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The main aim of this study was to investigate online platforms, specifically YouTube, suitable for remote learning, forced by covid-19 from traditional face-to-face to online learning. To achieve the study's objectives, which are to investigate the effectiveness of remote learning, general students’ feelings have about online education, lecturer's efficiency in using online tools to teach, and student's ability to adapt to online learning, the study employed a qualitative method where three videos with content relevant for a post-graduate diploma in higher education were made and uploaded to YouTube to investigate the efficiency of the online tool. Advantages of YouTube as an educational platform were discussed, which include flexibility and cost, among others. The challenges related to internet connections; resources, used to conduct YouTube lessons, were discussed. Recommendations to address some of these challenges using YouTube as an educational platform were explored. These recommendations include, amongst others, workshops and seminars should be held by administrators to teach lecturers and teachers how to use technology in their classes, universities need to adopt this new learning system as a part of the curriculum because to save time, money.

In the social sciences, teaching methods, approaches and tools have advanced over the past decades. This progress, however, has mostly taken place on a theoretical level. Very few of the ideas and findings were implemented in class. A typical class in the social sciences remains in a lecture format with hardly any technology besides slides. There are several reasons why courses like Political Science, International Relations and others have not implemented more of the methodological and technological progress that has taken place in the 20th and 21st century so far. While the COVID19 pandemic that started in 2020 has caused a major step forward towards acceptance of technologies in the social sciences there are more tools and devices that will bring further experiences to the discipline in the near future. One of the technologies that is entering higher education now is Virtual Reality (VR). This chapter will explore VR as a technology, discuss its application in higher education and analyse its contemporary and future role in the social sciences.

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International journal for research in vocational education and training 9 (2022) 2, S. 216-238, Context: Scaffolding is a form of process-adaptive learning support that is relevant in numerous contexts, including informal learning, workplace learning as well as school teaching. While scaffolding can be well conceptualised for individual learning situations (especially for tutoring situations), there is a difficulty in measuring process adaptivity in heterogeneous learning groups, such as school classes. Approach: In this paper, we develop a measurement method that targets the deep structure of teaching and learning in whole class settings. Processes of shared knowledge constructions are taken into account, since whole-class-scaffolding (WCS) means to shape and develop common or joint knowledge spaces rather than to scaffold a multitude of individual construction processes at the same time. To achieve a coding procedure for WCS interactions, we integrate scaffolding principles and principles of dialogic teaching and explicated a set of rules that can be correlated to the quality of WCS-episodes rated on distinct Likert scales. Results: The measurement method developed in the paper provides a solution to the problem of how to measure process-adaptive learning support that is not only related to individual learners, but is directed at a heterogeneous group of learners in which different support needs may be present simultaneously. The coding procedure systematically links scaffolding principles and principles of dialogic teaching and enables us to capture the dynamics of teaching and learning processes in larger group settings. In this respect, concepts such as joint- and common space, representing entities to which WCS refers, are operationalised. Conclusions: When methods for measuring the dynamics of teaching and learning processes are available, research on instructional support is no longer limited to global ratings of whole learning units. Furthermore, the codings allow for a more fine-grained analysis of trajectories of scaffolding interactions. Such an analysis reveals information about local specifics of WCS that can explain further learning differences between students and that can be used to derive implications for effective instructional techniques. (DIPF/Orig.)

This article examines how the concepts of digital literacies and digital competence are conceptualized in curricula for compulsory education within the Nordic countries. In 2006, the European Union defined digital competence as one of eight key competences for lifelong learning. The terms digital literacies and digital competence have since been used interchangeably, particularly in policy documents concerning education and the digitalization of educational systems and teaching. However, whether these concepts carry similar meanings, and are understood in a similar way, across languages and cultures is not self-evident. By taking the curricula in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway as examples, this article attempts to clarify similarities and differences in how the concepts are interpreted, as well as what implications this has for the digitalization of education. The analyses reveal that different terms are used in the curricula in the different countries, which are connected to themes or interdisciplinary issues to be incorporated into school subjects. The conceptualizations of the terms share a common emphasis on societal issues and a critical approach, highlighting a particular Nordic interpretation of digital literacies and digital competence.

Context: This article focus on teaching and learning processes in a vocational classroom in Swedish vocational education. There are few studies within the field of vocational education that have a focus on how vocational learning is done in interaction in the vocational classroom/workshop, and what vocational learning content is displayed in the interaction between teacher and student, and thus made possible to learn. This article aims to fill this gap by exploring the future-oriented movements that take shape when a vocational teacher and vocational students negotiate how a practical task could, and should, be handled and solved in vocational teaching situations in vocational plumbing school workshop settings. An increased understanding of these processes can help to improve the actual teaching of a specific subject content to support students in their vocational learning, aiming for learning a professional trade.Methods: The data consists of video recorded lessons from the Sanitary, Heating and Property Maintenance Programme in Swedish upper secondary school. Through concrete empirical examples from video recorded lessons the article explores the interaction between teachers and students in vocational school workshop settings using CAVTA. CAVTA is based on Conversation Analysis (CA) and Variation Theory (VT) and is a theoretical and methodological framework that can be used together and integrated to reach understanding of both how- and what-aspects of the learning process in practice, when analysing teaching and interaction.Findings: Findings shows how aspects concerning a specific vocational learning content that revolves around a vocational practical doing compete for the space with a vocational learning content of a more general nature. These general objects of learning are also related to work-specific vocational learning and knowledge in relation to the future profession, but on a more general level than the task specific vocational knowledge. Altogether, this illuminates how different layers of work-specific vocational learning are made visible in the interaction, and how they mutually contextualise each other in the here and now.Conclusion: This article illustrates that the specific and the general vocational learning content can complement each other and open up for a more in-depth vocational learning. In conclusion, this article emphasises the importance for vocational teachers to develop teaching strategies to navigate between helping the students in their problem solving here and now, and contextualising the specific vocational learning content and making vocational learning relevant for future vocational occupation and working life.

