178 results on '"Cullen, Robert"'
Search Results
2. The Copernicus Sentinel-6 mission: Enhanced continuity of satellite sea level measurements from space
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Donlon, Craig J., Cullen, Robert, Giulicchi, Luisella, Vuilleumier, Pierrik, Francis, C. Richard, Kuschnerus, Mieke, Simpson, William, Bouridah, Abderrazak, Caleno, Mauro, Bertoni, Roberta, Rancaño, Jesus, Pourier, Eric, Hyslop, Andrew, Mulcahy, James, Knockaert, Robert, Hunter, Christopher, Webb, Alan, Fornari, Marco, Vaze, Parag, Brown, Shannon, Willis, Joshua, Desai, Shailen, Desjonqueres, Jean-Damien, Scharroo, Remko, Martin-Puig, Cristina, Leuliette, Eric, Egido, Alejandro, Smith, Walter H.F., Bonnefond, Pascal, Le Gac, Sophie, Picot, Nicolas, and Tavernier, Gilles
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- 2021
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3. Trends in Drain Utilization in Bariatric Surgery: an Analysis of the MBSAQIP Database 2015–2017
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Clapp, Benjamin, Lodeiro, Carlos, Dodoo, Christopher, Coleman, Ginger, Sadri, Babak, Wicker, Ellen, Swinney, Ira L., Cullen, Robert, and Tyroch, Alan
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- 2020
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4. The ESA Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration in Crete: Advanced Services and the Latest Cal/Val Results.
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Mertikas, Stelios P., Donlon, Craig, Kokolakis, Costas, Piretzidis, Dimitrios, Cullen, Robert, Féménias, Pierre, Fornari, Marco, Frantzis, Xenophon, Tripolitsiotis, Achilles, Bouffard, Jérôme, Di Bella, Alessandro, Boy, François, and Saunier, Jerome
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ALTIMETRY ,TRANSPONDERS ,ALTIMETERS ,TIME series analysis ,FACILITIES - Abstract
Two microwave transponders have been operating in west Crete and Gavdos to calibrate international satellite radar altimeters at the Ku-band. One has been continuously operating for about 8 years at the CDN1 Cal/Val site in the mountains of Crete, and the other at the GVD1 Cal/Val site on Gavdos since 11 October 2021. This ground infrastructure is also supported at present by four sea-surface Cal/Val sites operating, some of them for over 20 years, while two additional such Cal/Val sites are under construction. This ground infrastructure is part of the European Space Agency Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration (PFAC), and as of 2015, it has been producing continuously a time series of range biases for Sentinel-3A, Sentinel-3B, Sentinel-6 MF, Jason-2, Jason-3, and CryoSat-2. This work presents a thorough examination of the transponder Cal/Val responses to understand and determine absolute biases for all satellite altimeters overflying this ground infrastructure. The latest calibration results for the Jason-3, Copernicus Sentinel-3A and -3B, Sentinel-6 MF, and CryoSat-2 radar altimeters are described based on four sea-surface and two transponder Cal/Val sites of the PFAC in west Crete, Greece. Absolute biases for Jason-3, Sentinel-6 MF, Sentinel-3A, Sentinel-3B, and CryoSat-2 are close to a few mm, determined using various techniques, infrastructure, and settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Assessment of CryoSat-2 interferometric and non-interferometric SAR altimetry over ice sheets
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McMillan, Malcolm, Shepherd, Andrew, Muir, Alan, Gaudelli, Julia, Hogg, Anna E., and Cullen, Robert
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- 2018
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6. Mean sea surface modelling from multi-satellite altimetry utilising frequency domain techniques
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Cullen, Robert A.
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551.46 ,Mechanical Engineering ,Civil Engineering - Abstract
A technique is presented for the development of a high precision and resolution Mean Sea Surface (MSS) model. The model utilises Radar altimetric sea surface heights extracted from the geodetic phase of the ESA ERS-1 mission. The methodology uses a modified Le Traon et al. (1995) cubic-spline fit of dual ERS-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon crossovers for the minimisation of radial orbit error. The procedure then uses Fourier domain processing techniques for spectral optimal interpolation of the mean sea surface in order to reduce residual errors within the model. Additionally, a multi-satellite mean sea surface integration technique is investigated to supplement the first model with additional enhanced data from the GEOSAT geodetic mission. The methodology employs a novel technique that combines the Stokes' and Vening-Meinsz' transformations, again in the spectral domain. This allows the presentation of a new enhanced GEOSAT gravity anomaly field.
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- 1998
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7. A New Lateral Wall Electrode: Evaluation of Surgical Handling, Radiographic Placement, and Histological Appraisal of Insertion Trauma
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Rivas, Alejandro, Yawn, Robert J., Kim, Ana H., Driscoll, Colin, Cullen, Robert, Rebscher, Stephen J., and Isaacson, Brandon
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- 2019
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8. Iliopsoas strain demographics, concurrent injuries, and grade determined by musculoskeletal ultrasound in 72 agility dogs.
