were collected under different conditions. The results showed that similar information on the relative as well as absolute wetness conditions at the AWDN sites was extracted from the entire time series and CEs of soil moisture, the latter of which contained much less soil moisture observations. Finally, the field data revealed that the occurrence of CEs of soil moisture in the study area was mainly affected by soil depth and interannual variability in precipitation. The number of CEs of soil moisture tended to be larger at deeper soil depths as well as in either dry or wet years than in normal years, suggesting that more soil moisture measurements under those conditions were needed to provide adequate information on soil moisture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current state of health care encompasses highly acute, complex patients, managed with ever-changing technology. The ability to function proficiently in critical care relies on knowledge, technical skills, and interprofessional teamwork. Integration of these factors can improve patient outcomes. Simulation provides "hands-on" practice and allows for the integration of teamwork into knowledge/skill training. However, simulation can require a significant investment of time, effort, and financial resources. The Institute of Medicine recommendations from 2015 include "strengthening the evidence base for interprofessional education (IPE)" and "linking IPE with changes in collaborative behavior." In one surgical-trauma-burn intensive care unit (STBICU), no IPE existed. The highly acute and diverse nature of the patients served by the unit highlights the importance of appropriate training. This is heightened during critical event situations where patients deteriorate rapidly and the team intervenes swiftly. Purpose: The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate knowledge retention and analyze changes in perceptions of teamwork among nurses and resident physicians in a STBICU setting after completion of an interprofessional critical event simulation and (2) provide insight for future interprofessional simulations (IPSs), including the ideal frequency of such training, associated cost, and potential effect on nursing turnover. Design: A comparison-cohort pilot study was developed to evaluate knowledge retention and analyze changes in perceptions of teamwork. Methods: A 1-hour critical event IPS was held for nurses and resident physicians in a STBICU setting. A traumatic brain injury patient with elevated intracranial pressure, rapid deterioration, and cardiac arrest was utilized for the simulation scenario. The simulation required the team to use interventions to reduce elevated intracranial pressure and then perform cardiac resuscitation according to Advanced Cardiac Life Support guidelines. A semistructured debriefing guided by the TENTS tool highlighted important aspects of teamwork. Participants took knowledge and Teamwork Skills Scale (TSS) pretests, posttests, and 1-month posttests. Mean scores were calculated for each time point (pre, post, and 1-month post), and paired t tests were used to evaluate changes. Results: Mean knowledge test and TSS scores both significantly increased after the simulation and remained significantly elevated at 1-month follow-up. Participants recommended retraining intervals of 3 to 6 months. Cost of each simulation was estimated to be $324.44. Analysis of nursing turnover rates did not demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in turnover; however, confounding factors were not controlled for. Conclusion: Significant improvements on both knowledge test and TSS scores demonstrate the effectiveness of the intervention, and retention of the information gained and teamwork skills learned. Participants valued the intervention and recommended to increase the frequency of training. Future studies should develop a framework for "best practice" IPS, analyze the relationship with nursing turnover, and ultimately seek correlations between IPS and improved patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ongoing presence of the 1972 expulsion of the racialized Asian population by former president Idi Amin in contemporary Uganda. The expulsion was a "critical event" and thus the paper uses an "anthropology of the event" approach to focus on the architecture of silence and historical consciousness of the event in urban Kampala. The four arenas of focus are: (1) official state narratives; (2) community mobilization and public forums on urban African-Asian relations; (3) memories, adventure tales, and narratives expressed by Ugandan Asian men; and (4) the infrastructure and material culture of 1970s Asian property expropriation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terror attacks in Norway 2011, targeting what the perpetrator described as proponents of immigration and multicultural society, created exceptional circumstances for people to reflect on issues of belonging. In this kind of situation, it is assumed that people emphasise their affinity with the affected country. This, in turn, makes the problematisation of the affinities displayed particularly interesting since the act of expressing them even in a very taxing situation indicates their importance. Texts by individuals from ethnic minorities, written soon after the attacks, are analysed in terms of conceptions of ‘Norwegianness’. Results show explicit support for civic values but also multiple expressions of not feeling recognised as part of majority society also from individuals obviously acculturated to Norwegian lifestyles and cultural codes. These expressions are explained in terms of whiteness – non-whiteness and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid perception and processing of critical monitoring events are essential to ensure healthy operation of Internet of Manufacturing Things (IoMT)-based manufacturing processes. In this paper, we proposed a framework (active sensing and processing architecture (ASPIE)) for active sensing and processing of critical events in IoMT-based manufacturing based on the characteristics of IoMT architecture as well as its perception model. A relation model of complex events in manufacturing processes, together with related operators and unified XML-based semantic definitions, are developed to effectively process the complex event big data. A template based processing method for complex events is further introduced to conduct complex event matching using the Apriori frequent item mining algorithm. To evaluate the proposed models and methods, we developed a software platform based on ASPIE for a local chili sauce manufacturing company, which demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods for active perception and processing of complex events in IoMT-based manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many coal gasification related accidents happened in China recently. Investigations of the accidents show that the performance of safety barriers and the risk influence factors contributing to it plays an important role. Lack of attention on the performance of safety barriers and associated risk influence factors hinder the thorough understanding of these accidents and, therefore, needs to be addressed by providing a new analysis methodology. Herein, we developed an approach from critical events and safety barriers to control the major hazards during the coal gasification process. The method consists of process hazard identification based on critical events, barrier performance evaluation based on barrier diagrams, and quantification of risk influence factors based on Bayesian network. The application of the method indicates that it is suitable for controlling major hazards of the coal gasification process as well as other chemical processes. