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Global market responses to elections are at the core of debates about financial globalization in developing countries. While existing research focuses on the ability of global markets to reward and punish national governments, much less is known about the role of domestic finance. I argue that domestic financial markets (1) react more strongly to elections than global markets due to excessive exposure to political risk at home and (2) lead global market responses to elections where domestic investors have an information advantage. I find support for these hypotheses using data on country fund pricing for major emerging markets between 1988 and 2015. The results show swifter and more dramatic reactions by domestic investors, which are transmitted to international markets. The findings underscore the underappreciated role of domestic investors in state-market relations under limited globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the acute blood pressure (BP) effects of different exercise modalities in older adults with hypertension. Sixty volunteers were randomly assigned (n = 15/group) into different exercise protocols: resistance, bike, water-based exercise (WE), and a control session—all for ∼45 min. Clinic BP measurements were taken before, immediately after, and 15 and 30 min after protocols. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance; generalized estimating equations, following Bonferroni post hoc (p <.05). Immediately after exercise, the systolic BP (SBP) increased in all exercise protocols (resistance exercise = Δ10.3, bike exercise = Δ5.8, WE = Δ9.5 mmHg; p <.001), while the diastolic BP was not altered. Afterward, the SBP reached the value observed before exercise. In Minute 30, only WE presented a significant reduction for SBP (WE = Δ−4.6 mmHg; p <.05). This study has important clinical implications in hemodynamic safety for acute BP increases immediately after exercises, as well as, in the SBP, reduction benefits for older adults with hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), as well as other chronic degenerative diseases, has been growing around the world. In this context, physical exercise is presented as a non-pharmacological strategy both in the treatment and in the prevention of this disease. Although pressure responses to strength and aerobic exercise are vast in the literature, in high-intensity multimodal exercises they are very scarce. Objectives: To develop a study protocol on the acute effects of blood pressure after a high-intensity multimodal training session in adult hypertensive individuals through a randomized crossover clinical trial. Methods: This is a controlled crossover clinical trial to evaluate the acute responses of blood pressure after a multimodal training session in hypertensive patients. 20 hypertensive adults will be recruited, who, after inclusion in the study, will perform 02 protocols with an interval of 07 days, one session of high-intensity multimodal exercises, and a control session (without exercises). Blood pressure (BP) will be measured before, immediately after, and for 60 minutes after carrying out the protocols. Results: The designed intervention is expected to provide additional information on the behavior of (BP) hypertensive individuals in the practice of multimodal exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the exponential increase in hours of exposure in sedentary behavior, associated with greater availability of pre-prepared foods, there is an incidence and prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases. Objective: This review was to analyze the possible effects of high-intensity training on the glycemic metabolism in Type 2 Diabetics in the last 10 years. Methods: Searches were carried out between February and April 2022 in the following databases: National Library Of Medicine (PUBMED), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciElO), Latin American Literature and of the Caribbean in Health Sciences (LILACS), using Medical Subject Heading (MeSH), together with the relevant Entry Terms and Boolean operators (AND and OR). The search key was built using the PICOS strategy (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome and Type of Study). Inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials; population aged ≤ 65 years and diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; high-intensity exercise as an intervention; glycemia as one of the outcomes; published in English, Spanish and/or Portuguese between 2012 and 2022 and available in full text. Results: After the searches, 85 scientific articles were identified. Of these, 