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Sack, Danny, Canapp, Debra, Canapp, Sherman, Majeski, Stephanie, Curry, Jeff, Sutton, Angela, and Cullen, Robert
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ILIOPSOAS muscle ,ANTERIOR cruciate ligament ,DOG breeds ,DOGS ,HINDLIMB ,ULTRASONIC imaging ,WOUNDS & injuries - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
9. Vegetable Purée: A Pilot Study to Increase Vegetable Consumption among School Lunch Participants in US Elementary Schools
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Vale, Angela, Schumacher, Julie Raeder, Cullen, Robert W., and Gam, Hae Jin
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Purpose/Objectives: Recent US Department of Agriculture regulations increased the amount and variety of vegetables required for school lunches. Vegetables are the most wasted components of lunch while entrées are selected and consumed by the majority of children. This study examined how adding vegetable purée to an elementary school lunch entrée affected the weight and calories of the entrée consumed and the amount of vegetables consumed. Differences between genders and among grade levels were also assessed. Methods: A convenience sample (839 students) from three elementary schools in a large Central Illinois school district participated in this study. A vegetable purée of carrots, beans, and tomato paste was added to a standard entrée to increase vegetable content from the Control of 0.25 cup to 0.4 cup (Recipe 1) and 0.45 cup (Recipe 2). Children were randomly served one of three entrées, and plate waste was measured by weighing the leftover portion of the entrées. Analysis of variance and t tests were used to compare the weight of the entrée consumed and the vegetable and calorie consumption for the entrées and identify differences between genders. Univariate linear models tested interaction between entrée and grade. Results: There was no difference in consumption of the Control and Recipe 1 (p = 0.279). Recipe 2 was significantly less consumed than Recipe 1 (p< 0.001) and the Control (p< 0.05) suggesting that there may be a limit of how much vegetable purée one can add to an entrée for a student to consume a comparable amount. Significantly more vegetables (p< 0.001) and fewer calories (p< 0.001) were consumed from the entrées with added vegetables than the Control entrée. There were significant interactions between grade level and all factors, but no differences between genders were identified. Application to Child Nutrition Professionals: The study suggests that adding puréed vegetables to lunch entrées may be an effective strategy to increase vegetable consumption and reduce energy intake of elementary school children. School nutrition programs can benefit by helping meet vegetable and nutrient requirements and reducing plate waste.
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- 2014
10. 29 - Surgery for Cochlear Implantation
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Peng, Kevin A. and Cullen, Robert D.
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- 2023
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11. Ecosystem Services in Agricultural and Urban Landscapes
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Stephen Wratten, Harpinder Sandhu, Ross Cullen, Robert Costanza, Stephen Wratten, Harpinder Sandhu, Ross Cullen, Robert Costanza and Stephen Wratten, Harpinder Sandhu, Ross Cullen, Robert Costanza, Stephen Wratten, Harpinder Sandhu, Ross Cullen, Robert Costanza
- Published
- 2013
12. Perceptions of Principals, Teachers, and School Food, Health, and Nutrition Professionals Regarding the Sustainability and Utilization of School Food Gardens
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Jaeschke, Elizabeth M., Schumacher, Julie Raeder, and Cullen, Robert W.
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Purpose/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of various school personnel who are key participants in child nutrition and wellness regarding the sustainability and use of school gardens. Methods: A convenience sample of staff from schools with school gardens across the United States was established, consisting of: principals; teachers; and school food, health, and nutrition professionals. Two surveys from previous studies were combined to align with the research questions. The survey included 19 items addressing topics such as: the effectiveness of school gardens; sustainability of the school garden program; items produced in the gardens; how items were used from the gardens; and the potential impact school gardens may or may not have on produce offerings in school lunches. Questions addressing demographics, school garden usage, and sustainability of the garden were developed and included. The final instrument was reviewed for content and construct validity, and distributed electronically. Results: Twenty-seven surveys were completed by representatives of the three various stakeholder groups. Of all the respondents, 55.6% (n=15) used garden produce in their cafeterias. Participants also reported that school gardens were used in core academic instruction for all grades, augmenting the pedagogy in math, science, nutrition, and environmental studies. The majority of schools had an interest in utilizing garden produce through a salad bar as a part of its meal program, although the findings revealed that most schools surveyed did not offer a salad bar. However, those who were more closely aligned with the daily operations of a school lunch program had a less enthusiastic response. Such individuals may have a more realistic perspective regarding the actual use and impact of school gardens in the meal program. Applications to Child Nutrition Professionals: The results of this study are applicable to child nutrition professionals as a foundation to promote various uses of school gardens while recognizing the perceived barriers that must be overcome to ensure their success. (Contains 4 tables.)
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- 2012
13. Heart Rates of High School Physical Education Students during Team Sports, Individual Sports, and Fitness Activities
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Laurson, Kelly R., Brown, Dale D., Cullen, Robert W., and Dennis, Karen K.
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This study examined how activity type influenced heart rates and time spent in target heart rate zones of high school students participating in physical education classes. Significantly higher average heart rates existed for fitness (142 plus or minus 24 beats per minute [bpm]) compared to team (118 plus or minus 24 bpm) or individual (114 plus or minus 18) activities. Similar results occurred for the percentage of activity time spent within a target heart rate zone (fitness 81.7 plus or minus 15.9%, individual 68.4 plus or minus 30.5%, and team 60.6 plus or minus 30.5%). Boys attained higher heart rates during team activities, while female students had higher rates during individual activities indicating male and female adolescents respond differently to activity types. The highest mean heart rates were observed during fitness activities. (Contains 2 tables and 4 figures.)