Context: Providing learners with quality resources at work and school is a key element of apprenticeships and is essential for developing vocational competencies and successful vocational careers. Drawing on previous research on situational and personal resources, we first explored work-related and school-related resource profiles of apprentices’ learning environments. We further analysed how core self-evaluations are linked to resource profiles and examined whether learners’ apprenticeship satisfaction and occupational commitment varied according to the resource profiles. Approach: We used latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regressions, applying an integrative, person-centred approach. Our data came from the Swiss longitudinal study "Transition from Education to Employment" (TREE). The sample consisted of 1,185 apprentices enrolled in the second year of their apprenticeship. Findings: We found four profiles of situational resources (e.g., instruction quality, climate, learning opportunities, autonomy, and demands) at the two learning locations. The profiles embodied different patterns and levels of situational resources. Two profiles were characterised by overall high or average levels of situational resources at both learning locations; the other two illustrated a stark contrast between the resources provided in the workplace and at school. Learners with higher core self-evaluations were more likely to be in profiles withhigher situational resources. Apprentices in more beneficial profiles were more satisfied with their apprenticeships and more committed to their occupations than those in profiles with lower resources. Conclusion: The results confirm the importance of providing apprentices with challenging, empowering, and supportive learning environments in the workplace and at vocational schools. To support learning and positive career development in apprenticeships, educators should strengthen learners’ core self-evaluations to empower them to shape their learning according to their needs.&nbsp

Context: A significant part of future specialists receive only practical skills without formal practical exam situation. In this regard, there is a need to train a manager who can adapt and be ready to carry out his/her activities in a specific profile interaction. The aim of the experimental study was to develop and test the advanced working hypothesis about the possibility of effective formation of readiness for future self-realisation of future education managers.Approach: The work uses mathematical methods for testing the hypothesis of testing the readiness of education managers with verification of competency type.Findings: The novelty of the study is determined by what the authors are considering "the possibility of training a manager in accordance" including not only the standards for the provision of educational services to the population, but also the possibility of introducing world-class training standards. The authors show that the basis for such a development may be the readiness to work in a globalised environment. The dynamics of changes in the indicators of the levels of readiness for professional self-realization of students studying in the control and experimental groups from the first to the fourth year were compiled and recorded. The methodology of vocational training of students for the purpose of their self-realisation during training has been specified. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that integration with the global educational environment should be based on international standards for the provision of educational services. Conclusion: The results of this research can be useful and interesting to international readers, as the parameters of educational and methodological support have been developed and tested, which contains a set of situational exercises to form readiness for professional self-realisation for future education managers. Also, the conducted analysis indicated serious problems with the employment of university graduates both in the Republic of Kazakhstan and in the Republic of Lithuania.

Purpose: This study investigates Chinese college students’ satisfaction with using e-learning systems and its influences on their sense of online classroom community in synchronous, asynchronous, or a blend of both synchronous and asynchronous online course format during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total number of 307 college students were recruited with 270 usable responses from a southeastern university in China. E-learner satisfaction measurement and Classroom Community Scale (both with a 5-point Likert-type scale) were used as the instruments to investigate the research questions. Descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted in SPSS. Results: Results of the analysis show that Chinese college students’ satisfaction of using the e-learning system regarding the learner interface, learning community, content, and personalization positively impacts their sense of online classroom community no matter in synchronous, asynchronous, or a blend of both synchronous and asynchronous online course format. Implications: A well-developed e-learning system would enhance students’ sense of online classroom community. Specifically, the user interface, interaction, content arrangement, and personalization should be focused on when developing the e-learning system., SUBMITTED: APRIL 2020, REVISION SUBMITTED: JUNE 2020, 2nd REVISION SUBMITTED: AUGUST 2020, ACCEPTED: SEPTEMBER 2020, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 30 OCTOBER 2020

This article includes a theoretical analysis of the theories of the process of teaching/learning that form the basis both for the concept of the open teaching/learning process and the dimensions for the recognition of the open teaching/learning process, as well as for the criteria of the research of these dimensions. The most important characteristics of the open teaching/learning process are defined: learner independence, cooperative learning and flexibility of the teaching/learning content and environment. The created open learning matrix enables to design quality open learning studies in higher education., SUBMITTED: MAY 2019, REVISION SUBMITTED: JULY 2019, 2nd REVISION SUBMITTED: SEPTEMBER 2019, ACCEPTED: OCTOBER 2019, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 15 MAY 2020

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Project-Based Learning (PjBL) is increase effectiveness, create meaningful learning and influence student attitudes in future career pursuit. There are several studies in the literature reporting different aspects of STEM into a PjBL pedagogy. However, the effect of implementing STEM PjBL in terms of improving students’ skills in self-efficacy levels in physics mechanics at high school level has not been demonstrated as expected in the previous literature. This study followed a quasi-experimental research method. Bandura’s social cognitive theory is used to assess and compare the effect of STEM PjBL with conventional teaching method on students’ self-efficacy level in learning physics among over 100 high school students. The result illustrated that STEM PjBL improve students’ self-efficacy to solve physics problem. Also, the study proposes a guideline for future research.

Portuguese Language teaching has faced sustained challenges which address both theoretical and methodological issues towards its practice. Such issues refer to significant practices that provide pupils with a responsive language action. In this context, this paper aims to highlight misspellings which entail the interference of oral language into the writing of second year high school students. For this purpose, we seek to answer the following questions: what are the influences/marks of oral language in written texts of high school students? And how to handle these influences and reverse them according to the grammars of Standard Portuguese? Thus, in order to answer these questions, we support our discussion in light of the works of Marcuschi (2008; 2010); Fávero, et al. (2000); Kato (2002); Bortoni-Ricardo (2004; 2005). Through the analyses, we observed that although at the high school level, students still use oral language in their written texts, which implies either little knowledge of grammatical conventions or little mastery of the standard language. In addition, we believe that this influence may be a DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2359-3652.2017v4n2p167Revista Desafios –v. 04,n. 02, 2017168consequence of the lack of meaningful and oriented readings, which leads to a limited grammatical and enunciative repertoire.