7 studies were selected because they met the proposed objective and criteria. Sample sizes ranged from 7-52 participants, with a mean of 24.17 ± 12.33. All studies were conducted with adults. With regard to the period of intervention, it was observed that high-intensity training was performed from a single session to 12 weeks, at a frequency of up to three times a week. Conclusion: Studies have shown that after performing high-intensity training, there were significant reductions in glycemic values. Despite high-intensity training having contributed significantly to reducing glycemic values, the results of this systematic review must be interpreted with caution, due to the small number of articles included and their respective methodological limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global capital markets can react dramatically to elections in developing countries, affecting governments' access to finance and sometimes setting off broader crises. We argue, contrary to some conventional wisdom, that investors do not systematically react to the election of left-leaning parties and candidates. Government ideology is often an imprecise heuristic, given the diversity in policies among parties, especially those on the left. We therefore expect that neither elections generally, nor elections that produce specific partisan outcomes, are associated with significant changes in sovereign financing costs. Yet we also predict that the election of left-leaning parties will generate volatility in sovereign bond markets, reflecting investors' uncertainty over future policy outcomes. This volatility is especially pronounced when new governments take office; over time, however, government policy performance enables investors to make increasingly precise estimates of political risk. Volatility has implications for the real economy, as well as for governments' ability to manage their debt. We test, and find support for, our core expectations using monthly data on sovereign bond spreads and credit default swap prices for 74 developing countries from 1994–2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chronic autonomic cardiac modulation and metabolic effects of 12 wks of long or short HIIT in adults with T2DM. Fifteen T2DM patients (52 ± 13,7 yrs) were submitted to 12 wks of intervention (24 sessions of 30 min). The sample was divided in 3 groups: (a) Short HIIT - 30 sec in 90%VO2peak, followed by 30 sec recovery; (b) Long HIIT - 120 sec in 85%VO2peak, followed by 120 sec recovery; and (c) Control Group - did not perform any exercise. We measured blood parameters, cardiopulmonary level, body composition, and heart rate variability (HRV) before and after 12 wks. The results demonstrated that long HIIT improved significantly the cardiac modulation and the VO2peak. Both exercise protocols improved significantly the glycemic control. This study indicates that long-HIIT is an interesting strategy to improve metabolic and cardiopulmonary functions, which can help to prevent the development of diabetic heart diseases in T2DM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cycling is a sport which requires great physical effort from athletes. The stress and anxiety of competition might interfere greatly with performance, by impacting the autonomic system. Physiological alterations, such as situations that irritate, frighten or excite the individual can cause a stress response, defined as a response of the organism to reestablish the homeostasis, regardless of its relationship to a sports situation. The aim of this study was to present data on the autonomic changes induced by precompetitive stress in cyclists and their relation with physical fitness and anxiety. Twelve healthy cyclists aged between 18 and 40 years, with previous experience in competition at the regional level, participated in the study. Heart rate variability (HRV) and physical fitness (body mass index, body fat and aerobic capacity) were measured 5 days before the Mountain Bike championship and remeasured 45 minutes before the start of the race (HRV and Anciety). Paired T test, effect size and correlational test were used. Cycling competition is a stressful situation capable of altering autonomic and hemodynamic parameters. We observed the increase in SDNN, reflecting an increase in sympathetic autonomic control. There were correlations between physical fitness with some autonomic parameters, while anxiety correlated with the years of experience in competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Hypertension can be prevented and modified with lifestyle interventions that include regular exercise. Aquatic exercise is widely recommended for older adults for a variety of health benefits, but few studies have assessed the immediate ambulatory blood pressure (BP) response to aquatic exercise, a response termed postexercise hypotension (PEH). Thus, we assessed PEH after a session of aquatic exercise in physically active, older women with hypertension. METHODS Twenty-four women 70.0 ± 3.9 years with a resting systolic (SBP)/diastolic (DBP) BP of 124.0/72.3 mm Hg and body mass index of 29.