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- 2008
14. Curricular Issue Report: Holes in the Holistic? A Posnerian Curriculum Analysis of an Australian BHSc (Naturopathy), a Typical BHSc, and a North American Analogue
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Cullen, Robert
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- 2022
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15. Environmental Health and Noxious Pseudo-medical Ecophilia - Some Questions That Arise When Holism and Nature Fallacies Become Epistemically and Ethically Untenable
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Cullen, Robert
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- 2022
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16. The Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter (CRISTAL) high-priority candidate mission
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Kern, Michael, Cullen, Robert, Berruti, Bruno, Bouffard, Jerome, Casal, Tania, Drinkwater, Mark R., Gabriele, Antonio, Lecuyot, Arnaud, Ludwig, Michael, Midthassel, Rolv, Navas Traver, Ignacio, Parrinello, Tommaso, Ressler, Gerhard, Andersson, Erik, Martin-Puig, Cristina, Andersen, Ole, Bartsch, Annett, Farrell, Sinead, Fleury, Sara, Gascoin, Simon, Guillot, Amandine, Humbert, Angelika, Rinne, Eero, Shepherd, Andrew, Van Den Broeke, Michiel R., Yackel, John, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,User requirements document ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,law ,Component (UML) ,Altimeter ,[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Remote sensing ,Copernicus ,Water Science and Technology ,Earth-Surface Processes ,[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,Payload ,Microwave radiometer ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,Snow ,lcsh:Geology ,Radar altimeter ,Environmental science - Abstract
The Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter (CRISTAL) mission is one of six high-priority candidate missions (HPCMs) under consideration by the European Commission to enlarge the Copernicus Space Component. Together, the high-priority candidate missions fill gaps in the measurement capability of the existing Copernicus Space Component to address emerging and urgent user requirements in relation to monitoring anthropogenic CO2 emissions, polar environments, and land surfaces. The ambition is to enlarge the Copernicus Space Component with the high-priority candidate missions in the mid-2020s to provide enhanced continuity of services in synergy with the next generation of the existing Copernicus Sentinel missions. CRISTAL will carry a dual-frequency synthetic-aperture radar altimeter as its primary payload for measuring surface height and a passive microwave radiometer to support atmospheric corrections and surface-type classification. The altimeter will have interferometric capabilities at Ku-band for improved ground resolution and a second (non-interferometric) Ka-band frequency to provide information on snow layer properties. This paper outlines the user consultations that have supported expansion of the Copernicus Space Component to include the high-priority candidate missions, describes the primary and secondary objectives of the CRISTAL mission, identifies the key contributions the CRISTAL mission will make, and presents a concept – as far as it is already defined – for the mission payload.
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- 2020
17. Heart rates of high school physical education students during team sports, individual sports, and fitness activities
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Laurson, Kelly R., Brown, Dale D., Cullen, Robert W., and Dennis, Karen K.
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High school students -- Physiological aspects ,Sex (Biology) -- Influence ,Heart beat -- Observations ,Physical education and training -- Influence ,Physical fitness -- Demographic aspects - Published
- 2008
18. The relationship between maximal repetition performance and muscle fiber type as estimated by noninvasive technique in the quadriceps of untrained women
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Douris, Peter C., White, Benjamin P., Cullen, Robert R., Keltz, William E., Meli, John, Mondiello, Dan M., and Wenger, David
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Women -- Physiological aspects ,Women -- Research ,Weight training -- Physiological aspects ,Weight training -- Research ,Health ,Sports and fitness - Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to establish a relationship between the number of repetitions an individual can complete at a predetermined load and their percentage of type II muscle fibers in their quadriceps. Subjects included 22 untrained women between the ages of 18 and 35. Day 1 consisted of noninvasive anthropologic testing, 1 repetition maximum (1RM) testing, and recording repetition performance at 70% 1RM. Day 2 consisted of isokinetic dynamometry to determine muscle fiber composition. Results were obtained and analyzed using the Pearson product correlation coefficient (r). The results demonstrated a fair-to-moderate relationship (Pearson r = -0.48, p = 0.02) that individuals with greater percentages of type II muscle fibers performed fewer repetitions at 70% 1RM. The results of this study demonstrate that muscle fiber type composition is an important variable to consider when designing training or rehabilitation programs. Key Words. strength, composition, 1RM, variance, noninvasive
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- 2006
19. Contributors
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Agrawal, Sumit K., Anderson, Shane R., Arriaga, Moisés A., Aylward, Alana, Banakis Hartl, Renee M., Berenholz, Leonard P., Brackmann, Derald E., Brown, C. Scott, Carey, John P., Carrau, Ricardo L., Casazza, Geoffrey C., Cass, Nathan D., Cass, Stephen P., Cassis, Adam M., Chang, Ray C., Chen, Douglas A., Christopher, Laura H., Connell, Sarah S., Corrales, C. Eduardo, Crane, Benjamin T., Crowson, Matthew G., Cullen, Robert D., Cumpston, Evan C., DeTorres, Alvin, Dewyer, Nicholas A., Dornhoffer, John, Eppsteiner, Robert W., Erbele, Isaac D., Eshraghi, Adrien A., Fayad, Jose N., Friedman, Rick A., Gantz, Bruce J., Gardner, Gale, Gary, Celeste C., Goddard, John C., Gubbels, Samuel P., Gurgel, Richard K., Handzel, Ophir, Hetzler, Laura T., Hillman, Todd A., House, John W., Isaacson, Brandon, Jackler, Robert K., Jenkins, Herman A., Jones, Joel W., Kassam, Amin B., Kaylie, David M., Kesser, Bradley W., Kutz, J. Walter, Jr., Lee, John Y.K., Lippy, William H., Littlefield, Philip D., Liu, Yuan F., London, Nyall R., Jr., Lupo, J. Eric, Mahboubi, Hossein, Manzoor, Nauman, Maxwell, Anne K., McElveen, John T., Jr., McKenna, Michael J., McRackan, Theodore R., Mehta, Rahul, Minor, Lloyd B., Monsell, Edwin M., Muelleman, Thomas J., Nadol, Joseph B., Jr., Nassiri, Ashley M., Netterville, James L., Otto, Steven R., Parnes, Lorne S., Patel, Neil S., Peng, Kevin A., Perry, Brian P., Poe, Dennis S., Prevedello, Daniel M., Redleaf, Miriam I., Rivas, Alejandro, Roberson, Joseph B., Jr., Roberts, Daniel S., Roche, Joseph P., Roland, Peter S., Rybak, Leonard P., Santa Maria, Peter L., Schwam, Zachary G., Schwartz, Marc S., Shea, Martin Coyle, Jr., Sheehy, James L., Shelton, Clough, Shibata, Seiji B., Sinha, Saurabh, Slattery, William H., III, Sowder, Justin C., Sullivan, C. Blake, Sullivan, Christopher A., Syms, Charles A., III, Syms, Mark, Tawfik, Kareem O., Telian, Steven A., Telischi, Fred F., Tjellström, Anders, Wackym, P. Ashley, Wanna, George B., Ward, P. Daniel, Weiner, Joseph P., Weinreich, Heather M., Wiet, R. Mark, Wiet, Richard J., and Wilkinson, Eric P.
