Search

Insulin-stimulated sodium transport across A6 cell (derived from amphibian distal nephron) monolayers involves the activation of a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. We previously demonstrated that exogenous addition of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] to the incubation medium of A6 cell monolayers provokes an increase in PI 3-kinase activity and a subsequent rise in sodium transport (Markadieu N, Crutzen R, Blero D, Erneux C, Beauwens R. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288: F1201-F1212, 2005). We therefore questioned whether insulin would produce an intracellular burst of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] leading to PI 3-kinase activation and subsequent increase in sodium transport. An acute production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A6 cells incubated with the oxidation-sensitive fluorescent probe 5,6-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was already detected after 2 min of insulin stimulation. This fluorescent signal and the increase in sodium transport were completely inhibited in monolayers incubated with peggylated catalase, indicating that [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] is the main intracellular ROS produced upon insulin stimulation. Similarly, preincubation of monolayers with different chelators of either superoxide ([O.sup.*.sub.2]; nitro blue tetrazolium, 100 [micro]M) or[H.sub.2][O.sub.2] (50 [micro]M ebselen), or blockers of NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes (diphenyleneiodonium, 5 [micro]M; phenylarsine oxide, 1 [micro]M and plumbagin, 30 [micro]M) prevented both insulin-stimulated [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] production and insulin-stimulated sodium transport. Furthermore, diphenyleneiodonium pretreatment inhibited the recruitment of the p85 PI 3-kinase regulatory subunit in an anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitate in insulin-stimulated cells. In contrast, PI-103, an inhibitor of class IA PI 3-kinase, inhibited insulin-stimulated sodium transport but did not significantly reduce insulin-stimulated [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] production. Taken together, our data suggest that insulin induces an acute burst of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] production which participates in an increase in phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate production and subsequently stimulation of sodium transport. ENaC;[H.sub.2][O.sub.2] ; ROS; dichlorodihydrofluorescein; PI 3-kinase

Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) is required for insulin stimulation of sodium transport in A6 cell monolayers. In this study, we investigate whether stimulation of the PI 3-kinase by other agents also provoked an increase in sodium transport. Both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] provoked a rise in sodium transport that was inhibited by LY-294002, an inhibitor of PI 3-kinase activity. PI 3-kinase activity was estimated in extracts from A6 cell monolayers directly by performance of a PI 3-kinase assay. We also estimated the relative importance of the PI 3-kinase pathway by two different methods: 1) coprecipitation of the p85 regulatory subunit with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies and 2) phosphorylation of PKB on both Ser 473 and Thr 308 residues observed by Western blotting. Since the mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has also been implicated in the regulation of sodium transport, we also investigated whether this pathway is turned on by insulin, [H.sub.2][O.sub.2], or EGF. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was increased only transiently by insulin and [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] but quite sustainedly by EGF. Inhibitors of this pathway (U-0126 and PD-98059) failed to affect the insulin and [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] stimulation of sodium transport but increased substantially the stimulation induced by EGF. The latter effect was associated with an increase in PKB phosphorylation, thus suggesting that the stimulation of the MAPK pathway prevents, in part, the stimulation of the PI 3-kinase pathway in the transport of sodium stimulated by EGF. epithelial sodium channels; mitogen-activated protein kinase

Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) has been hypothesized to play a role in insulin secretion. The present study aimed to investigate the interaction between adenosine 3',5'‑cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), volume‑regulated anion channels (VRACs) and the electrogenic sodium bicarbonate (Na+‑HCO3‑) cotransporter, NBCe1, in the regulation of nutrient‑ and hypotonicity‑induced insulin release from rat pancreatic islets and tumoral insulin‑producing BRIN‑BD11 cells. In the islets, 5‑nitro‑2‑(3‑phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB) and 5‑chloro‑2‑hydroxy‑3‑(thiophene‑2‑carbonyl)indole‑1‑carboxamide (tenidap) reduced glucose‑stimulated insulin release, however, only NPPB suppressed the enhancing action of cAMP analogs upon such a release. Insulin output from the BRIN‑BD11 cells was stimulated by 2‑ketoisocaproate (KIC) or extracellular hypoosmolarity. cAMP analogs and 3‑isobutyl‑1‑methylxanthine increased the insulin output recorded in the isotonic medium to a greater relative extent than that in the hypotonic medium. The secretory response to KIC or hypotonicity was inhibited by NPPB or tenidap, which both also opposed the enhancing action of cAMP analogs. Inhibitors of mitogen‑activated protein (MAP) kinase decreased insulin output in isotonic and hypotonic media. The inhibitor of sAC, 2‑hydroxyestriol, caused only a modest inhibition of insulin release, whether in the isotonic or hypotonic medium, even when tested at a concentration of 100 µM. The omission of NaHCO3 markedly decreased the secretory response to KIC or extracellular hypotonicity. The omission of Na+ suppressed the secretory response to extracellular hypotonicity. The observations of the present study do not support the hypothesis of a major role for sAC in the regulation of insulin release.

A series of 12 phenyl-substituted arylpentamethyldisilanes 1a-l have been synthesized in order to examine the regioselectivity of their nucleophilic Si,Si bond cleavage reactions under Still's conditions (MeLi/HMPA/0 degrees C). It has been found that the sensitivity of these reactions to the electronic effects of the substituents in the phenyl ring could be described by the Hammett-type equation log(k(A)/k(B)) = 0.4334 + 2.421(Sigmasigma); (correlation coefficient R = 0.983). The k(A)/k(B) ratio represents the relative rate of attack at silicon atom A (linked to the aryl ring) or at silicon atom B (away from the aryl ring) of the unsymmetrical disilanes. Thus, the present investigation shows that the earlier belief according to which the nucleophilic cleavage of unsymmetrical disilanes always produces the more stable silyl anionic species (thermodynamic control) should be abandoned, or at least seriously amended: kinetic factors appear to exert a primary influence on the regioselectivity of such reactions. Since the two major kinetic factors (i.e., electrophilic character of and steric hindrance at a given silicon atom) have opposite effects on the orientation of the reaction, it may happen that kinetic and thermodynamic control lead to the same result. For some of the unsymmetrical disilanes studied, the major reaction path was not the Si,Si bond cleavage; instead, Si-aryl bond breaking occurred, producing the corresponding aryl anions.