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The majority of existing face inpainting methods primarily focus on generating a single result that visually resembles the original image. The generation of diverse and plausible results has emerged as a new branch in image restoration, often referred to as "Pluralistic Image Completion". However, most diversity methods simply use random latent vectors to generate multiple results, leading to uncontrollable outcomes. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a novel architecture known as the Reference-Guided Directional Diverse Face Inpainting Network. In this paper, instead of using a background image as reference, which is typically used in image restoration, we have used a face image, which can have many different characteristics from the original image, including but not limited to gender and age, to serve as a reference face style. Our network firstly infers the semantic information of the masked face, i.e., the face parsing map, based on the partial image and its mask, which subsequently guides and constrains directional diverse generator network. The network will learn the distribution of face images from different domains in a low-dimensional manifold space. To validate our method, we conducted extensive experiments on the CelebAMask-HQ dataset. Our method not only produces high-quality oriented diverse results but also complements the images with the style of the reference face image. Additionally, our diverse results maintain correct facial feature distribution and sizes, rather than being random. Our network has achieved SOTA results in face diverse inpainting when writing. Code will is available at https://github.com/nothingwithyou/RDFINet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a measure preserving Z d - or R d -action T , on a Lebesgue probability space (X , μ) , and a linear subspace L ⊆ R d , we define notions of direction L ergodicity, weak mixing, and strong mixing. For R d -actions, it is clear that these direction L properties should correspond to the same properties for the restriction of T to L. But since an arbitrary L ⊆ R d does not necessarily correspond to a nontrivial subgroup of Z d , a different approach is needed for Z d -actions. In this case, we define direction L ergodicity, weak mixing, and mixing in terms of the restriction of the unit suspension T ˜ to L , but also restricted to the subspace of L 2 (X ˜ , μ ˜) perpendicular to the suspension direction. For Z d -actions, we show (as is more or less clear for R d) that these directional properties are spectral properties. For weak mixing Z d - and R d -actions, we show that directional ergodicity is equivalent to directional weak mixing. For ergodic Z d -actions T , we explore the relationship between direction L properties as defined via unit suspensions and embeddings of T in R d -actions. Finally, the structure of possible sets of non-ergodic and non-weakly mixing directions is determined, and genericity questions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The majority of existing face inpainting methods primarily focus on generating a single result that visually resembles the original image. The generation of diverse and plausible results has emerged as a new branch in image restoration, often referred to as “Pluralistic Image Completion”. However, most diversity methods simply use random latent vectors to generate multiple results, leading to uncontrollable outcomes. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a novel architecture known as the Reference-Guided Directional Diverse Face Inpainting Network. In this paper, instead of using a background image as reference, which is typically used in image restoration, we have used a face image, which can have many different characteristics from the original image, including but not limited to gender and age, to serve as a reference face style. Our network firstly infers the semantic information of the masked face, i.e., the face parsing map, based on the partial image and its mask, which subsequently guides and constrains directional diverse generator network. The network will learn the distribution of face images from different domains in a low-dimensional manifold space. To validate our method, we conducted extensive experiments on the CelebAMask-HQ dataset. Our method not only produces high-quality oriented diverse results but also complements the images with the style of the reference face image. Additionally, our diverse results maintain correct facial feature distribution and sizes, rather than being random. Our network has achieved SOTA results in face diverse inpainting when writing. Code will is available at https://github.com/nothingwithyou/RDFINet .