This work aims to reflect on the relevance of the effectiveness of a didactic work of reading teaching anchored in the perspective of multimodality discursive and multiliteracies. As a result, we analyzed six exemplars of multimodal genres (Cartoon, Memes and Comic strips), aiming to identify the multimodal marks that contribute, to the effectiveness of the process of attribution of meaning.For accomplishment of this work, we resorted to literature revision with focus in the references of the Applied Linguistics, of the Text Linguistics, of the Psycholinguistics and of the Pedagogy. We also we resorted to analysis of multimodal genres from the Intelligent Humor Group (Facebook). The results demonstrate that the analyzed discursive genres materialize different multimodal traits, such as: colors, facial expressions, forms, formats, positions, textures, typographies etc. These traits appear intertwined with the written modality of language (letters, words and phrases). This corroborates for the construction of information materialized by such discursive genres, as well as for the process of attribution of meaning by the reader. From the multimodal genres, the process of producing meaning is something derived not only from the alphabetical code of writing. In this sense, we defend the need for an educational process aimed at DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2359-3652.2017v4n2p134Revista Desafios –v. 04,n. 02, 2017135training competent and proficient readers, that can process the different examples of discursive genres materialized in daily routines.

The paper addresses the multiplatform app "WhatsApp Messenger" and their use of online instant messaging and voice calls to smartphones. In Distance Education, Federal University of Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), this application has been used as a communication mobility strategic mobile since the management of courses and programs offered in 16 classroom support poles are located Board headquarters of large distances DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2359-3652.2017v4n2p185Revista Desafios –v. 04,n. 02, 2017186Educational Technology (DTE) that manages the undergraduate courses in distance education through the System Open University of Brazil (UAB). The UFT through its Board of distance education has 5 undergraduate courses with an enrollment of 1,273 students divided into 52 classes. The implementation of online communication group of distance education managers in the App WhatsApp and its interface with teachers, poles coordinators, directors of the campuses has made communication and managers DL ubiquitous. A redefinition of communicating characterized by the multidimensionality of the indivisible space of your hypermobility, that is, their physical mobility expanded by mobile devices, as in the case of WhatsApp. Its theoretical approach results from studies and research in the Stricto SensuPostgraduate Program in Education PPGE/UFT.

In a knowledge based economy students are expected to acquire a certain set of skills that will enable them to have a positive impact in society. The 21st century skills are considered to be the answer to their social and professional inclusion and education plays a key role in providing students with the opportunity to develop these skills. To address the challenges of the future, educational frameworks need to be redesigned so that they can cultivate this set of skills. The advancement of technologies can contribute to the realization of an educational paradigm shift while the teachers’ role in the learning process remains fundamental. The flipped classroom is a new learning model where the learning activities inside and outside the classroom are rearranged. Several studies have indicated that flipping the classroom promotes the cultivation of the 21st century skills, such as critical thinking, creativity, metacognition, problem solving, collaboration, motivation, self-efficacy, conscientiousness, grit and perseverance. On the other hand this pedagogical approach could be quite challenging since it presents many barriers that need to be removed so that the method can deliver the desirable learning outcomes., SUBMITTED: DECEMBER 2018, REVISION SUBMITTED: MAY 2019, ACCEPTED: JUNE 2019, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 24 OCTOBER 2019. JEL Classification: I20, I24, I25

This article outlines some issues in incorporating the study of religions, together with non-religious world views, into the curricula of publicly funded schools in Western democratic states. Attention is given to examples from work on this topic conducted within the Council of Europe since 2002, with a particular focus on Signposts: Policy and Practice for Teaching about Religions and Nonreligious World Views in Intercultural Education, a text published by the Council of Europe in 2014. Signposts is designed to assist policy makers and practitioners in interpreting and applying ideas from the 2008 Recommendation from the Committee of Ministers (the Foreign Ministers of the 47 member states) dealing with education about religions and non-religious convictions. Various issues raised by the Signposts document are considered. Towards the end of the article, recent UK and Council of Europe policies which emphasise the study of religions and beliefs as a means to counter extremism, and which have appeared since the publication of Signposts, are summarised and discussed critically. Attention is drawn to the dangers of certain policies, and also to the plurality of aims which studies of religions and non-religious world views need to have in providing a balanced educational programme.

The revitalisation of the Sámi languages and support for language domains are central educational measures in the post-assimilation situation in Northern Europe. Taking critical indigenous education as the starting point, this metatheoretical article discusses language revitalisation through mediating structures. Mediating structures provide the tools necessary to use language revitalisation as a means to counter the legacy of assimilation that has seriously affected the Sámi languages and caused language change. The article brings together recent research on the revitalisation of the Sámi languages. These studies are oriented towards the present situation of the Sámi languages and efforts to revive the languages. Relying on previous studies as well as new research, the article presents a communal model of language recovery, which facilitates an increase in the number of language speakers and also supports language domains. Such a mediating language revitalisation model builds social harmony in a postcolonial situation. The article emphasises the key tasks involved in the recovery of endangered languages. (author's abstract)

Following international trends to reform school management, the Chinese government has proposed school-based decision-making as a measure to raise the “quality” of education, but at the same time it has imposed new institutions of accountability for teachers and school administrators. In order to understand how this inter-play between accountability and discretion affects Chinese educational reforms, this paper analyses policy implementation through the lens of decision-making by principals and teachers as street-level bureaucrats. In the case of minority-language education in Xishuangbanna, a subject where institutions provide comparatively large spaces for discretionary decisions, I argue that the current institutions on accountability in minority-language education in China trigger processes by which implementers must interpret vague institutions in order to make decisions for their classroom. These purposefully wide spaces of “interpretational discretion” enable the party-state to make good on its promise to support local diversity, without threatening its own authority to prescribe educational goals. (author's abstract)