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to participate in a 45-minute session of moderate intensity, water-based exercise (WATER) and a 45-minute land control session (CONTROL). All experimental sessions started at 9 am sharply with 7 days between them. Subjects left the experiments wearing an ambulatory BP monitor for the next 21 hours. RESULTS SBP was lower by 5.1 ± 1.0 mm Hg after WATER than CONTROL over 21 hours (P < 0.001), over awake hours by 5.7 ± 1.1 mm Hg (P < 0.001), and sleep hours by 4.5 ± 0.4 mm Hg (P = 0.004). DBP was lower following WATER compared to CONTROL: 1.2 ± 0.3 mm Hg over 21 hours (P = 0.043); 0.9 ± 0.6 mm Hg over awake hours (P = 0.101); and 1.4 ± 0.9 mm Hg over sleep hours (P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS Aquatic exercise elicited PEH (~5 mm Hg) over 21 hours, BP reductions that are comparable in magnitude to land aerobic exercise. The immediate antihypertensive benefits of acute aquatic exercise should continue to be explored in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water aerobics exercise is widely recommended for elderly people. However, little is known about the acute effects on hemodynamic variables. Thus, we assessed the effects of a water aerobic session on blood pressure in hypertensive elderly women. Fifty hypertensive elderly women aged 67.8 ± 4.1 years, 1.5 ± 0.6 m high and BMI 28.6 ± 3.9 kg/m2, participated in a crossover clinical trial. The experiment consisted of a 45-minute water aerobics session (70%–75% HRmax adjusted for the aquatic environment) (ES) and a control session (no exercise for 45 minutes) (CS). Heart rate was monitored using a heart rate monitor and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) measurements were taken using a semi-automatic monitor before and immediately after the sessions, and at 10, 20 and 30 minutes thereafter. It was using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) with Bonferroni’s post-hoc test (p< 0.05). At the end of the experimental session, ES showed a rise in SBP of 17.4 mmHg (14.3%,p< 0.001) and DBP of 5.4 mmHg (7.8%,p< 0.001) compared to CS. At 10 minutes after exercise, BP declined in ES by a greater magnitude than in CS (SBP 7.5 mmHg, 6.2%,p= 0.005 and DBP 3.8 mmHg, 5.5%,p= 0.013). At 20 minutes after exercise and thereafter, SBP and DBP were similar in both ES and CS. In conclusion, BP returned to control levels within 10–20 minutes remaining unchanged until 30 minutes after exercise, and post-exercise hypotension was not observed. Besides, BP changed after exercise was a safe rise of small magnitude for hypertensive people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recruitment and retention of talent is central to the research performance of universities. Existing research shows that, while men are more likely than women to be promoted at the different stages of the academic career, no such difference is found when it comes to faculty retention rates. Current research on faculty retention, however, focuses on careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). We extend this line of inquiry to the social sciences. Methods: We follow 2,218 tenure-track assistant professors hired since 1990 in seven social science disciplines at nineteen U.S. universities from time of hire to time of departure. We also track their time to promotion to associate and full professor. Using survival analysis, we examine gender differences in time to departure and time to promotion. Our methods account for censoring and unobserved heterogeneity, as well as effect heterogeneity across disciplines and cohorts. Results: We find no statistically significant differences between genders in faculty retention. However, we do find that men are more likely to be granted tenure than women. When it comes to promotion to full professor, the results are less conclusive, as the effect of gender is sensitive to model specification. Conclusions: The results corroborate previous findings about gender patterns in faculty retention and promotion. They suggest that advances have been made when it comes to gender equality in retention and promotion, but important differences still persist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to compare the blood pressure (BP) as well as the autonomic responses during different types of abdominal exercises in 30 subjects (age 18 to 25 yrs of age) who performed an exercise session consisting of 3 types of abdominal exercises (straight partial sit-up - SPSU, oblique partial sit-up - OPSU, and lying hip flexion - LHF), 3 sets, 15 to 20 repetitions, and a control session with the identical experimental procedures but without exercise. Brachial BP was measured before, during, and after intervention at 5, 10, and 20 min. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed at baseline, during abdominal exercises, and in the post-intervention periods. Compared with baseline, systolic BP increased immediately after the SPSU, OPSU, and LHF exercises (P<0.001). Systolic BP and diastolic BP were not altered during the control session. In both sessions, BP was not affected in the post-intervention periods. In comparison with the control session, systolic BP increased 7.6%, 5.8%, and 7.6% after the SPSU, OPSU, and LHF exercises, respectively (P<0.001). Diastolic BP did not differ between sessions. After the LHF exercise, HRV was significantly decreased (P<0.05) when compared to the control session. In healthy subjects, abdominal exercises at low-to-moderate intensities induced small increases in BP, which was accompanied by a discrete decrease in HRV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Obesity is considered a low-grade inflammatory state and has been associated with increased acute phase proteins as well as changes in serum fatty acids. Few studies have assessed associations between acute phase proteins and serum fatty acids in morbidly obese patients. Objective. To investigate the relationship between acute phase proteins (C-Reactive Protein, Orosomucoid, and Albumin) and serum fatty acids in morbidly obese patients. Methods. Twenty-two morbidly obese patients were enrolled in this study. Biochemical and clinical data were obtained before bariatric surgery, and fatty acids measured in preoperative serum. Results. Orosomucoid was negatively correlated with lauric acid (P = 0.027) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (P = 0.037) and positively with arachidonic acid (AA) (P = 0.035), AA/EPA ratio (P = 0.005), and n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (P = 0.035). C-Reactive Protein (CRP) was negatively correlated with lauric acid (P = 0.048), and both CRP and CRP/Albumin ratio were negatively correlated with margaric acid (P = 0.010, P = 0.008, resp.). Albumin was positively correlated with EPA (P = 0.027) and margaric acid (P = 0.008). Other correlations were not statistically significant. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that serum fatty acids are linked to acute phase proteins in morbidly obese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Books Reviewed Wohlforth William C. (ed.), COLD WAR ENDGAME: oral history, analysis, debates, (ASTRID HEDIN), Keylor William R., A WORLD OF NATIONS: the international order since 1945, (JONATHAN COLMAN), Rappert Brian, NON-LETHAL WEAPONS AS LEGITIMIZING FORCES? Technology, politics and the management of conflict, (GRAHAM HASSALL), Ripsman Norrin M., PEACEMAKING BY DEMOCRACIES: the effect of state autonomy on the post-world war settlements, (GRAHAM HASSALL), Alesina Alberto and Spolaore Enrico, THE SIZE OF NATIONS, (JOSEP M. COLOMER), Trachtenberg Marc (ed.), BETWEEN EMPIRE AND ALLIANCE: America and Europe during the cold war, (MITCHELL A. BELFER), King Roger and Kendell Kevin, THE STATE, DEMOCRACY AND GLOBALISATION, (GLEN SEGELL), Narlikar Amrita, INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: bargaining coalitions in the GATT and WTO, (ROGÉRIO DE SOUZA FARIAS), Sperling James, Kay Sean and Papacosma S. Victor (eds), LIMITING INSTITUTIONS? The challenge of Eurasian security governance, (DAVID GALBREATH), Erskine Toni (ed.), CAN INSTITUTIONS HAVE RESPONSIBILITIES? collective moral agency and international relations, (TIMOTHY B. GRAVELLE), Charusheela S. and Zein-Elabdin Eiman (eds), POSTCOLONIALISM MEETS ECONOMICS, (CARLOS BRUEN), Heymann Philip B., TERRORISM, FREEDOM AND SECURITY: winning without war, (CLAIRE THOMAS), Schneider Gerald, Barbieri Katherine and Gleditsch Nils Petter (eds), GLOBALIZATION AND ARMED CONFLICT, (CLAIRE THOMAS), Lyons Gene M. and Mayall James (eds), INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: protecting the rights of groups, (COSTAS LAOUTIDES), Harrison Selig S., KOREAN ENDGAME: a strategy for reunification and US disengagement, (Y. HUGH JO), Hill Christopher, THE CHANGING POLITICS OF FOREIGN POLICY, (TIM DUNNE), Buchanan Allen and Moore Margaret (eds), STATES, NATIONS AND BORDERS: the ethics of