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- 2023
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20. Impact of Cholesterol Screening on Cholesterol Education Knowledge Outcomes: 1521: Board #11 May 30 3:30 PM 5:00 PM
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Dennis, Karen K., Brown, Dale D., Simper, Ashley L., and Cullen, Robert W.
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- 2007
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21. Facial nerve function after translabyrinthine vestibular schwannoma surgery
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Brackmann, Derald E., Cullen, Robert D., and Fisher, Laurel M.
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- 2007
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22. Facial Nerve Outcomes Following Acoustic Neuroma Surgery: 10:14 AM
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Cullen, Robert and Brackmann, Derald E.
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- 2006
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23. Disconnect Between Knowledge And Application Of Wellness Behaviors Of Ninth Grade High School Students: 2228 Board #17 9:00 AM – 10:30 AM
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Dennis, Karen K., Brown, Dale D., and Cullen, Robert W.
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- 2005
24. Effect Of New Equipment And Technology On Physical Fitness Scores In Adolescents: 2227 Board #16 10:30 AM – 12:00 PM
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Laurson, Kelly R., Brown, Dale, Cullen, Robert, and Dennis, Karen
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- 2005
25. The true cost of coal: coal accounts for more than half of America's electricity because it is so cheap--and it remains cheap because no one pays the very large hidden costs of its mining and burning
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Cullen, Robert
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General interest ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
SHORTLY after six o'clock on the morning of December 7, 1992, as James Mullins prepared to fire up an illicit Viceroy Ultra-Light in a mine called Southmountain No. 3, in Wise County, Virginia, he probably did not realize that he was about to figure in a debate about the true cost of coal to American society. Almost certainly Mullins did not realize that the operators of Southmountain No. 3 would in the future be charged with thirty-three violations of mine-safety rules, or that by the time he lit up, eight of those violations had allowed a dangerous concentration of odorless methane to accumulate in the shaft where he was working, some 1,000 feet under the surface. The spark from his lighter touched off the methane, which in turn touched off the coal dust floating in the air near the mine's machinery. The force of the explosion leveled a building just outside the mine at the end of a mile-long tunnel. And it killed eight miners, including Mullins. One of them had his skull fractured; the others smothered in a cloud of carbon monoxide. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The national media covered the disaster for a few days, until the bodies were recovered and it was clear that there would be no dramatic rescue story from Southmountain No. 3. No one pointed out to viewers or readers the link between the miners' deaths and the television they were watching or the light that illuminated their newspapers. The fact is, though, that today coal provides more than 55 percent of the electricity generated in the United States. In a high-tech society much rests on the shoulders of men like James Mullins, who descend into dark tunnels, crouch under six-foot ceilings, rip coal from the bowels of the earth, and occasionally die. Twenty years ago few people figured that as the new millennium approached, America would be so dependent on a source of energy that was banned in the city of London in 1273 for being injurious to public health. In 1973 the Federal Power Commission predicted that coal's share of U.S. electricity generation would decline from 46 percent to 30 percent by 1990. Then came the Arab oil embargo and Three Mile Island. Oil became too costly, and too foreign, for extensive use in the generation of electricity. Nuclear power, which had been expected to surpass coal as an electricity generator, was frightening. Coal had the virtue of being widely available inside the United States. And at a cost of less than two cents per kilowatt-hour of power, it was cheap. It was, in fact, so much cheaper than renewable resources like wind and solar energy that it all but eliminated them as commercial sources of electricity. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Or at least coal seemed cheap, until environmentalists, state utility regulators, and some economists began to argue that the market price of coal does not reflect a wide range of 'external' costs that society, or some segment of society, will eventually pay. The economists maintain that the coal James Mullins was digging, which cost about $20 a ton at the mouth of Southmountain No. 3, would be much more expensive if these costs were added on, or 'internalized.' TO begin with, there is the cost of lives lost and health damaged among the miners. The number of deaths tends to decline a bit each year, but that is in part because automation keeps reducing the number of miners. Over the past three years one statistic has remained constant: for every five million man-hours worked in the mines, one miner dies. Last year that meant fifty-four deaths. Society has contrived to place severe limits on the amount of money that miners' widows and children can collect for these casualties. In Virginia, as in most coal-producing states, the law makes it all but impossible to sue mine owners--even in cases like that of Southmountain No. 3, where federal investigators established that safety violations contributed to the miners' deaths. Instead the survivors get a workmen's-compensation benefit calculated on the basis of the dead man's salary and paid by insurance the mine owner must carry. For the survivors of Southmountain No. 3 victims this tops out at $434 a week for 500 weeks, or a total of $217,000. Were the survivors of the Southmountain No. 3 miners able to sue the mine owners, a jury would no doubt place a much higher value on the lost lives. According to a Pennsylvania group called Jury Verdict Research, which tracks such things, $217,000 is about the going rate for damages for a broken leg in American lawsuits. The average jury in a wrongful-death suit awards $941,700 to the family of a forty-year-old man making $25,000 a year. Some economists in the external-costs debate would argue that the dead miners were compensated for their deaths by the wages they earned while they were alive, which were higher than wages in less dangerous industries. In Wise County, for instance, workers in furniture factories make an average of about $7.50 an hour; the miners who died in Southmountain No. 3 made $11 or $12. But the argument that miners consciously calculate that an extra three or four dollars an hour is worth risking their lives for assumes careful, long-term thought on the part of men who are prepared to smoke inside a coal mine. It seems more likely that the extra money they earn compensates them for the immediate travail, the darkness and the dirt and the backaches, of work in the