Context: The train of thoughts in this contribution is situated in the VET teacher training on an academic level, as it is usual in Germany. Key issue is the pedagogical qualification of the VET teachers and the question of how to give them possibilities to reflect their own biography, their interdependences to the actual cultural and economic environment and their way to choose the pathway to become a VET teacher. How to enable them to argue with their values, fears, strength and weaknesses in their life and especially in leading groups, as they will have to do in classroom management. And at least how to give them an idea of an emancipative, critical and participative way of forming learning situations in which they feel sure and lively to encourage the apprentices and learners in schools to act autonomic and critical in work and besides. This is necessary because of the changes in work and VET in the recent centuries with consequences for workers, learners and curricula as well as the contradictions in that process.Approach: The transformation and the liberalisation of markets and changes of work organisation, the enlargement of tasks in the occupations adds greater meaning to social knowledge and competences, the ability for teamwork and personal development in vocational education. To develop this ability Theme-Centered Interaction (TCI), as a humanistic-psychological approach is used and combined with Critical-Subject-Oriented Vocational Education Theory, inspired by the Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School. VET-teacher students learn in theory and practice to shape their own way to lead themselves and the pupils in the class and to reflect their activities in a critical way of thinking. The paper ends with brief description of seminar lectures with VET teacher students at the University of Rostock where TCI is practiced as one example how we can reach the objectives described before. Findings: The TCI-concept is helpful to set up better teamwork and self-reflection in the group of the learners. It’s a useful way to prepare them for their practical school phase in which TCI is used as reflection model as well.Key message: Universities as learning places in the tradition of enlightenment have to open up spaces in VET teacher development for domination-free communication and participatory learning within the framework of university studies, which can create a distance to a given social reality, enables students to dissociate from collectively developed goals to become critical formers of their working life and teaching.

The paper aims at presenting a look at ways, and forms of using the project method in teaching people with disabilities. I will analyze the usefulness of the project method in different areas of education of people with disabilities. The study also briefly comments on the most significant features that describe educational projects. Subsequently, it will go on to benefits of using the project method in education. The paper focuses primarily on how the project as an element of teaching affects the development of students with disabilities. In the further part of the work, it will also consider forms of project in education. The last part of the paper mentions several important results of research which pertain to the possibility of using project method technologies in education.

International audience; This paper presents the results of a postgraduate study that was designed to investigate the attitudes and views of Greek teachers in primary and secondary education on the application of Educational Robotics (ER), towards the goal of drawing useful insights on how it can be further integrated in Greek schools. A total of 70 teachers participated in this study, currently working for primary and secondary schools in Greece and being involved in ER projects and ER-related activities. According to the research findings, ER has significant benefits for students and educators, as it fosters positive attitudes towards STEM education, encourages independent and active learning, facilitates teaching, and provides opportunities for the development of cognitive, social and communication skills. However, factors such as the lack of funding and physical infrastructure, the inadequate training of teachers and curriculum scheduling inflexibility, hinder its application. Thus, several structural and procedural actions should be taken in order to further integrate ER in Greek schools.

Fotografiile sunt folosite frecvent în activitatea didactică pentru observarea unor componente ale mediului, pentru ilustrarea sau pentru explicarea unor fenomene sau procese. Prin utilizarea acestora în timpul lecţiilor se dezvoltă elevilor competenţa de a analiza şi interpreta o imagine. Pot fi folosite doar cateva fotografii în diferite momente ale lecţiei sau se pot realiza slide-show-uri însoţite şi de un text succint. Eficienţa situaţiei de învăţare organizată pe baza imaginilor depinde de anumite caracteristici ale fotografiilor: trebuie sa fie realizate într-un format mare, să fie clare şi color, să fie proiectate pe un ecran, astfel încât să fie vizibile din orice punct al clasei, să reprezinte un singur aspect esenţial al realităţii şi să nu aibă alte detalii nesemnificative, să conţină un element de dimensiune (un om sau un instrument) pentru a se aprecia corect dimensiunile. Photos are often use in teaching activities for observing different environmental components, for illustrating or explaining natural phenomena or process. Using the se during lessons helps pupils to develop the competence to analyse and interpret an image. There can be used just a few photos in different moments of the lesson or they can be organised in slideshows together with some short explanatory texts. The efficiency of the learning situation organised on the bases of images depends on some of the photos' characteristics: they must be realized in a big format, to be clear and colored, to be projected on a screen, so that they are visible form any angle of the classroom, to represent a single essential aspect of the reality and not to have other insignificant details and to contain an element for dimension perception (a human or an instrument) in order to correctly perceive the size of the subject.

Agradecemos a Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Granada, al Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC) (Universidad de Granada), y Centro Universitario de João Pessoa – UNIPÊ por darnos apoyo a esta investigación científica. El conocimiento de los métodos de enseñanza musical como herramienta de diseño educativo efectivo se ha ampliado al debatir las prácticas educativas tradicionales frente a prácticas activas como la enseñanza por indagación. Al mismo tiempo la neurociencia revitaliza la enseñanza y el aprendizaje a partir del estudio funcional del cerebro. Compararemos estos métodos siguiendo unas fases. En este artículo presentamos un esbozo de cómo será la primera fase de validación de tareas de creatividad, memoria y aprendizaje musical con músicos y no músicos en la fMRI revitalizando la enseñanza y aprendizaje en un nuevo contexto de cultura avanzada. Knowledge of music teaching methods as an effective educational design tool has been expanded by discussing traditional educational practices versus active practices, such as teaching by inquiry. At the same time, neuroscience revitalizes teaching and learning through the functional study of the brain. We will compare these methods throughout the different phases of the study. In this article, we present an outline of what will be the first phase of validating creativity, memory, and learning tasks with musicians and non-musicians in an fMRI study. This revitalizes teaching and learning in a new context of advanced culture. O conhecimento dos métodos de ensino musical como ferramenta de desenho educativo efetivo se amplia ao debater as práticas educativas tradicionais frente a praticas ativas como o ensino por indagação. Ao mesmo tempo a neurociência revitaliza o ensino e aprendizagem a partir do estudo funcional do cérebro. Compararemos estes métodos seguindo umas fases. Neste artigo apresentamos um esboço de como será a primeira fase de validação de tarefas de criatividade, memoria e aprendizagem musical com músicos e não músicos em fMRI revitalizando o ensino e aprendizagem em um novo contexto de cultura avançada.