making boundaries, (GARRETT WALLACE BROWN), Bhagwati Jagdish, FREE TRADE TODAY, (RAPHAEL COUTINHO DA CUNHA), Dower Nigel, AN INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP, (SIMON SOROKOS), Drachman Edward and Shank Alan, with Cunningham Karla J. and Grace Jeremy, YOU DECIDE! Controversial global issues, (NIALL MICHELSEN), Held David and Koenig-Archibugi Mathias (eds), TAMING GLOBALIZATION: frontiers of governance, (GRAHAM HASSALL), Mendes Errol and Mehmet Ozay, GLOBAL GOVERNANCE, ECONOMY AND LAW: waiting for justice, (GRAHAM HASSALL), Soysa Indra de, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, DEMOCRACY, AND DEVELOPMENT: assessing contours, correlates, and concomitants of globalization, ( ANGELA WIGGER), Pieterse Jan Nedeerveen, GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURE, ( CHRIS RUMFORD), Croucher Sheila L., GLOBALIZATION AND BELONGING: the politics of identity in a changing world, (CHRIS RUMFORD), Franceschet Antonio, KANT AND LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM: sovereignty, justice, and global reform, (DAVID SULLIVAN), Saad-Filho Alfredo (ed.), ANTI-CAPITALISM: a Marxist introduction, (STEFAN ANDREASSON), Fratianni Michele, Savona Paolo and Kirton John J. (eds), GOVERNING GLOBAL FINANCE: new challenges, G7 and IMF contributions, (Ngaire Woods), [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blood glucose changes response during and after exercise are modulated by the postabsorptive state, intensity and duration of exercise, and the level of physical fitness as well. This study focused on the idea that high-intensity interval exercise, as mini-trampoline class, can reduce blood glucose. Thus, we examined acute changes in blood glucose among trained normoglycemic adults during a mini-trampoline exercise session., Methods: Twenty-four normoglycemic adult subjects were enrolled in the study. After physical assessment they were randomly assigned to either the experimental (N.=12) or the control group (N.=12). The experimental group performed a 50-minute session of moderate-to-high intensity (70 to 85% HRmax) exercise on a mini-trampoline commonly used in fitness classes. The control group did not perform any exercise, and all procedures were otherwise similar to the experimental group. Capillary blood glucose was measured before and every 15 minutes during the exercise session. The effects of exercise on blood glucose levels (group; time; and group interaction) were estimated using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc Test (P<0.05)., Results: The experimental group showed a decrease in blood glucose levels from baseline (108.7 mg/dL): 26.1% reduction (15 min; P<0.001), 24.2% (30 min; P<0.001), and 15.7% (45 min; P<0.001). Compared to the control group, blood glucose levels in the experimental group were reduced by 18.8% (15 min; P<0.001), 14.3% (30 min; P<0.001) and 6.9% (45 min; P=0.025)., Conclusions: The study results provide good evidence that a prescribed exercise program on a mini-trampoline can be used for reducing blood glucose levels and thus can potentially control blood glucose.

Objective: To evaluate the behavior of acute phase proteins and lipid profile in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass., Methods: We conducted a prospective study, consisting of three moments: M1 - preoperative (24 hours before surgery); M2 - 30 days after surgery; and M3 - 180 days after surgery. We carried measured height and BMI, as well as determined the concentrations of acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin and Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein) and total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c and triacylglycerol., Results: participants comprised 25 individuals, with a mean age of 39.28 ± 8.07, 72% female. At all times of the study there was statistically significant difference as for weight loss and BMI. We found a significant decrease in CRP concentrations between the moments M1 and M3 (p = 0.041) and between M2 and M3 (p = 0.018). There was decrease in Alpha-1-GA concentrations between M1 and M2 (p = 0.023) and between M1 and M3 (p = 0.028). The albumin values increased, but did not differ between times. Total cholesterol and triacylglycerol decreased significantly ay all times. LDL-c concentrations decreased and differed between M1 and M2 (p = 0.001) and between M1 and M3 (p = 0.001). HDL-c values increased, however only differing between M1 and M2 (p = 0.050)., Conclusion: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass promoted a decrease in plasma concentrations of CRP and Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, improving lipid and inflammatory profiles.