mine. The difference between workmen's-compensation benefits and the market value of a wrongful death--roughly three quarters of a million dollars per case--should be counted as an external cost that the mining industry and the consumers of coal slough off on the miners' families. So should the disparity between workmen's compensation and the market value of the more than 9,000 serious injuries coal miners suffer each year. In the past twenty years the system has internalized at least some of the costs of the miners' occupational disease, black lung. In 1969 federal legislation required that mine operators reduce the amount of coal dust in the air inside the mine to three milligrams per cubic meter, a standard lowered to two a few years later. The operators met the goal by improving mine ventilation and by installing new machinery that sprays a mist of water onto the coal seam while a drill bit gouges out the coal. The legislation imposed a tax of $.55 to $1.10 per ton of coal to pay compensation to miners who had already developed black lung, and it required mine owners to carry insurance to compensate miners who would develop it. To a degree, the legislation has succeeded. In 1969 some 40 to 60 percent of the miners examined had black lung. Among miners who began their careers after 1969, the incidence of black lung has dropped to between five and 15 percent. Still, the compensation to victims of black lung is stingy: a disabled miner with dependent children gets about $200 a week. A CALCULATION of the full cost of coal needs to take into account damage to the environment around the mine. Until the mid-1960s coal-mine owners were from an environmental standpoint barely regulated. The waste from their mines drained into local streams. When strip-mining came along, they began tearing the tops off green Appalachian ridges, gouging out as much coal as they could easily get to and leaving great unhealed brown gashes. When a young biologist named Phil Shelton arrived in Wise to teach at Clinch Valley College, in 1970, he found some of the streams running black with mine wastes. The fish in a nearby reservoir had all died from high acidity. The local residents, taking their cue from the mine operators, seemed to have lost all sense of land stewardship. As with black lung, federal legislation forced mine operators to internalize some of the costs to the environment. Mine operators nowadays have to dig ponds to catch the water running off from their operations, and they must let sediment and heavy metals settle to the bottom rather than pollute the watershed. Strip-mine operators are required to try to restore the original contour of the land, replace the topsoil as best they can, seed it with grass and legumes, and return to plant trees. Seen from a distance, these reclamation efforts look impressive. After a few weeks grass starts to sprout at a reclaimed strip-mine site. After a few years the grass is knee-high, and scrubby trees begin to grow. After fifteen years a properly reclaimed site might be covered with fescue, occasional wild daisies, and spindly pines. But this is not, of course, the vegetation of the original hillside, which might have combined oaks, hickories, and tulip poplars. And when Shelton scoops up a handful of dirt at a fifteen-year-old reclamation site, it is gray and gritty, unlike the black soil, thick with worms and roots, that naturally occurs on an Appalachian ridge. The streams also look better than they did twenty years ago. Bee Branch and the Guest River, the creeks that drain the hillsides around Southmountain No. 3, sparkle in the sun. Their waters are clear and tasteless, and recent studies by biologists from Virginia Polytechnic Institute found that they have no acidity problem. But the streams support almost no fish. Shelton speculates that during spring rains enough settling ponds briefly overflow to fill the creeks temporarily with sediment, stuffing the gills of any fish and killing them off. The records of the local office of the Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy support his hypothesis. The office receives about ninety complaints a year about mines that have drainage problems or that illegally discharge effluent. Generally, if the mine operator fixes the problem, no further action is taken. By then, of course, the damage may be done. But how to assess that damage? Shelton has heard from his father that before the First World War--that is, before extensive mining--the mountain streams in southwestern Virginia ran so thick with bass that his Boy Scout troop, on a camping expedition, could poke sticks into a pool and gig them. But there are no records of a commercial fishing industry in the local histories Shelton has read and no lost revenues that an economist could confidently charge to coal mining. 'The cost of lost fish?' he asks. 'How do you count that sort of thing?' As a ton of coal leaves Southmountain No. 3, the costs associated with it mount--and most of these costs do appear in the selling price. Trucks take the coal to a preparation plant that crushes it and washes away some of the sulfur and dirt. Then the owner of the preparation plant mixes it with coal from other mines, loads it into trains, and ships it to any of more than half a dozen utilities on the East Coast. The cost of preparation and shipment will more than double the internalized cost of the coal, to about $46, by the time it reaches its customers. Transport adds external costs as well. No one keeps statistics on the number of people hit by coal trains, but coal fills 27 percent of U.S. railroad freight cars and in 1991 there were 423 deaths involving freight trains at public grade crossings. Perhaps 200 trespassers on the tracks died when struck by freight trains. So, roughly gauged, coal's external costs might include about 170 transport deaths a year. TAKEN together, though, the external costs associated with mining and transporting coal would probably add no more than a dollar or two to the price per ton. It is after the coal arrives at a typical generating plant, like Potomac Electric Power Company's Chalk Point Generating Station, in Maryland, that the external costs rise dramatically. Chalk Point is a vast complex of buildings and conveyors, cooling towers and smokestacks, holding ponds and railroad tracks, designed to pulverize coal and blow it into a huge boiler, where it bums. The heat changes water from the Patuxent River into steam that turns generators that, among other things, help keep the lights burning in the White House. Since opening Chalk Point, in 1964, Pepco has, under prodding from federal legislation, made two major changes that internalized some of the coal's environmental costs. It added electrostatic precipitators to the boiler's exhaust system. These capture more than 99 percent of the fly ash before it can escape, and Pepco buries the ash in a landfill. The utility also retired the original smokestacks and replaced them with higher stacks that disperse the exhaust over a wide area and reduce the risk to the health of those living in the immediate vicinity. But the high stacks do not reduce Chalk Point's annual emissions: 50,000 tons of sulfur dioxide, 25,000 tons of nitrogen oxides, and five million tons of carbon dioxide. Debate rages over the assignment of costs to these gases. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are important precursors of acid rain, and electricity generation accounts for about a third of the nitrogen oxides and two thirds of the sulfur dioxide America emits each year. This means that coal causes about half the nation's acid rain. But whose coal? Pepco maintains that most of Chalk Point's sulfur dioxide blows over the ocean. Specific sources of sulfur dioxide cannot be tied to specific acidic raindrops. Even if that were possible, it would be difficult to assess damages. The National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, in an exhaustive survey completed in 1991, looked for damage ranging from crop failures to the corrosion of Civil War monuments. It found relatively little for which the blame could conclusively be placed on acid rain. Some lakes and streams at higher elevations in the East are too acidic to support fish. A few species of trees are suffering, mainly at higher altitudes. But other forest trees seem unaffected, and the fish problem, the study found, can largely be alleviated by periodically spreading lime in the affected lakes. Nitrogen oxides also contribute to the formation of ozone, a known irritant to the respiratory system. But all the diseases related to ozone have many potential causes. No one has devised a precise way to isolate an ozone precursor and attribute to it a definite number of asthma attacks or coughing spells. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The cost of carbon dioxide is still more difficult to pinpoint. It is a greenhouse gas, and there is 25 percent more of it in the atmosphere than there was before the use of coal as a boiler fuel became widespread. But will that 25 percent significantly warm the global climate? And if it does, what damage will that cause? There is no consensus on those questions. Nevertheless, beginning in the late 1980s the utilities commissions of several states decided that they wanted to take coal's external costs into account in their decisions about future sources of power. They used a cost that was calculable: the cost to reduce or eliminate a given emission. In a perfectly rational economic universe the damages caused by a particular source of pollution would always be calculable, and the cost of controlling or eliminating the pollutant would always be less than or equal to the cost of the damages. A utility would not, for instance, spend millions of dollars to overhaul a smokestack that caused paint to peel on a neighboring house. It would simply pay to repaint the house. In the real world, where it is impossible to calculate damages precisely, governments are quite capable of ordering control measures that cost more than the damages they are designed to stop. But for the moment states are using 'control costs' to measure the external cost of coal. California, a state with severe and persistent air-pollution problems, has led the way. New York, Massachusetts, and at least fourteen other states have also tried to assess external costs. None has tried to add external costs directly to the consumer price. But they have directed the utilities in their areas to consider external costs, at least on paper, as they choose among possible new sources of power and present costs per kilowatt-hour to state review boards. Southern California Edison, for example, has been told by the California Public Utilities Commission to assume that in the unlikely event it wished to build a coal-fired plant in the area it serves, each ton of sulfur dioxide emitted would be assessed at $23,490, each ton of nitrogen oxides at $31,448, and each ton of carbon dioxide at $33. Assessments are based on how far within the state's air-quality standards a region is; since southern California is already violating those standards, virtually all emissions from a new plant would have to be significantly reduced, and the costs would be very high. In Massachusetts the external-cost assessments are lower: $1,700 per ton of sulfur dioxide, $7,200 per ton of nitrogen oxides, and $24 per ton of carbon dioxide. Such assessments dramatically diminish coal's attractiveness as a generating fuel when utility companies weigh how to meet new demands for power. If Massachusetts external-cost assessments are used in an example, the ton of coal that costs $20 at Southmountain No. 3 and $46 delivered to the Chalk Point station will be priced instead at roughly $200. Robin Walther, a senior economist at Southern California Edison, calculates that if the state utilities commission's highest external-cost estimates were added in, coal would cost seventeen or eighteen cents per kilowatt-hour rather than around 1.8 cents. Not surprisingly, Southern California Edison has taken the position that actual damages, rather than the price of controls, should be the basis for calculating external costs. Other utilities back an alternative to external-cost assessment which was embodied in the 1990 Clean Air Act limitations on sulfur. Under this system utilities and factories will need federal permits for sulfur emissions that exceed a certain threshold. They can buy and sell the permits, and the market value of a permit to emit a ton of sulfur is deemed by many economists to be a substitute for an external-cost assessment, on the theory that utilities will bid up the price for a permit to emit a ton of sulfur to a level just below the cost of eliminating that emission. Partly because sulfur emissions below the threshold level are free, the permit system promises to cost utilities far less than the external costs calculated by California and Massachusetts. But under any external-cost scenario, coal's price advantage erodes. Natural gas becomes a more cost-efficient generating fuel, since it emits less sulfur. More important, renewable resources like geothermal energy, wind, and solar energy, at five to twelve cents per kilowatt-hour, suddenly become competitive, because they carry few or none of the external costs associated with coal. FOR the moment the impact of these calculations remains theoretical. Demand for power has not grown much in the past few years, and utilities have met their needs largely by encouraging reductions in demand with programs that pay consumers to buy efficient light bulbs or sometimes forgo air-conditioning. Over time, though, the situation will change, as generating stations come due for replacement. A recent study by The AES Corporation, a consulting firm in Arlington, Virginia, predicted, using Massachusetts's external-cost estimates, that renewable resources could by the year 2010 account for as much as 50 percent of the country's new generation capacity, with coal dropping to 10 percent. Much will depend on whether the federal government imposes on the states some kind of uniform requirement for external-cost calculations. If it does not, individual state utilities commissions will have to ponder the economic and political consequences of forcing their utilities to use more-expensive forms of power while neighboring states continue to rely on coal. The Reagan and Bush Administrations spent several billion dollars trying to develop new technologies to burn coal more cleanly. But a 1991 General Accounting Office study of that effort found major components over budget, behind schedule, and a long way from having an appreciable impact. The Clinton Administration's proposal for a Btu tax suggested a recognition of the principle that fossil fuels, particularly coal, have external costs. The rapid demise of the proposal suggests how difficult it will be to persuade the public to pay them wittingly.