Perhaps the most difficult aspect of genocide studies to impart to students is that of genocide prevention and response. However, without a critical understanding of these issues, our future leaders and policy makers may be at a disadvantage when faced with very real genocides. This article explores the benefits and challenges of teaching this topic through classroom simulation at the university level by discussing in-depth one simulation created and used by the author. (author's abstract)

The study investigated how Catholic-sponsored community colleges in Nairobi utilise the existing physical facilities and teaching and learning resources for effective implementation of Artisan and Craft curricula. The study adopted a mixed methods research design. Proportional stratified random sampling was used to sample 172 students and 18 teachers while four directors of community colleges were purposively selected. Questionnaires were administered to students and teachers, while directors were interviewed. Teaching and learning resources, such as workshops, equipment, lecture rooms, laboratories, raw materials for practical training and reference books, were found to be adequate, although underutilised. However, sports grounds, libraries and course texts were inadequate. Resource inadequacies were often mitigated by signing equipment co-sharing agreements with peer institutions and local firms. Teachers rated highly the influence of physical facilities on curriculum implementation. Both students and teachers rated highly the influence of teaching and learning resources on curriculum implementation. The study concludes that, while some physical facilities and teaching and learning resources are adequate, their underutilisation and the inadequacy of other core facilities and resources, such as libraries and course textbooks, hinder effective teaching and learning in these community colleges.

This paper presents an experience with teachers who participated in an extension course conducted during 2008 entitled: "The movies in teaching history and culture african-Brazilian and African basic education." Guidelines and National Education establish compliance with the Law 10.639/2003 education for ethnic-racial. To discuss and contribute to the education of blackness in Brazil, this paper discusses the potential of film narratives in the classroom for the teaching of history and Afro-Brazilian and African culture. The results indicate the existence of potential pedagogical filmography, even teachers do not know how to exploit their film narratives that help students visualize the "other." We conclude that the use of films as a source of study or as a pedagogical tool requires a critical pedagogical action decoding, interpretation and deconstruction of film narratives to understand the record of human actions depicted on the screen. As Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional estabelecem o cumprimento Lei 10.639/2003 para educação étnico-racial. Para problematizar a educação da negritude no Brasil este artigo discute a seguinte questão: Quais são as potencialidades das narrativas fílmicas na sala de aula para o ensino da história e cultura afrobrasileira e africana? Para isso apresentamos dados coletados junto a um grupo de docentes que freqüentaram o curso de extensão realizado no decorrer de 2008 intitulado: O cinema no ensino de história e cultura afro-brasileira e africana na educação básica. Os resultados indicam a existência do potencial pedagógico da filmografia, mesmo que os/as docentes não saibam explorar as narrativas fílmicas que ajudem seus alunos/alunas a visualizarem o “outro”. Concluímos que a utilização de filmes como fonte de estudo ou como ferramenta pedagógica, exige uma ação pedagógica critica de decodificação, interpretação e desconstrução das narrativas fílmicas para perceber o registro das ações humanas representadas na tela.

Objetivos: Identificar a integração dos conhecimentos anatômicos aos semiotécnicos na formação universitária em enfermagem. Metodologia: O método utilizado foi qualitativo e a coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada que contou com vinte e quatro estudantes de enfermagem de um Centro Universitário privado localizado na região serrana do Rio de Janeiro. Resultados: Foram construídas três categorias que permitiu a discussão da Anatomia Humana no currículo de enfermagem; perceber os desafios e as potencialidades na integração dos conhecimentos morfológicos com os fundamentos de enfermagem, sobretudo nos módulos de prática profissional. Conclusão: A anatomia humana emerge no currículo de forma expressiva nos períodos iniciais da formação, isso dificulta a integração com os componentes semiotécnicos da enfermagem fundamental, entretanto o currículo integrado sobre a perspectiva da espiral construtivista se apresentou como um componente pedagógico potente para facilitar a integração entre as áreas.

This paper intends to analyze the production of printed instructional materials for Distance Education, it being understood as a form of distance education students and teachers are physically separated, but united virtually through technological and educational resources. Even with the advances in digital technologies, the print media plays an important role in the processes of mediation between teachers and students. In Distance Education, the physical distance between teachers and students can be minimized, considering the language dialogic in the production of printed instructional materials. The paper will present the key features that guide the production of printedinstructional materialson Distance Education. We also discuss concepts such as: a dialog ic practice in the production of printed instructional materials and the design of text as a mediator and interactive distance learning. Pretende-se aqui analisar a produção de material didático impresso para Educação a Distância (EAD), compreendendo a EAD como modalidade em que alunos e professores estão fisicamente separados, mas unidos virtualmente por meio de recursos tecnológicos e pedagógicos. Mesmo com os avanços das tecnologias digitais, a mídia impressa assume papel de destaque nos processos de mediação entre docentes e discentes. Na EAD, a distância física entre professores e alunos pode ser minimizada, considerando-se a linguagem dialógica na produção de materiais didáticos impressos. Serão apresentadas características fundamentais que norteiam a produção de material didático impresso na EAD. Também serão discutidos conceitos, tais como: a prática dialógica na produção de materiais didáticos e a concepção de texto como elemento mediador e interativo na aprendizagem a distância.

