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Osteoporosis is an ageing‐related disease, that has become a major public health problem and its pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Substantial evidence suggests a strong link between overall age‐related disease progression and epigenetic modifications throughout the life cycle. As an important epigenetic modification, ubiquitination is extensively involved in various physiological processes, and its role in bone metabolism has attracted increasing attention. Ubiquitination can be reversed by deubiquitinases, which counteract protein ubiquitination degradation. As the largest and most structurally diverse cysteinase family of deubiquitinating enzymes, ubiquitin‐specific proteases (USPs), comprising the largest and most structurally diverse cysteine kinase family of deubiquitinating enzymes, have been found to be important players in maintaining the balance between bone formation and resorption. The aim of this review is to explore recent findings highlighting the regulatory functions of USPs in bone metabolism and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms governing their actions during bone loss. An in‐deep understanding of USPs‐mediated regulation of bone formation and bone resorption will provide a scientific rationale for the discovery and development of novel USP‐targeted therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium is one of the most abundant essential minerals in the body. Magnesium supplements mostly have low bioavailability, except magnesium L-threonate. In 2010, a novel magnesium compound, magnesium L-threonate (Magtein®) was identified and was shown to raise the magnesium levels in the brain and neurons effectively. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Magtein®PS, a magnesium L-threonate (Magtein®)- and phosphatidylserine-based formulation additionally containing vitamins C and D, was tested for its cognitive benefits in 109 healthy Chinese adults aged 18–65 years. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either Magtein®PS or placebo (starch) capsules, at a dose of 2 g/day. "The Clinical Memory Test", the standard test commonly used in Chinese hospitals and academic institutes for cognitive evaluation, was administered before and 30 days after subjects received the supplement. Subjects receiving Magtein®PS showed significant improvements over the control group in all five subcategories of "The Clinical Memory Test" as well as the overall memory quotient scores. The older participants showed more improvement than younger participants. Results indicated significant benefits of Magtein®PS in improving memory and cognition in healthy Chinese adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is the most common type of autoimmune encephalitis. This study focuses on finding new biomarkers to evaluate the clinical condition and provide new directions for treatment. Methods: A total of 44 cytokines/chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of 10 non-paraneoplastic patients and nine controls were measured. We selected some of the cytokines/chemokines that significantly increased in patients. Six selected cytokines/chemokines, including IL-10, CXCL10, CCL22, CCL3, IL-7, TNF-α, and three previously reported (IL-2, IL-6, and IL-17A), were measured in seven other patients who provided repeat samples. We compared their levels and explored correlations with severity of disease and antibody titers. Results: The levels of Th1 axis (CXCL10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, CCL3), Th2 axis (CCL1, CCL8, CCL17, CCL22), Treg axis (IL-10), Th17 axis (IL-7), and B cell axis (CXCL13) cytokines, as well as IL-12 p40 and IL-16, were significantly higher in patients compared to those in controls. The level of IL-2 was significantly decreased at the intermediate stage of treatment compared with that before treatment. The severity of disease is positively correlated with levels of CXCL10, CCL3, IL-10, CCL22, and IL-6. The level of CCL3 in the high antibody titer group was greater than that in the low antibody titer group. Conclusion: The pathogenesis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis involves T cell and B cell cytokines. T cells likely assist B cells to produce antibodies. IL-2, CXCL10, CCL3, IL-10, CCL22, and IL-6 may represent new biomarkers in anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Given the lack of research on IL-10, CCL3, and CCL22 in this disease, it will be informative to explore their potential role in pathogenesis in larger studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A unified clinical approach to diagnose autoimmune encephalitis was published in Lancet Neurology in 2016. Purpose of our study is to examine the feasibility and reasonability of the 2016 "A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis" in China with a retrospective study.Methods: We retrospectively collected 95 cases of autoimmune encephalitis and non autoimmune encephalitis cases with detailed clinical data from Beijing Tongren Hospital and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). All cases were analysed stepwise according to the approach in Lancet Neurology to compare the new diagnosis with the final clinical diagnosis.Results: The disease course of these 95 cases ranged from 2 to 