- Published
- 1993
26. Cleansing ethnic hatred
- Author
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Cullen, Robert
- Subjects
Baltic States -- Conferences, meetings and seminars ,Ethnic relations -- Conferences, meetings and seminars ,Literature/writing ,Political science ,Practice ,Conferences, meetings and seminars - Abstract
IN APRIL of this year, when a psychoanalyst named Vamik Volkan convened a therapeutic conference of Russians and Baits, he was challenging dogma handed down by the founder of his [...]
- Published
- 1993
27. Intranasal glomangioma
- Author
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Cullen, Robert D. and Hanna, Ehab Y.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Independence or nothing: one lesson of Lithuania's drive for independence - whatever its outcome - is that self-determination and democracy are not synonymous
- Author
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Cullen, Robert
- Subjects
Lithuania -- Political aspects ,Sajudis -- Political activity -- Political aspects ,Nationalism -- Political aspects ,National liberation movements -- Political aspects ,Literature/writing ,Political science ,Political activity ,Political aspects - Abstract
IN THE AUTUMN of 1968, when the American sprinters Tommie Smith land John Carlos raised their black-gloved fists in protest above the victory stand at the Mexico City Olympics, one [...]
- Published
- 1990
29. Laying that burden down: whether the Soviet republics secede depends on Russia's ability, and desire, to use imperial brutality
- Author
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Cullen, Robert
- Subjects
Nationalism ,National liberation movements ,Literature/writing ,Political science ,Political activity - Abstract
LATE LAST AUTUMN, as East Germans scrambled through the Berlin Wall, as Czech students began to fill Wenceslas Square, as Solidarity took over the Polish government--in short, as the postwar [...]
- Published
- 1990
30. Computer-Assisted Composition: A Case Study of Six Developmental Writers.
- Author
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Cullen, Robert
- Abstract
Describes observations of six freshman developmental writers composing with a word processor and computerized prewriting and revising aids, i.e., WANDAH, marketed as HBJ Writer. Stimulated recall sessions using videotapes of the participants' writing are described, the writing process is discussed, and two detailed case studies are presented. (Author/LRW)
- Published
- 1988
31. 30 - Surgery for Cochlear Implantation
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Cullen, Robert D. and Luxford, William M.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Soviet Jewry
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Cullen, Robert B.
- Published
- 1986
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Human Rights Quandary
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Cullen, Robert
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. PICTURES FROM "THE AMERICAN WOMAN'S COOK BOOK"
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Cullen, Robert
- Published
- 1972
35. Assessment of attitudes about weight and dieting among college-aged individuals
- Author
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Collier, Susan N., Stallings, Sarah F., Wolman, Patricia Giblin, and Cullen, Robert W.
- Subjects
Students -- Food and nutrition -- Surveys ,Eating disorders -- Surveys -- Statistics ,Bulimia -- Statistics -- Surveys ,Reducing diets -- Surveys -- Statistics ,Anorexia nervosa -- Statistics -- Surveys ,Health attitudes -- Surveys -- Statistics ,Food/cooking/nutrition ,Statistics ,Surveys ,Food and nutrition - Abstract
Assessment of attitudes about weight and dieting among college-aged individuals (1) Method In this study, 26 professors distributed 1,250 questionnaires entitled 'Are you dying to be thin?' [1] in classes; [...]
- Published
- 1990
36. PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF ACOUSTIC SOURCE LOCALIZATION USING POLYMER-CARBON BLACK COMPOSITE PHASED ARRAYS
- Author
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Cullen, Robert
- Subjects
FOS: Mechanical engineering ,Acoustics ,Mechanical engineering - Abstract
An array of Carbon Black (CB) filled polyurethane sensors is developed to identify the location and intensity of a single acoustic source. The manufacturing procedure of the proposed array is outlined, in details, and several prototypes are manufactured. Characterization of the viscoelastic and piezo-resistive material properties of different samples of the CB filled polyurethane is carried out using Dynamic, Mechanical, Thermal Analyzer (DMTA) and uni-axial compression testing. The structural, dynamical, and sensing performance characteristics of the array sensor are modeled mathematically using the theory of finite elements and utilizing the well-known localization theories of phased arrays. The experimental performance characteristics of the proposed array sensor are evaluated in comparison to an array of conventional condenser microphones. The purpose of such an experimental effort is to demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of the proposed array sensor as compared with conventional condenser microphones. Furthermore, the obtained experimental results are utilized to validate the theoretical predictions of the localization of acoustic sources. It is envisioned that the proposed CB filled polyurethane array sensor presents a cost effective and viable means for identifying the location and intensity of acoustic sources which can vary from stationary to moving sources in air or underwater. Accordingly, the applications of such an array sensor are only limited by our imagination.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Links with history: courses designed by Donald Ross put golfers in touch with a more philosophical era
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Cullen, Robert
- Subjects
Golf courses -- Design and construction ,General interest ,News, opinion and commentary ,Practice ,Design and construction - Abstract
A well-designed first tee is a small green shrine to possibility, encouraging a golfer to forget, momentarily, the sliced drives, hooked drives, dribbled drives, and outright misses that blot his [...]
- Published
- 1995
38. Elemental pleasures
- Author
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Cullen, Robert
- Subjects
Russia -- Description and travel ,Seaside resorts -- Russia ,General interest ,News, opinion and commentary ,Description and travel - Abstract
At least since the remnants of Napoleon's army straggled back into France, the idea of sojourning in the Russian hinterlands has suffered from a certain disrepute. It's true that some [...]
- Published
- 1994
39. Russia confronts it 'near abroad.'
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Cullen, Robert
- Subjects
Russia -- Political aspects ,Eastern Europe -- Political aspects ,News, opinion and commentary ,Political aspects - Abstract
Shortly after the June elections in Latvia, a satisfied nationalist named Alexanders Kirsteins offered an interviewer his prognosis for the next phase in the history of the former Soviet republic. [...]