A semi‐spherical combined transverse electromagnetic (TEM) horn and loop antenna is designed for directional ultra‐wideband operation from 0.42 to 6 GHz for 5G and beyond 5G applications across military and commercial sectors. The antenna structure fits within a sphere with 3‐cm radius, thus operating as electrically small over the lower part of the band (ka = 0.5 at 0.795 GHz and ka = 1 at 1.59 GHz). To spread the currents across the volume while maintaining the required relationship between the lowest order TE and TM modes, the loop section is modified to conform with the enclosing minimum sphere. The TEM horn, bowtie, and resistive loading are then tuned to achieve improvement over the conventional topology in the radiation efficiency by >7% when ka = 0.5 and >22% when ka = 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and reliable point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests can have a significant impact on global health. One of the most common approaches for developing POC systems is the use of target-specific biomolecules. However, the conjugation of biomolecules can result in decreased activity, which may compromise the analytical performance and accuracy of the developed systems. To overcome this challenge, we present a polymer-based cross-linking protocol for controlled and directed conjugation of biological molecules. Our protocol utilizes a bifunctional thiol-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-hydrazide polymer to enable site-directed conjugation of IgG antibodies to the surface of screen-printed metal electrodes. The metal surface of the electrodes is first modified with thiolated PEG molecules, leaving the hydrazide groups available to react with the aldehyde group in the Fc fragments of the oxidized IgG antibodies. Using anti-Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2 (KPC-2) antibody as a model antibody used for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) testing, our results demonstrate a ~10-fold increase in antibody coupling compared with the standard N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-based conjugation chemistry and effective capture (>94%) of the target KPC-2 enzyme antigen on the surface of modified electrodes. This straightforward and easy-to-perform strategy of site-directed antibody conjugation can be engineered for coupling other protein- and non-protein-based biological molecules commonly used in POC testing and development, thus enhancing the potential for improved diagnostic accuracy and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dayak Ngaju is one of the many Indonesian languages ​​originating from the Austronesian family. Dayak Ngaju language is used by speakers from Central Kalimantan. This study aims to determine the continuous directed verbal constructions in the Dayak Ngaju language based on a typology study and then compare it with Balinese. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. Methods of data collection using the interview method are also considered. The typological approach used as data analysis in this study is then presented through an informal method. The results of this study indicate that the Dayak Ngaju language can be formed through transitive Verba 1 (V1) + transitive Verba 2 (V2) and intransitive Verba 1 (V1) + intransitive Verba 2 (V2) patterns. If related to the Talmy typology, the results of the study show that Dayak Ngaju is a language that has a verb or satellite framework, which is different from Balinese which may be formed based on motion verbs (as core verbs) and followed by prepositional phrases (roads) which act as addition.

In this paper, several types of microstrip couplers are investigated in terms of structure, performance, and design methods. These planar 4-ports passive devices transmit a signal through two different channels. Designers' competition has always been in miniaturizing and improving performance of couplers. Proposing a novel structure is an advantage of some previously reported couplers. A high-performance coupler should have high isolation and low losses at both channels. The common port return loss in the pass band should have a low value. Among the couplers, those with balanced amplitude and phase are more popular. The popular mathematical analysis methods are even/odd mode analysis, extracting the information from the ABCD matrix and analyzing the equivalent LC circuit of a simple resonator. According to the phase shift value, couplers are classified as 90° and correct multiples of 90°, where a microstrip 0° coupler can be used as a power divider. Some couplers have filtering and harmonic elimination features that are superior to other couplers. However, few designers paid attention to suppressing the harmonics. If the operating frequency is set in according to the type of application, the coupler becomes particularly valuable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the path planning problem of UAV flight error correction is studied, and a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed to solve the resource constrained shortest path problem (RCSPP-R) with reinitialization, and its resource accumulation can be reinitialized to zero at the reset node. Since RCSPP-R is a NP-hard problem, Pulse algorithm is used to solve the proposed model. Aiming at the high computational cost of pulse algorithm, three pruning strategies are proposed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm, namely, preprocessing strategy based on direction constraint to reduce the search space, dynamic relaxation strategy to improve the quality of boundary, and heuristic search strategy to optimize the node expansion sequence. Then the time-consuming of the algorithm and the number of dominant solutions are used as evaluation indexes for comparison. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm can deal with this problem more reliably. Specifically, compared with the Label Correction algorithm, the original Pulse algorithm and the Ant Colony algorithm, there are advantages in the number of superior solutions, and compared with the above three algorithms, the time consumption is reduced by 31.64%, 88.52% and 83.5% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The confused‐prism[5]arene macrocycle (c‐PrS[5]Me) shows conformational adaptive behavior in the presence of ammonium guests. Upon guest inclusion, the 1,4‐bridged naphthalene flap reverses its planar chirality from pS to pR (with reference to the pS(pR)4 enantiomer). Stereoselective directional threading is also observed in the presence of directional axles, in which up/down stereoisomers of homochiral (pR)5‐c‐PrS[5]Me pseudorotaxanes are formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, several types of microstrip couplers are investigated in terms of structure, performance and design methods. These planar 4-ports passive devices transmit a signal through two different channels. Designers' competition has always been in miniaturizing and improving performance of couplers. Some couplers have been offered with a novel structure, which is a special feature. A high-performance coupler should have high isolation and low losses at both channels. The channels are usually overlapped so that the common port return loss in these channels should be low. Among the couplers, those with balanced amplitude and phase are more popular. The popular mathematical analysis methods are even/odd mode analysis, extracting the information from the ABCD matrix and analyzing the equivalent LC circuit of a simple resonator. According to the phase shift value, couplers are classified as 90º and correct multiples of 90º, where a microstrip 0º coupler can be used as a power divider. Some couplers have filtering and harmonic elimination features that are superior to other couplers. However, few designers paid attention to suppressing the harmonics. If the operating frequency is set in according to the type of application, the coupler becomes particularly valuable.ABCD Matrix

Here we describe therapeutic results in a female patient who underwent bilateral slMFB DBS for OCD. During a 35-month long course of stimulation, she suffered from stimulation-induced dyskinesia of her right leg which we interpreted as co-stimulation of the adjacent anteromedial subthalamic nucleus (amSTN). After reprogramming to steer the stimulation away from the amSTN medial into the direction of the mesencephalic ventral tegmentum (MVT which contains the ventral tegmental area, VTA), the dyskinesias disappeared. Remarkably, anti-OCD efficacy in the presented patient was preserved and achieved with a bilateral stimulation which by our imaging study fully avoided the amSTN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key step in the realisation of DC microgrids is the development of robust protection schemes. Bidirectional power flow in ring-type configurations makes protection design too complicated. This paper presents an algorithm for selective fault location and isolation of faulty parts in the transient stage itself. At the onset of a fault, the proposed scheme computes incremental transient power ( Δ P ) from initial changes in voltage and current. The sign of Δ P captured by different IEDs is compared to determine the fault location. Though the scheme is designed for the unit protection of feeders, it is also capable of locating and isolating external faults accurately. A backup scheme using local measurements is provided, in case of communication failure. The schemes are simulated using extensive simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The results confirm that the proposed protection design operates within a few milliseconds and is highly selective and stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: BOLD signals in the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) are tightly coupled. However, our understanding of the cross-tissue functional network in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is limited.Objective: We investigated the changes of cross-tissue functional connectivity (FC) metrics for the GM regions susceptible to AD damage.Methods: For each GM region in the default mode (DMN) and limbic networks, we obtained its low-order static FC with any WM region, and the high-order static FC between any two WM regions based on their FC pattern similarity with multiple GM regions. The dynamic and directional properties of cross-tissue FC were then acquired, specifically for the regional pairs whose low- or high-order static FCs showed significant differences between AD and normal control (NC). Moreover, these cross-tissue FC metrics were correlated with voxel-based GM volumes and MMSE in all participants.Results: Compared to NC, AD patients showed decreased low-order static FCs between the intra-hemispheric GM-WM pairs (right ITG-right fornix; left MoFG-left posterior corona radiata), and increased low-order static, dynamic, and directional FCs between the inter-hemispheric GM-WM pairs (right MTG-left superior/posterior corona radiata). The high-order static and directional FCs between the left cingulate bundle-left tapetum were increased in AD, based on their FCs with the GMs of DMN. Those decreased and increased cross-tissue FC metrics in AD had opposite correlations with memory-related GM volumes and MMSE (positive for the decreased and negative for the increased).Conclusion: Cross-tissue FC metrics showed opposite changes in AD, possibly as useful neuroimaging biomarkers to reflect neurodegenerative and compensatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrically switchable privacy display technology using proprietary optical stacks developed by the authors has now shipped in more than 1 million laptop PCs, delivering best‐in‐class protection from off‐axis visual hackers and high image visibility to display users. In parallel the authors have been developing a new generation of switchable automotive front‐seat Passenger Infotainment Displays (PID). Differences between the user needs for PID and laptop are discussed. Presented is a method to quantify 'No Driver Distraction' (NDD) in PID and image security to visual hackers in laptops, including a means of determining the limits of NDD/security. Proprietary optical stack structures for PID and laptop are compared. A PID technology demonstrator achieves less than 1% of head‐on luminance for a driver offset by just 25° from a passenger, and a shipping laptop provides no image visibility at >45° at 1lux/nit using a switchable reflectivity optical stack with total screen thickness of less than 2.3mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to explore the HawkOne atherectomy (Medtronic), a single use directional atherectomy device, explaining in depth its indication, selection, preparation and application. It further provides techniques and tips to troubleshoot the device upon its use. Further, a review of the current evidence for directional atherectomy in the infra-inguinal arteries is conducted. Identifying that directional atherectomy in the infra-inguinal arteries allow for significant plaque modification and lumen gain without the use of barotrauma from balloon angioplasty. Highlighting that directional atherectomy had a lower incidence of flow limiting dissections and need for stenting after such treatment.