540 days. Initial symptoms include fever, headache, seizure, mental and behavioral disorders, memory deterioration and illusion. Based on symptoms and signs when the patient came to the hospital, the sensitivity and specificity of criteria were as follows: possible autoimmune encephalitis (pAE) 84% and 94%, definite autoimmune limbic encephalitis (dALE) 38% and 96%, probable anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (prNMDARE) 49% and 98%. The sensitivities of the above three criteria and the specificity of pAE were low during early disease stage, while the specificities of dALE and prNMDAER remained relatively high in different time periods.Conclusions: This new autoimmune encephalitis diagnostic approach can recognize possible autoimmune encephalitis. The chances of a case being autoimmune-mediated following classification as autoimmune encephalitis with the new criteria are high. The flowchart is recommended to use as a whole. At the early disease stage, criteria with low sensitivity and high specificity, such as dALE and prNMDARE, lead most cases to enter subsequent diagnosis steps, namely autoantibody detection in the flowchart. Final diagnoses can only be made by autoantibody tests. These factors may make it challenging for clinicians to make diagnosis promptly and to begin immune-modulating therapy immediately. Moreover, the criteria for patients with paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs) should be considered to avoid diagnosis omission. For Chinese patients, a multi-centre, prospective study on the clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnostic technology, therapy, and prognosis is greatly needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the effect of comprehensive nursing measures, based on the risk factors of dementia, in liver cancer patients, who accepted intervention therapy., Methods: 86 patients met the inclusion criteria, and exclusion criteria were divided into an experimental group (EG group) and a control group (CG group). The general baseline data of age, sex, and education level of groups were evaluated before intervention. CG group adopted routine nursing measures, while EG group gave comprehensive nursing measures on the basis of routine nursing measures. Cognitive function, severity, Barthel index (BI), and quality of life were evaluated on admission day, discharge day, and three months after discharge., Results: The scores of cognitive function, mental state, and self-care ability of daily life in the EG group were significantly higher than those in the CG group on the day of discharge and 3 months after discharge. Three months after discharge, the quality of life total score of EG group was significantly higher than that in CG group, and the scores in the family role, language, activity, self-care ability, social role, thinking and social function were also higher than those in CG group (P < .05). Three months after discharge, the readmission rate and retraining rate in the EG group were significantly lower than those in the CG group (P < .05), but there was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups(P > .05)., Conclusion: Comprehensive nursing measures based on prognostic factors in patients undergoing interventional therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma can more effectively enhance patient recovery.

Objective: The performance of anti-NMDAR Encephalitis One-Year Functional Status (NEOS) in predicting the 1-year functional status in Chinese patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis is unknown., Methods: We recruited patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis from the Multicenter and Prospective Clinical Registry Study of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in Beijing Area. Patients were followed up for 1 year. We defined the poor functional status as a modified Rankin Scale score of more than 2 and good functional status as a modified Rankin Scale score of no more than 2. We performed a receiver-operator characteristic analysis to assess the discriminatory power of the NEOS score in predicting the 1-year functional status by using the area under the curve (AUC). Calibration was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficient and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests., Results: Among the 111 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis recruited from 364 potentially eligible participants, 87 (78.4%) had good functional status at 1 year, whereas the remaining 24 (21.6%) had poor functional status. The AUC of the NEOS score for 1-year poor functional status was 0.86 (95% CI 0.78-0.93, p < 0.001). The increased NEOS was associated with higher risk of 1-year poor functional status in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis., Conclusions: The NEOS score is considered a reliable predictor of the risk of 1-year poor functional status in Chinese patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. This score could help to estimate the velocity of clinical improvement in advance., Clinicaltrialgov Identifier: NCT02443350., Classification of Evidence: This study provides Class III evidence that in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, the NEOS score predicts 1-year functional status., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.)