- Published
- 1993
40. Human rights after the Cold War
- Author
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Cullen, Robert
- Subjects
Human rights -- Political aspects ,Nationalism -- Political aspects ,Ethnic relations -- Political aspects ,General interest ,News, opinion and commentary ,Political aspects - Abstract
From 'Human Rights Quandary, ' by Robert Cullen, in the Winter 1992/93 issue of Foreign Affairs. Cullen's most recent book is Twilight of Empire: Inside the Crumbling Soviet Bloc. Of [...]
- Published
- 1993
41. A186 - Comparison of peri-operative bariatric complications using two large databases: does the data add up?
- Author
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Clapp, Benjamin L, Cullen, Robert, Dodoo, Christopher, Devemark, Carl, De La Rosa, Elizabeth, Gamez, Jesus, and Tyroch, Alan
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Writing across the Curriculum: Adjunct Courses.
- Author
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Cullen, Robert J.
- Abstract
Describes how adjunct courses can encourage students to see writing as a process of discovery and creation. (CRH)
- Published
- 1985
43. Three-dimensional mapping by Cryosat 2 of subglacial lake volumes
- Author
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McMillan, Malcolm, Corr, Hugh, Shepherd, Andrew, Ridout, Andrew, Laxon, Seymour, and Cullen, Robert
- Abstract
We analyze data acquired by the CryoSat-2 interferometric radar altimeter and demonstrate its novel capability to track topographic features on the Antarctic Ice Sheet. We map the perimeter and depth of a 260 km2 surface depression above an Antarctic subglacial lake (SGL) and, in combination with Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite laser altimetry, chart decadal changes in SGL volume. During 2007–2008, between 4.9 and 6.4 km3 of water drained from the SGL, and peak discharge exceeded 160 m3 s−1. The flood was twice as large as any previously recorded and equivalent to ~ 10% of the meltwater generated annually beneath the ice sheet. The ice surface has since uplifted at a rate of 5.6 ± 2.8 m yr−1. Our study demonstrates the ability of CryoSat-2 to provide detailed maps of ice sheet topography, its potential to accurately measure SGL drainage events, and the contribution it can make to understanding water flow beneath Antarctica.
- Published
- 2013
44. Evaluation of CryoSat-2 for height retrieval over the Himalayan range
- Author
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Dehecq, Amaury, Gourmelen, Noel, Shepherd, Andrew, Cullen, Robert, Trouvé, Emmanuel, Laboratoire d'Informatique, Systèmes, Traitement de l'Information et de la Connaissance (LISTIC), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), and Dehecq, Amaury
- Subjects
[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,remote sensing ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,[SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,glaciers ,himalaya ,[SDU.STU.GP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,Cryosat 2 - Abstract
International audience; Here we present the first results of quality assessment of height retrieval by CryoSat2 over the snow and ice covered Karakoram region. We simulate the successive areas tracked by CryoSat in SARIN mode, compare them to glacier regions and estimate the region of interest covered by CS2.
- Published
- 2013
45. When the Crowd Didn't Roar: How Baseball's Strangest Game Ever Gave a Broken City Hope.
- Author
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Cullen, Robert G.
- Subjects
- *
CROWDSOURCING , *BASEBALL , *GAMES , *CROWDS - Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. A Semianalytical Model of the Synthetic Aperture, Interferometric Radar Altimeter Mean Echo, and Echo Cross-Product and Its Statistical Fluctuations.
- Author
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Wingham, Duncan J., Giles, Katharine A., Galin, Natalia, Armitage, Thomas W. K., Cullen, Robert, and Smith, Walter H. F.
- Subjects
OCEANOGRAPHY ,RADAR altimetry ,REMOTE sensing ,SPACE-based radar ,SYNTHETIC aperture radar - Abstract
This paper develops a model of the synthetic aperture, interferometric satellite radar altimeter echo power, and echo cross-product. The model uses the smallness of the satellite pitch and roll angles, and the limited range of satellite altitude to provide a semianalytical echo model, whose numerical dimensions are limited to two in the synthetic aperture case or three in the interferometric case at large roll angles, making its application to extensive data practical. By not implementing the synthetic beam formation, it is demonstrated that the model recovers the conventional case of a pulse-limited altimeter. A theoretical description of the fluctuations in the multilooked, interferometric cross-product, and the synthetic aperture and pulse-limited powers is given by extending the model to describe correlations between individual looks in each case. The model offers the potential to retrieve ocean-surface parameters from synthetic aperture and pulse-limited altimeter data simultaneously, with obvious application to the new generation of altimeters onboard CryoSat-2, Sentinel-3, and Sentinel-6 during the transition to operational synthetic aperture radar altimetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Observations on megaloblastic anæmias of pregnancy
- Author
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Cullen, Robert
- Published
- 1954
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Observations on haemoglobin values in pregnant women
- Author
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Cullen, Robert
- Published
- 1956
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Digital Nation: Broadband Internet Adoption in the United States
- Author
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Eaton, Thomas N., Cullen, Robert T., Eaton, Thomas N., and Cullen, Robert T.
- Subjects
- Broadband communication systems--Government policy--United States, Broadband communication systems--United States, Telecommunication policy--United States, Internet users--United States
- Abstract
Household use of broadband internet service has risen dramatically during the first decade of the 21st century as the internet has become integral to the lives of most Americans. Nonetheless, not everyone uses broadband internet, either by choice or because they lack access. This book explores the studies that have shown that broadband internet use varies significantly across households of different socio-economic backgrounds and in different geographic locations. While broadband internet access rose between 2007 and 2009 for most demographic groups and geographic areas, persistent differences in levels and growth rates remained
- Published
- 2011
50. Airborne Lidar and Radar Measurements In and Around Greenland CryoVEx 2006
- Author
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Stenseng, Lars, Hvidegaard, Sine Munk, Skourup, Henriette, Forsberg, René, Andersen, Christian Jermiin, Hanson, Susanne, and Cullen, Robert
- Published
- 2007
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