O presente ensaio corresponde à tentativa de constituição de uma ontologia da Aula de Filosofia, a partir da definição elaborada por Deleuze sobre a filosofia, entendida como "a arte de formar, de inventar, de fabricar conceitos", dentro da especificidade do tema da diferença e repetição. Perspectiva traçada no âmbito do ensino médio quanto ao desenvolvimento de um mesmo plano de aula para várias turmas de uma mesma série. O desafio situa-se no problema da criação da diferença, quanto à prática da docência – a aula –, mesmo tendo a repetição de um plano de aula, para atender à obrigatoriedade de uma proposta curricular. Trata-se de criar um plano cartográfico para Aula de filosofia, mapeando a atividade de pensamento como ato de invenção, de diferenças, de devires e de acontecimentos. This essay is an attempt to set up an ontology of the Philosophy class, according to the deleuzian definition of philosophy, understood as "the art of making, inventing, creating concepts", within the specificity of the theme of difference and repetition. This perspective is outlined for high school, from the development of the same lesson plan for various groups of the same grade level. The challenge lies in the problem of creating difference, as teaching practice - the class - even when there is repetition of a lesson plan in a given mandatory curriculum. This is about creating a cartographic plan for the Philosophy class, mapping the activity of thinking as an act of invention, of differences, of becomings and of events.

This special issue focuses on an important contemporary concern—inclusive technologies and learning. Since the 1960s there has been a continued development and diversification of digital technologies used across societal sectors (Bijker, Hughes, Pinch, & Douglas, 2012), enabling applications not solely within business and commerce, but significantly within educational and social settings (such as those discussed by The Metiri Group, 2006, for example), supporting communication and learning (for example, shown by Richardson, 2012), providing opportunities to widen and deepen reach and interactions (as indicated, for example, by Kim, Hagashi, Carillo, Gonzales, Makany, Lee, & Gàrate, 2011). It can be argued that such developments have created many divisions and challenges too (Resta, & Laferrière, 2008); individuals as well as nations may not have the same access or facilities as others (ITU, 2015); and issues such as exploitation and exclusion are regularly highlighted (Dutta, Geiger, & Lanvin, 2015). This special issue is concerned with inclusive technologies and learning, related to social inclusion.

International journal for research in vocational education and training 2 (2015) 3, S. 182-194, This article explores teachers and trainers didactical practices in different contexts in Norwegian VET: schools and workplaces. With the introduction of e-resources and e-portfolios in VET, learners as well as teachers and trainers experience a more hybrid learning-arena, which claims for a recontextualization of vocational didactics as well as re-defining roles and responsibilities of the actors. The article discuss new forms of boundary crossing, dealing with e-portfolios as boundary objects, increasing learner autonomy, transformative learning outcomes, interaction between actors and designing learning processes in hybrid learning-arenas. Vocational didactics as understood in a teacher-training context are challenged by more actors and new forms of interactivity with technological tools crossing sites. The study is based on a longitudinal study in a national project on quality assessment, interviews with teachers and trainers as well as apprenticeship training offices supported by documentary evidence from three trades: sales, plumbing and industrial mechanics. (DIPF/Orig.)

International journal for research in vocational education and training 2 (2015) 3, S. 170-181, Our contribution attempts to review the development of the field of didactics in Spain in the past 35 years and its contribution to the development and improvement of vocational education and training. We intend to show that the concern of didactics is an issue of great concern (and dispute) in Southern Europe, for which we will use Spain as an example. We will particularly analyse from a didactical approach (taking didactics as a normative applied discipline well established in academia) the possibilities that a traditionally school-based discipline has to improve the development of vocational education practice in and out of schools, for young and adult people, in terms of pedagogical innovation. (DIPF/Orig.)

Computadores, celulares, redes sociais, ferramentas de pesquisa e interação on-line são recursos utilizados pelos alunos no mundo dinâmico da cibercultura. As tecnologias da informação e comunicação estão exigindo leitores e produtores de textos ainda mais participativos. Aos textos impressos, somam-se os hipertextos e os suportes eletrônicos, que demandam diferentes estratégias de leitura e escrita. Será que a escola consegue criar espaços para as práticas de letramento digital dos alunos? Os professores precisam aprender a gerenciar as tecnologias da informação e comunicação. Ensinar com e para o uso crítico das tecnologias é função primordial da escola no processo de inclusão digital. Nesse sentido, não basta apenas usar aleatoriamente as tecnologias, sem planejamentos ou objetivos claros, mas sim transformar as relações dos sujeitos com os suportes tecnológicos. O presente trabalho discute a inserção das tecnologias na escola e apresenta contribuições para repensar o planejamento didático, considerando a diversidade de recursos tecnológicos que os professores podem utilizar na organização de situações de aprendizagem que levem o aluno a aprimorar as práticas de letramento digital. Computers, mobile technologies, social networks, search tools and on-line interaction are resources used by students in the dynamic world of cyberculture. The information technologies and communication are demanding readers and writers even more involved. The printed texts add to the hypertexts and electronic media that require different strategies of reading and writing. Does the school can create spaces for the digital literacy practices of students? Teachers must learn to manage information technology and communication. Teaching with and for the critical use of technology is the school's primary role in the process of digital inclusion. Just using technologies without clear goals or plans is not enough. It is important transforming the relationship of subjects with technologies. This paper discusses the integration of technology in schools and presents contributions to rethink the pedagogical planning, considering many technological resources that teachers can use in the organization of learning situations that allow students to improve digital literacy practices. [author's abstract]

O presente artigo busca problematizar uma experiência de capacitação, dentro de um programa de formação e ou capacitação continuada, de professores para atuar na Educação a Distância (EAD) vivida em uma instituição de ensino superior. Além disso, o trabalho tem por base uma pesquisa que se está realizando na área de capacitação professor para atuar na modalidade a distância, bem como busca apresentar algumas reflexões decorrentes da análise de dados coletados. Para obter esses dados, se fez uso da pesquisa-ação e de depoimento dos próprios professores/alunos. This paper presents a teacher’s training experience in higher education, in the context of a continuing training and or education for e-learning courses. Besides, this work is part of an ongoing research project concerning teachers’ acquisition of competencies for distance learning, as well as aims at presenting some reflections due to data analysis. We used the action research strategy and testimonials from teacher/student to get this data. [author's abstract]

Science education reform must anticipate the scientific literacy required by the next generation of citizens. Particularly, this counts for rapidly emerging and evolving scientific disciplines such as genomics. Taking this discipline as a case, such anticipation is becoming increasingly problematic in today's knowledge societies in which the dynamics of the natural sciences is unprecedented. This raises the question of how scientific literacy can be defined in order to appropriate the dynamics of natural sciences such as genomics. Drawing on a contemporary sociocultural perspective on the dynamics of science, the science education research literature is briefly reviewed in this respect. It is argued that scientific literacy captures the dynamics of science once defined as an emergent feature of collective activity. This requires a form of science education to which the learners' agency is central. The implications of this thesis will be discussed in regard to the case of embedding genomics in science curricula.