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 36: 382-391, 2017 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carboniferous-Permian (C-P) coal seams experienced multiple burial and uplift events, which result in complex gas adsorption and desorption processes. Therefore, the understanding of the adsorption history and its dominant factors contribute to determining present-day coalbed methane (CBM) storage and enhance the development of deep CBM. In this paper, we first reconstructed the burial history using the basin model and synchronously conducted the isothermal adsorption experiment. Then an adsorption model was achieved from regression analysis about Langmuir parameters, and therefore, the adsorption history was rebuilt, accompanied by temperature, pressure, and maturity. Lastly, incorporated with the hydrocarbon generation history and adsorption history, we divided the actual adsorbed stages and further analyzed the dominant factors controlling the actual adsorption amount. The results indicate that: (1) based on the adsorption model calculated using regression analysis, a real critical depth of adsorption capacity (approximately 2000 m) is obtained; (2) coal-bearing sequences experience three temperature, pressure, and hydrocarbon generation processes, and the Himalayan epoch is the main stage for producing coal-derived gas; (3) the actual adsorption history contains a maximum depth stage (250–208 Ma), reburial stage (208–110 Ma), re-uplift stage (110–50 Ma), and present stage (50 Ma–present); (4) the critical event (208 Ma) represents that generating the amount of gas is equal to the adsorption capacity in the actual adsorbed amount, and before and after the event, the dominant factors controlling the actual adsorbed amount are maturity and temperature, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method of predicting the influence random events on the critical functionality of an object is discussed. Research is performed regarding the possibility of extending a prediction model to a prediction system by functionally uniting this model with additional models or recognizing the type of influence of a random event on a complex technical object. The proposed solution is importatnt because executing a prediction system instead of a prediction model allows one to detect critical situations that, when influencing technical objects, can result in the catastrophic loss of functionality of the corresponding objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most anesthesia providers will experience at least one perioperative critical incident during their career, potentially causing critical incident stress symptoms that may affect their ability to provide patient care. The purpose of this descriptive pilot investigation of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) was to determine if their knowledge of the psychological and physical ramifications of critical incidents, coping strategies to deal with critical incident stress, and satisfaction with departmental handling of critical incidents improved when a formal, institutionally relevant critical incident stress management policy and protocol was developed and implemented. Knowledge of the effects of a critical incident, available coping strategies, and the perceived value of a stress management support protocol were assessed by surveys conducted before and after the implementation of a formal educational program. The results demonstrated that knowledge of critical incident stress and coping strategies improved with a staff educational program, with 25 of 26 respondents (96%) reporting that having a departmental critical incident stress management policy and protocol in place was valuable. This pilot investigation indicates that supportive protocols and education programs for critical incident stress management are beneficial and increase the CRNAs' confidence in their ability to cope with critical incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debriefing is an essential procedure for identifying medical errors, improving communication, reviewing team performance, and providing emotional support after a critical event. This study aimed to describe the current practice and limitations of debriefing and gauge opinions on the best timing, effectiveness, need for training, use of established format, and expected goals of debriefing among Portuguese anesthesiologists., Methods: We performed a national cross-sectional online survey exploring the practice of anesthesiologists' debriefing practice after critical events in Portuguese hospitals. The questionnaire was distributed using a snowball sampling technique from July to September 2021. Data were descriptively and comparatively analyzed., Results: We had replies from 186 anesthesiologists (11.3% of the Portuguese pool). Acute respiratory event was the most reported type of critical event (96%). Debriefing occurred rarely or never in 53% of cases, 59% of respondents needed more training in debriefing, and only 4% reported having specific tools in their institutions to carry it out. There was no statistical association between having a debriefing protocol and the occurrence of critical events ( P =.474) or having trained personnel ( P =.95). The existence of protocols was associated with lower frequencies of debriefing ( P =.017)., Conclusions: Portuguese anesthesiologists know that debriefing is an essential process that increases patient safety, but among those surveyed, there is a need for an adequate debriefing culture or practice., Trial Registration: Research registry 7741 (https://www.researchregistry.com/browse-the-registry#home)., Competing Interests: J. Berger-Estilita is an associate editor for BMC Medical Education and has received travel expenses from Medtronic for the Save the Brain Initiative training. The remaining authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of PBJ-Associação Porto Biomedical/Porto Biomedical Society.)

Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) has been well accepted as a framework to understand and describe types of knowledge required by teachers to teach specific content with technology effectively. However, limited studies have used the framework in analysing the complexity of technology integration in mathematics classrooms. This study investigates, through examining critical instructional events, the most influential TPACK constructs in understanding and shaping teachers' pedagogical practices using digital technology. This case study was conducted in an early secondary mathematics classroom in Indonesia that used a web-based resource to support students' understanding of fractions. The finding suggests that the qualitative examination of the four intersected TPACK constructs assists in understanding the challenges and the opportunities to teachers when utilising an exploratory-based technology. It demonstrates that the combination of pedagogical stances and choice of technology significantly influence the visibility of other TPACK constructs. Implications of this study include the need of thoughtful planning prior to using web-based resources and the importance to utilise critical events in developing and assessing teachers' TPACK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we ask if central values which people were in dialogue with in the memorial messages from Oslo Cathedral Square in the aftermath of July 22nd 2011, may be seen as a part of Norwegian cultural memory, and if so, how. We answer this question in the affirmative, by elaborating on presentations of the Norwegian flag as a symbol of the values unity and solidarity, and on presentations of love and roses as weapons promoting the values love, humanity and calmness. In our discussion we have drawn on theory of cultural memory and suggested that the use of the Norwegian flag in the messages may be understood in the frame of Assmann’s term “canon”, representing the active part of cultural remembrance, and that the message from the use of roses and hearts may be understood in the frame of the term “archive”, representing the passive part of remembrance

It is an essential requirement of democracy that politicians provide account of their words and actions to the public. However, being able to account is especially important when a politician or the party he/she is representing is assumed responsible for a critical event that has undesirable consequences for the public. Under such a condition, political press conferences serve as an instrument for a politician to justify the position of the government by means of argumentation. By adopting the pragma-dialectical framework, this paper sets out to explain how a politician maneuvers strategically in a press conference for the purpose of diminishing political responsibility when his party which is in charge of the government is assumed responsible for a critical event. The paper draws its data from the political press conference held by Erdoĝan, a former Prime Minister of Turkey, following the mine accident that took place in Soma, Turkey, in 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric power systems are complex and commonly run near their operational limits. Power systems are basically designed based on the ( N − 1) criterion. In these systems, total or partial blackouts are unavoidable. Cascading failures following an initial event is recognized as the main mechanism for power system blackouts. Undesirable activation of zone 3 of distance relays due to their local function has been identified as one of the major causes for propagation of cascading failures. In this paper, in order to mitigate the risk of power system blackouts, a novel approach is proposed for recognizing the critical line outages with the highest contribution in cascading failure and preventing their undesirable outage by blocking zone 3 of their distance relay. In this paper, based on the statistical activation of distance relays, a deterministic–probabilistic approach is developed for identifying the critical lines with the highest contribution in blackouts due to activation of zone 3 of their distance relays. In order to avoid interference of relay blocking with the main protection duty of distance relays, the proposed approach recognizes the minimum critical lines with the highest contribution in cascading failure for blocking zone 3 of their distance relays. The proposed approach is demonstrated on the New England 39-bus system and detailed simulation studies carried out to examine the validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities invest significant resources in the provision of mathematics tuition to first year students, through both traditional and non-traditional means. Research has shown that a significant minority of students do not engage with these resources appropriately. This paper presents findings from a study of two groups of students at Maynooth University. Both groups had similar mathematical backgrounds on entry to university. The first group consisted of seven students who had failed first year mathematics and had very low levels of engagement with available supports. The second group consisted of nine students who had passed first year mathematics and had engaged with the supports to a significant extent. It emerged that while both groups initially displayed similar tactics and encountered similar difficulties, their levels of reaction to a number of critical events in their mathematical education were key to their engagement levels and their subsequent progression. Further analysis revealed aspects of the students' behaviour which caused them to approach or avoid difficulties. The reasons behind the different student behaviours were investigated, and the main categories of influence on student behaviour which emerged from the interview data were fear, social factors, and motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]