Sampling-based path planning algorithms are popularly used in autonomous mobile robot navigation applications. Optimal Rapidly exploring Random Trees (RRT*) is one of the well-known sampling-based single-query path planning algorithms and it is asymptotically optimal, but its convergence is slow. To address the slow convergence problem of the RRT* algorithm, this paper proposes a directional RRT* algorithm called D-RRT*. The key idea of D-RRT* is to reduce the sampling space. This is achieved in this proposed work by focusing on the direction of the goal from the starting configuration through a simple elliptical heuristic formed between them. The proposed methodology is validated in two different cluttered 2D environments and compared with existing algorithms. The proposed D-RRT* path planning algorithm outperforms the RRT* in three performance measures: the initial cost solution, convergence time, and the number of nodes visited. The convergence rate of the proposed D-RRT* is improved over RRT* by 8.5% and 14.7% in the two cluttered environments considered. Also, the proposed D-RRT* algorithm is validated in a real-time environment using the TurtleBot3 robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied and obtained logic gates through three-core nonlinear directional couplers and dual-core nonlinear directional couplers operating in continuous wave mode in which the laser signal has the same wavelength. In symmetrical three-core nonlinear directional couplers with its identical cores in a planar arrangement was studied using a control pulse applied to the first core. In dual core the structure was the asymmetric two core switching process was held in symmetrical triangular fiber couplers and three-core nonlinear directional couplers using the coupled mode of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The logic gates, AND, OR and NXOR were generated from the triangular three-core nonlinear directional couplers, while planar three-core nonlinear directional couplers produced logic gates AND, NAND, OR and XOR. For this two basic modes were considered. The first triangular structure with three symmetrical core were considered from an equilateral triangle and used a control signal applied to the first core. In the second model the symmetric cross structure with three cores in a parallel equidistant arrangement. We have obtained optical logic gates in a fiber coupler doped with erbium, leaded the resonant non linearity to change the refractive index which helped to reduce the device switching energy threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates "directionals" or geocentric spatial terms in Lamaholot, examining the interaction between directionals, topographic environment, and cultural construals of landscape. Lamaholot is an Austronesian language of eastern Indonesia spoken on the volcanic island of Flores. The Lewotobi dialect, with which this paper is concerned, is spoken on the coastal area between Mt. Lewotobi and the Solor Sea. Reflective of this topographic environment, this language has "directionals" or grammatical terms defined with respect to landmarks: rae 'mountainward', lau 'seaward', wəli 'parallel with the coast', teti 'upward', and lali 'downward'. After describing how the spatial orientation represented by directionals is embedded in linguistic and sociocultural practices in Lamaholot-speaking communities, this paper shows that directionals exhibit intriguing diversity in interpretation and morphosyntax: they constitute a coordinate system for geocentric frame of reference, refer to different directions depending on different construals of landscape, and can appear in various syntactic positions. It is argued that this diversity can be understood in terms of a complex interplay of topographic environment, sociocultural practices, language uses, and linguistic repertoire, as assumed in the Sociotopographic Model (Palmer, Bill, Jonathon Lum, Jonathan Schlossberg & Alice Gaby. 2017. How does the environment shape spatial language? Evidence for sociotopography. Linguistic Typology 21(3). 457–491). Thus, the directional system in Lamaholot makes a strong case for a sociotopographic approach to spatial language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of mechanical oscillation on a hydraulic directional control valve. Particular attention was paid to the oscillating movement of the spool of the hydraulic directional control valve resulting from this impact. Different models of fluid and mixed friction were considered. The models analysed accounted for the relative movement of the directional control valve body and the fact that it is kinematically excited by external mechanical oscillations. It was observed that the mixed friction model, where the frictional force is considered to be the sum of molecular forces acting in micro-areas of contact and drag forces in the fluid, was the best for describing the movement of the spool for a specific spool oscillation frequency. This model yielded significantly more consistency between the simulated and experimental results than the classic fluid friction model.

