Gergely J. Szöllősi, Kurt LaButti, Claudio Angelini, William Andreopoulos, Nikolett Rácz, Brigitta Kiss, Anton Shiryaev, Karen W. Hughes, Karl Soop, Igor V. Grigoriev, Csenge Földi, Tuula Niskanen, Viktória Bense, Machiel E. Noordeloos, Bálint Dima, Sándor Kocsubé, Anna Lipzen, Alfredo Justo, Wolfgang Dämon, József Geml, Jessie K. Uehling, Robin A. Ohm, Neale L. Bougher, Pam Catcheside, Péter Finy, Anton Savchenko, Dennis E. Desjardin, Bernardo Ernesto Lechner, Peter K. Buchanan, Sajeet Haridas, Csaba Vágvölgyi, Bart Buyck, David S. Hibbett, Francis Martin, Viacheslav Spirin, Tamás Papp, Jerry A. Cooper, Otto Miettinen, Heikki Kotiranta, Clark L. Ovrebo, Vladimír Antonín, Kerrie Barry, Marisol Sánchez-García, László Albert, Zoltán Lukács, Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez, Kare Liimatainen, Mansi Chovatia, Robert Riley, Krisztina Krizsán, Dariusz Karasiński, Beatriz Ortiz-Santana, Rodham E. Tulloss, Csilla Szebenyi, Sirma Mihaltcheva, Torda Varga, Louis N. Morgado, Michal Tomšovský, János Gergő Szarkándi, Ivona Kautmanová, László Nagy, Viktor Papp, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Clark University, University of Toronto, University of Szeged, Szent István University, Hungarian Mycological Society, United States Department of Energy, Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso, Moravian Museum, Western Australian Herbarium, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), State Herbarium South Australia, San Francisco State University (SFSU), National Biodiversityt Center, University of Tennessee, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Slovak National Museum, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Royal Botanic Gardens, University of Oslo (UiO), Utrecht University [Utrecht], US Forest Service, University of Oklahoma (OU), University of Helsinki, University of Tartu, the Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow, Russia] (RAS), Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM), MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), Herbarium Amanitarum Rooseveltensis, New York Botanical Garden (NYBG), University of California [Berkeley], University of California, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Momentum Program of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences LP2014/12, European Research Council (ERC) 758161, United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-05CH11231, National Talent Program NTP-NFTO-17-B-0337, New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities UNKP-18-3, Straub Young Scientist scholarship from the Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Moravian Museum by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic (DKRVO) MK000094862, Nagy, László G, Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Polish Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) (RAS), Mendel University in Brno, Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Sub Molecular Microbiology, Molecular Microbiology, and Botany
Mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) have the greatest morphological diversity and complexity of any group of fungi. They have radiated into most niches and fulfil diverse roles in the ecosystem, including wood decomposers, pathogens or mycorrhizal mutualists. Despite the importance of mushroom-forming fungi, large-scale patterns of their evolutionary history are poorly known, in part due to the lack of a comprehensive and dated molecular phylogeny. Here, using multigene and genome-based data, we assemble a 5,284-species phylogenetic tree and infer ages and broad patterns of speciation/extinction and morphological innovation in mushroom-forming fungi. Agaricomycetes started a rapid class-wide radiation in the Jurassic, coinciding with the spread of (sub)tropical coniferous forests and a warming climate. A possible mass extinction, several clade-specific adaptive radiations and morphological diversification of fruiting bodies followed during the Cretaceous and the Paleogene, convergently giving rise to the classic toadstool morphology, with a cap, stalk and gills (pileate-stipitate morphology). This morphology is associated with increased rates of lineage diversification, suggesting it represents a key innovation in the evolution of mushroom-forming fungi. The increase in mushroom diversity started during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic radiation event, an era of humid climate when terrestrial communities dominated by gymnosperms and reptiles were also expanding. Fil: Varga, Torda. Hungarian Academy Of Sciences; Hungría Fil: Krizsán, Krisztina. Hungarian Academy Of Sciences; Hungría Fil: Földi, Csenge. Hungarian Academy Of Sciences; Hungría Fil: Dima, Bálint. Eötvös Loránd University; Hungría Fil: Sánchez-García, Marisol. Clark University; Estados Unidos Fil: Lechner, Bernardo Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentina Fil: Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago. University of Toronto; Canadá Fil: Szöllosi, Gergely J.. Eötvös Loránd University; Hungría Fil: Szarkándi, János G.. University Of Szeged; Hungría Fil: Papp, Viktor. Szent István University; Hungría Fil: Albert, László. Hungarian Mycological Society; Hungría Fil: Andreopoulos, William. United States Department Of Energy. Joint Genome Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Angelini, Claudio. Jardin Botanico Nacional Ma. Moscoso; República Dominicana Fil: Antonín, Vladimír. Moravian Museum; República Checa Fil: Barry, Kerrie W.. United States Department Of Energy. Joint Genome Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Bougher, Neale L.. Western Australian Herbarium; Australia Fil: Buchanan, Peter. Manaaki Whenua-landcare Research; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Buyck, Bart. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Francia Fil: Bense, Viktória. Hungarian Academy Of Sciences; Hungría Fil: Catcheside, Pam. State Herbarium Of South Australia; Australia Fil: Chovatia, Mansi. United States Department Of Energy. Joint Genome Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Cooper, Jerry. Manaaki Whenua-landcare Research; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Dämon, Wolfgang. Oberfeldstrasse 9; Austria Fil: Desjardin, Dennis. San Francisco State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Finy, Péter. Zsombolyai U. 56.; Hungría Fil: Geml, József. Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Países Bajos Fil: Haridas, Sajeet. United States Department Of Energy. Joint Genome Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Hughes, Karen. University of Tennessee; Estados Unidos Fil: Justo, Alfredo. Clark University; Estados Unidos Fil: Karasinski, Dariusz. Polish Academy of Sciences; Polonia