International journal for research in vocational education and training 2 (2015) 2, S. 99-118, Polytechnics in Bangladesh endeavour to produce quality graduates for national and international job markets. The quality of graduates depends on several factors. This study examines the implementation process of the polytechnic curriculum with the objectives of determining the current level of practices in learn-ing/teaching material design, in delivering curriculum content, in assessing students and its effect on students’ competence development. Data was collected through observation, opinion survey and competence test. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used for data interpretation and analysis in this descriptive type of research study. Findings revealed that the learning materials are mainly theory oriented and mostly cover those contents usually common in exams. About half of teachers are aware of the taxonomy for learning, teaching and assessing, but they rarely put importance on it. In the classroom, teachers spend only a little time for delivering content at the level of apply/analyse. However, a significant number of tasks performed in labs are practical and occupation relevant and can be classified at higher levels of the taxonomy. In student assessment, the test-items assess mainly theoretical knowledge at the level of remember. The effect of these practices is reflected in demonstrating student performance in a competence test. The study concludes with some recommendations. (DIPF/Orig.)

International journal for research in vocational education and training 2 (2015) 3, S. 214-238, The "Riga Conclusions" of the European Ministries of Education of 22 June 2015 for the orientation of vocational education and training in Europe are promoting work-based learning as one of five "medium-term deliverables" for the next five years. But: How should and can work-based teaching and learning be designed? Our approach was developed within the German Dual VET System. Therefore it is not surprising that the work reality is for us the major principle for designing curricula and learning settings. As a starting point for developing didactical measures in the field of vocational education and training it is crucial in this approach to identify practices, routines and experiences of skilled workers that are experts for what they are doing. What are those people doing when handling a task, how are they acting, what work objects and tools are they operating with, and what requirements do they have to be aware of? To answer these kinds of questions, the real work in practice must be explored. A useful approach for doing this is a vocational work process analysis. The next step comprises developing a workbased learning project for the classroom. These two steps, vocational work process analysis and work-based learning projects, build the core of the article and enable a grounded work-based learning. Additional the changing priorities of curriculum design in the last century are introduced to reach a better understanding of the background and the actual work-oriented focus in German Dual VET. Our key proposition is: If work-based learning in vocational schools is wanted, the gap between the reality of work and the formal learning settings has to be closed. (DIPF/Orig.)

International journal for research in vocational education and training 2 (2015) 3, S. 161-169, Depending on the perspective and even language, the concept of didactics is defined in different ways. The debate about conceptualization, particularly concerning the equivalence in English of what in other languages, specifically Germanic and Latin languages, is termed ‘didactics’, is well documented in the research literature. There is a claim in this article concerning the need to transcend the language discussion; it is indeed necessary, especially for Vocational Education & training (VET), to develop a close linkage between what some authors consider “an empirically based” side of didactics associated with empirical findings and the “non-empirical” side that is associated with theoretical constructs for understanding the teaching-learning process. The main aim of this article is to revisit research in didactics in German, Nordic and French contexts looking for diversity in the various approaches. This is intended to contribute to the discussion about prospects and shortcomings in the development of a didactics for the intricate subject of vocational education and training. Rather than alternative didactical paths, the article intends to suggest lines of development, encourage discussions and the further research needed concerning relationship didactics and vocational education and training. (DIPF/Orig.)

International journal for research in vocational education and training 2 (2015) 3, S. 152-160, The design of vocational didactics has to meet special requirements. Six core assumptions are identified: outcome orientation, cultural-historical embedding, horizontal structure, vertical structure, temporal structure, and the changing nature of work. Different approaches and discussions from school-based systems (Spain and Sweden) and dual systems (Denmark, Germany and Norway) are presented in this special issue. From an inside or national perspective, the solutions show a high cultural-historical dependency. From an outside or cross-national perspective, contingency and alternative possibilities become visible. The combination of both perspectives could enable continuity as well as innovation. This is the basic assumption of the presented collection about vocational didactics. (DIPF/Orig.)

A sociedade da informação e do conhecimento é um território de preocupação constante. Constitui, sem dúvida, um dos campos decisivos de transformação da cultura e da educação de nossos dias. As mudanças no sistema escolar, em função da chegada das novas tecnologias do conhecimento, nos remete à necessidade de estudar a relação entre comunicação e educação de modo interdisciplinar, baseado nas reflexões teóricas dessas duas áreas, procurando resgatar a unidade intrínseca destes tratados que nem sempre se encontraram unidos.

The article discusses the definition of a professional thinking in design, on which the formation, the embodiment of the project and implementation of the ideas of the customer is based. The article is proposed to teach students the proper approach to the appearance and presentation of the professional and educational works.

The article characterizes national - orientation principle in teaching Chinese students Russian phraseology. Basing on the observations of Russian linguists and methodists, and on her own experience of teaching Chinese students, the author pays attention to the following aspects of the problem: the main differences between Russian and Chinese phraseological systems; difficulties in comparing Russian and Chinese phraseological units; the most common mistakes made by Chinese students while using Russian phraseological units. According to the author, describing and considering the above-mentioned problems helps to make the process of teaching Chinese students Russian phraseological units more effective.

In article approaches to understanding of essence teachability are considered, its basic components are allocated and hierarchically ordered. The treatment special обучаемости to historical disciplines, a technique of its measurement on the basis of diagnostic training experiment and results of an experimental research on its approbation is resulted.