Inverter-based resources respond differently than synchronous generation sources during power system faults, challenging line protection reliability. Part I of this paper presented cases that challenge line protection schemes. In this paper (Part II), we provide solutions that can be applied to gain a substantial improvement in reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverter-based resources respond differently than synchronous generation sources during power system faults, challenging line protection reliability. To understand the reliability challenges, Sandia National Laboratories and North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) led a collaborative study with four inverter manufacturers (mix of Type 3 Wind, Type 4 Wind, and PV Solar) and two North American protective relay manufacturers. As part of this study, an electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) with “real-code” models representing inverter firmware was used to investigate the protective relay response to faults on the modeled power system with the different inverter types. The currents and voltages obtained from the study were then played back through line relay hardware with settings typical of systems with conventional generation. The protective relays exhibited the expected reliability challenges but provided insight into the behavior of inverter-based resources during power system faults. In this paper, we share some of the challenging cases with the responses of the different line protection schemes. Using insight from the various event records, Part II of this paper shows how relay settings can be modified to obtain a substantial improvement in reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-eighth spherical surface dielectric resonator antenna (OESS-DRA) is proposed first time. To analyze this thin shell structure, electromagnetic fields distribution is discussed by using the Hertz vector and boundary conditions. We simplify the solution of Maxwell equations by using Hertz vector because the polarization current is primary in the OESS-DRA. The Hertz vector can be expressed the current better. This proposed antenna is composed of one-eighth spherical dielectric shell fed by coaxial probe; and the ground with metal-corner-reflector makes the antenna with high gain and directional radiation properties. To verify this design, a fabricated sample is tested; results show the antenna covering bandwidth 4.56-6.88GHz, a high gain greater than 9.5dBi (peak gain 11.8dBi at 5.0GHz), and a high radiation efficiency over 85% in the entire working frequency band, as well. The OESS-DRA can be a good candidate in 5th generation communication applications.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an integral component of Parkinson disease treatment. Programming a DBS device is a time‐consuming process and requires a highly trained specialist to obtain optimal results. During the last few years, we have witnessed a rapid technological advance of DBS systems, making the programming process even more complex and emphasizing the need for a structured approach. In this manuscript and the attached videos, we will demonstrate a step‐by‐step programming approach for DBS targeting the subthalamus and the globus pallidus pars Interna. In doing so we will show the main features and differences of the three main systems available on the market, including the newest ones able to record braingenerated local field potentials for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of continuous improvements of ocean wave models in the last decades, large errors still remain in particular under strongly forced conditions, often encountered in the Southern Ocean, where strong westerly winds generate some of the fiercest waves on Earth in almost unlimited fetch conditions. The newly launched China‐France Oceanography SATellite (CFOSAT) provides directional spectra of ocean waves for both wind seas and swells. Compared to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), it can resolve shorter wavelengths in all directions, which dominate in non‐fully developed wind waves. Here, the assimilation of these CFOSAT wavenumber components is proved to bring more accurate predictions of wave growth compared to the assimilation of significant wave height alone. A notable reduction of model bias is found in the Southern Ocean, especially in the Pacific Ocean sector. Results further exhibit a downward shift of the wave age, consistent with theoretical wave growth curves. Plain Language Summary: This work focuses on the importance of using directional wave observations to improve model wave prediction in the Southern Ocean. The results indicate a significant impact on the transition from a wind‐dependent sea to a well‐developed sea. A direct consequence of this work will concern a better understanding of the wave climate in the Southern Ocean and therefore, an improvement of coupled ocean/waves/atmosphere systems. Key Points: The assimilation of directional wavenumber components in the wave model MFWAM induces a significant reduction of Significant Wave Height (SWH) bias in the Southern OceanData assimilation reveals the improvement of the energy transfer of wind waves during the wave growth phase under unlimited fetch conditions in the Pacific sector of the Southern OceanThe wave age and dominant wavenumber can significantly be corrected by assimilating directional observations of Surface Wave Investigation Measurements, compared with assimilation of SWH‐nadir only [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[FeFe]-hydrogenases catalyze the reversible oxidation of H 2 from electrons and protons at an organometallic active site cofactor named the H-cluster. In addition to the H-cluster, most [FeFe]-hydrogenases possess accessory FeS cluster (F-cluster) relays that function in mediating electron transfer with catalysis. There is significant variation in the structural properties of F-cluster relays among the [FeFe]-hydrogenases; however, it is unknown how this variation relates to the electronic and thermodynamic properties, and thus the electron transfer properties, of enzymes. Clostridium pasteurianum [FeFe]-hydrogenase II (CpII) exhibits a large catalytic bias for H 2 oxidation (compared to H 2 production), making it a notable system for examining if F-cluster properties contribute to the overall function and efficiency of the enzyme. By applying a combination of multifrequency and potentiometric electron paramagnetic resonance, we resolved two electron paramagnetic resonance signals with distinct power- and temperature-dependent properties at g = 2.058 1.931 1.891 (F 2.058 ) and g = 2.061 1.920 1.887 (F 2.061 ), with assigned midpoint potentials of -140 ± 18 mV and -406 ± 12 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode, respectively. Spectral analysis revealed features consistent with spin-spin coupling between the two [4Fe-4S] F-clusters, and possible functional models are discussed that account for the contribution of coupling to the electron transfer landscape. The results signify the interplay of electronic coupling and free energy properties and parameters of the FeS clusters to the electron transfer mechanism through the relay and provide new insight as to how relays functionally complement the catalytic directionality of active sites to achieve highly efficient catalysis., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To study the effect of directional deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrode configuration and vertical electrode spacing on the volume of tissue activated (VTA) in the globus pallidus, pars interna (GPi).Background: Directional DBS leads may allow clinicians to precisely direct current fields to different functional networks within traditionally targeted brain areas. Modeling the shape and size of the VTA for various monopolar or bipolar configurations can inform clinical programming strategies for GPi DBS. However, many computational models of VTA are limited by assuming tissue homogeneity.Methods: We generated a multimodal image-based detailed anatomical (MIDA) computational model with a directional DBS lead (1.5 mm or 0.5 mm vertical electrode spacing) placed with segmented contact 2 at the ventral posterolateral “sensorimotor” region of the GPi. The effect of tissue heterogeneity was examined by replacing the MIDA tissues with a homogeneous tissue of conductance 0.3 S/m. DBS pulses (amplitude: 1 mA, pulse width: 60 μs, frequency: 130 Hz) were used to produce VTAs. The following DBS contact configurations were tested: single-segment monopole (2B-/Case+), two-segment monopole (2A-/2B-/Case+ and 2B-/3B-/Case+), ring monopole (2A-/2B-/2C-/Case+), one-cathode three-anode bipole (2B-/3A+/3B+/3C+), three-cathode three-anode bipole (2A-/2B-/2C-/3A+/3B+/3C+). Additionally, certain vertical configurations were repeated with 2 mA current amplitude.Results: Using a heterogeneous tissue model affected both the size and shape of the VTA in GPi. Electrodes with both 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm vertical spacing (1 mA) modeling showed that the single segment monopolar VTA was entirely contained within the GPi when the active electrode is placed at the posterolateral “sensorimotor” GPi. Two segments in a same ring and ring settings, however, produced VTAs outside of the GPi border that spread into adjacent white matter pathways, e.g., optic tract and internal capsule. Both stacked monopolar settings and vertical bipolar settings allowed activation of structures dorsal to the GPi in addition to the GPi. Modeling of the stacked monopolar settings with the DBS lead with 0.5 mm vertical electrode spacing further restricted VTAs within the GPi, but the VTA volumes were smaller compared to the equivalent settings of 1.5 mm spacing.

Rotary steering systems are cutting-edge, intelligent oil drilling and steering equipment developed at the end of the twentieth century. The core function of the bit pointing rotary steering system is to control the eccentric shaft with bit pointing function to track the outer drill collar for reverse rotation [1]. When the relative speed thereof is offset, the mandrel tool face remains stationary, and the directive function of the drill bit is realized [2]. Therefore, it is important to precisely control mandrel rotational speed and make it follow the outer drill collar to conduct face-to-face rotation at all times. A double closed loop control method for realizing rotational speed loop and position loop through controlling mandrel rotational speed is proposed in this paper. Relative rotational speed of drill bit shaft (or mandrel) and drill collar of zero can be realized within the shortest time, thereby realizing rapid and precise rotational speed tracking. Relative positions of mandrel and drill collar at several angles on 360° circumferences, thereby proving the feasibility of the method. The method can provide a technical reference and basis for prototype production of directional rotary steering system [3].

Background: Globus pallidus internus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) and thalamotomy are interventions for writer's cramp (WC). Ventralis intermedius nucleus (VIM) DBS is targeted for tremor, however, many aspects of VIM DBS remained underexplored in WC. Case Report: A 62-year-old man with WC underwent DBS. Dystonic tremor improved intraoperatively with ventralis oralis anterior (VoA)/ventral oralis posterior (VoP) and with subthalamic nucleus stimulation; although greatest benefit was obtained with VIM stimulation. Sustained benefit with VIM DBS at ten months post-operative was obtained. Discussion: This case demonstrates an intraoperative approach in target selection and supports benefits of VIM DBS for WC. Highlights: This case highlights the intraoperative approach and clinical effects of VIM DBS in the treatment of medically refractory writer's cramp (WC). We contextualize our results from this case with previous reports of VoA/VoP stimulation for WC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN‐DBS) is a widely used treatment for Parkinsonʼs disease (PD) patients with motor complications, but can result in adverse effects (AEs) in a significant proportion of treated patients. The use of novel programming features including short pulse width (PW) and directional steering in alleviating stimulation‐induced AEs has not been explored. Objective: To determine if programming with short PW, directional steering, or the combination of these novel techniques can improve stimulation‐induced dysarthria, dyskinesia, and pyramidal AEs. Methods: Thirty‐two consecutive PD patients who experienced reversible AEs of STN‐DBS had optimization of their settings using either short PW, directional steering, or the combination, while ensuring equivalent control of motor symptoms. Pairwise comparisons of pre‐ and post‐optimization adverse effect ratings were made. Patients were left on the alternative setting with the greatest benefit and followed up at 6 months. Modeling of volume of tissue activated (VTA) and charge per pulse (Qp) calculations were used to explore potential underlying mechanisms of any differences found. Results: There were significant improvements in stimulation‐induced dysarthria, dyskinesia, and pyramidal side effects after optimization. At 6 months, mean AE ratings remained significantly improved compared to pre‐optimization ratings. Different patterns of shift in VTA for each AE, and Qp could be used to explain improvements using novel techniques. Conclusions: Stimulation‐induced dysarthria, dyskinesia, and pyramidal AEs induced by STN‐DBS can be improved by using novel programming techniques. These represent additional tools to conventional methods that can be used to address these AEs. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the effect of directional deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrode configuration and vertical electrode spacing on the volume of tissue activated (VTA) in the globus pallidus, pars interna (GPi). Background: Directional DBS leads may allow clinicians to precisely direct current fields to different functional networks within traditionally targeted brain areas. Modeling the shape and size of the VTA for various monopolar or bipolar configurations can inform clinical programming strategies for GPi DBS. However, many computational models of VTA are limited by assuming tissue homogeneity. Methods: We generated a multimodal image-based detailed anatomical (MIDA) computational model with a directional DBS lead (1.5 mm or 0.5 mm vertical electrode spacing) placed with segmented contact 2 at the ventral posterolateral "sensorimotor" region of the GPi. The effect of tissue heterogeneity was examined by replacing the MIDA tissues with a homogeneous tissue of conductance 0.3 S/m. DBS pulses (amplitude: 1 mA, pulse width: 60 μs, frequency: 130 Hz) were used to produce VTAs. The following DBS contact configurations were tested: single-segment monopole (2B-/Case+), two-segment monopole (2A-/2B-/Case+ and 2B-/3B-/Case+), ring monopole (2A-/2B-/2C-/Case+), one-cathode three-anode bipole (2B-/3A+/3B+/3C+), three-cathode three-anode bipole (2A-/2B-/2C-/3A+/3B+/3C+). Additionally, certain vertical configurations were repeated with 2 mA current amplitude. Results: Using a heterogeneous tissue model affected both the size and shape of the VTA in GPi. Electrodes with both 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm vertical spacing (1 mA) modeling showed that the single segment monopolar VTA was entirely contained within the GPi when the active electrode is placed at the posterolateral "sensorimotor" GPi. Two segments in a same ring and ring settings, however, produced VTAs outside of the GPi border that spread into adjacent white matter pathways, e.g., optic tract and internal capsule. Both stacked monopolar settings and vertical bipolar settings allowed activation of structures dorsal to the GPi in addition to the GPi. Modeling of the stacked monopolar settings with the DBS lead with 0.5 mm vertical electrode spacing further restricted VTAs within the GPi, but the VTA volumes were smaller compared to the equivalent settings of 1.5 mm spacing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Despite