This article examines the role of materials in education by investigating the inclusion of a handheld digital technology in mathematics classrooms. By drawing on activity theory to conceptualize learning with technology and Actor-Network theory to understand the relationships between materials and humans, the use of educational technology in two secondary school mathematics classrooms is investigated. Drawing on interviews and video-recorded classroom observation, this investigation maps the patterns of relations among humans and materials as classroom socio-technical networks adapt to the inclusion of a handheld digital technology. The results present a variety of ways that the human and material actors in classroom socio-technical networks operate as an interconnected whole rather than as a set of individual interactions. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1201121, Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, Vol 13, No 1 (2012): Participatory Qualitative Research

Many language teachers around the world design materials to supplement those they are provided with to address the needs of the learners in their particular context. This is a task which requires practical knowledge of various kinds relating to learners and language learning, teaching and materials design. However, while there is a growing body of research into the practical knowledge of language teachers, little of this is longitudinal and there is a lack of research into how teachers develop as materials designers. This article focuses on one teacher's growth as a DIY (do-it-yourself) designer of English language teaching materials during an in-service BA TESOL (teaching English to speakers of other languages) programme in the Middle East. Using qualitative case study methodology, I follow the teacher's development over three years, exploring changes in ideas and teaching practices. Implications for in-service language teacher education are discussed. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1101334, Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, Vol 12, No 1 (2011): The KWALON Experiment: Discussions on Qualitative Data Analysis Software by Developers and Users

International audience; This paper considers how the school science curriculum can be conceptualised in order to address the contingent and complex nature of environmental and sustainability-related knowledge and understanding. A special concern lies in the development of research perspectives and tools for investigating ways in which teachers are faced with complex and various situations in the sense-making of science-related issues, and subsequent pedagogic issues. Based on an empirical examination of Korean teachers' sense-making of their curricular practice, the paper develops a narrative approach to teachers' perspectives and knowledge by considering the value of stories as sense-making tools for reflective questioning of what is worth teaching, how and why. By employing the idea of 'repertoire', the study regards teachers' stories about their environment-related personal and teaching experiences as offering angles with which to understand teachers' motivation and reflection in curricular development and implementation. Furthermore, three empirical cases present ways in which the nature of knowledge and understanding is recognised and potentially integrated into pedagogies through teachers' narratives. Finally, the paper argues for the need to reconsider the role of the science teacher in addressing environmental and sustainability-related issues, in ways that facilitate teachers' reflexive interpretation of meanings in cultural texts and the construction of pedagogic text.

Concept mapping is a technique used to provide a visual representation of an individual's ideas about a concept or set of related concepts. This paper describes a concept mapping tool using a photograph association technique (CoMPAT) that is considered to be a novel way of eliciting children's ideas. What children at 11 years of age know about particular concepts related to microbial activity is presented and discussed in relation to the effectiveness of CoMPAT as a tool to draw out their ideas. It is proposed that this tool could be used to explore ideas about this and other science concepts from children in other age groups, and where language may be a barrier to participation.

Background of the study is the theory of basis models of teaching and learning, a comprehensive set of teaching models which includes for example learning through discovery and problem solving. The combined use of different teaching models has not been fully investigated and it is frequently not clear under what circumstances a particular teaching model is used by teachers. In contrast, the theory of basis models of teaching and learning gives guidelines for choosing a particular teaching model and provides instructional sequences for each teaching model. Aim of the study is to investigate the implementation of the theory applied to physics instruction and to show if possible effects for the students may be attributed to the use of the theory. Therefore, a theory-oriented education program for 18 physics teachers was developed and implemented in the 2005/06 school-year. Main features of the intervention consisted of coaching physics lessons and video analysis according to the theory. The study follows a pre-treatment-post design with non-equivalent control group. Findings of repeated-measures ANOVAs show large effects for teachers’ subjective beliefs, large effects for classroom actions and small to medium effects for student outcomes such as perceived instructional quality and student emotions. The teachers/classes that applied the theory especially well according to video analysis showed the larger effects. Results of this study showed that differentiating between different teaching aims improves physics instruction. Effects can be followed through to student outcomes. The education program effect was clearer for classroom actions and students’ outcomes than for teachers’ beliefs.

International audience; This article evaluated the impact of a four-lesson science module on the attitudes of secondary school students. This science module (on cancer and modern biotechnology) utilises several design principles, related to a social constructivist perspective on learning. The expectation was that the module would help students become more articulate in this particular field. In a quasi-experimental design (experimental-, control groups and pre- and post-tests) secondary school students' attitudes (N= 365) towards modern biotechnology were measured by a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests. Significant differences were obtained between the control and experimental conditions. Results showed that the science module had a significant effect on attitudes, although predominantly towards a more supportive and not towards a more critical stance. It is discussed that offering a science module of this kind can indeed encourage students to become more aware of modern biotechnology, although promoting a more critical attitude towards modern biotechnology should receive more attention.

International audience; The astronomy concepts of 345 young people were studied over a 10-year-period using a multi-media, multi-modal methodology in a research design where survey participants were interviewed three times and control subjects were interviewed twice. The purpose of the research was to search for evidence to clarify competing theories on conceptual coherence versus knowledge-in-pieces, distinguishing between coherence as revealed in the representational systems at any particular stage in a young person's development and the changes evident in mental growth thereafter. Thus five research questions concerned with the elements and structure of understanding were investigated: (a) conceptual coherence shown as patterns of high correlation of concept representations between the media used to assess subjects' understanding within a survey, as well as (b) coherence revealed as consistency of representation of those concepts across media and modalities; (c) enhanced conceptual understanding and skill through repeated interviews across (longitudinal) surveys, as young people develop their knowledge; (d) cultural similarity in subjects' representations of basic static concepts (e.g. the shape of the Earth); and (e) improved understanding of basic dynamic concepts (e.g. the motion of the Earth) and complex dynamic concepts (e.g. seasons and eclipses), through ‘knowledge-skill compounding' (c.f. Barsalou, 2003). The research findings supported conceptual coherence and rejected the counter argument of knowledge-in-pieces (at an alpha level of .05). Further research is recommended to replicate current research in cultures other than those of China and New Zealand studied here to confirm the view that cognition and knowledge are inherently coherent in young people.