improvements in cochlear implant (CI) technology, pediatric CI recipients continue to have more difficulty understanding speech than their typically hearing peers in background noise. A variety of strategies have been evaluated to help mitigate this disparity, such as signal processing, remote microphone technology, and microphone placement. Previous studies regarding microphone placement used speech processors that are now dated, and most studies investigating the improvement of speech recognition in background noise included adult listeners only. Purpose The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of microphone location and beamforming technology on speech understanding for pediatric CI recipients in noise. Research Design A prospective, repeated-measures, within-participant design was used to compare performance across listening conditions. Study Sample A total of nine children (aged 6.6 to 15.3 years) with at least one Advanced Bionics CI were recruited for this study. Data Collection and Analysis The Basic English Lexicon Sentences and AzBio Sentences were presented at 0o azimuth at 65-dB SPL in +5 signal-to-noise ratio noise presented from seven speakers using the R-SPACE system (Advanced Bionics, Valencia, CA). Performance was compared across three omnidirectional microphone configurations (processor microphone, T-Mic 2, and processor + T-Mic 2) and two directional microphone configurations (UltraZoom and auto UltraZoom). The two youngest participants were not tested in the directional microphone configurations. Results No significant differences were found between the various omnidirectional microphone configurations. UltraZoom provided significant benefit over all omnidirectional microphone configurations (T-Mic 2, p = 0.004, processor microphone, p < 0.001, and processor microphone + T-Mic 2, p = 0.018) but was not significantly different from auto UltraZoom (p = 0.176). Conclusions All omnidirectional microphone configurations yielded similar performance, suggesting that a child's listening performance in noise will not be compromised by choosing the microphone configuration best suited for the child. UltraZoom (adaptive beamformer) yielded higher performance than all omnidirectional microphones in moderate background noise for adolescents aged 9 to 15 years. The implications of these data suggest that for older children who are able to reliably use manual controls, UltraZoom will yield significantly higher performance in background noise when the target is in front of the listener. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directionality can be seen in many stationary time series from various disciplines, but it is overlooked when fitting linear models with Gaussian errors. Moreover, we cannot rely on distinguishing directionality by comparing a plot of a time series in time order with a plot in reverse time order. In general, a statistical measure is required to detect and quantify directionality. There are several quite different qualitative forms of directionality, and we distinguish: rapid rises followed by slow recessions; rapid increases and rapid decreases from the mean followed by slow recovery toward the mean; directionality above or below some threshold; and intermittent directionality. The first objective is to develop a suite of statistical measures that will detect directionality and help classify its nature. The second objective is to demonstrate the potential benefits of detecting directionality. We consider applications from business, environmental science, finance, and medicine. Time series data are collected from many processes, both natural and anthropogenic, by a wide range of organizations, and directionality can easily be monitored as part of routine analysis. We suggest that doing so may provide new insights to the processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a compact wideband MIMO directional antenna array with a single-layered metamaterial is proposed to realize high isolation. The metamaterial decoupling structure, which is composed of a modified split-rings and a square loop structure, is suspended over the two antenna elements to reduce the mutual coupling. The achieved results show that the proposed antenna array owns a -10 dB impedance bandwidth ranging from 8.5 GHz to 11.5 GHz. Furthermore, by loading the proposed meta-material superstrate over the two-element MIMO antenna, the designed MIMO antenna array not only has good performance but also enhances the isolation to be more -15 dB within the operating frequency band. In addition, the performances of the proposed antenna array are also tested by radiation pattern, gain, envelope correlation coefficient, diversity gain, total active reflection coefficient and so on. Therefore, these simulation results prove that the proposed wideband MIMO directional antenna array is a suitable candidate for X-band communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a numerical study on the equivalent permeability of a fractured rock. A series of two-dimensional discrete fracture network (DFN) models for the calculation of equivalent permeability are generated based on discrete element method (DEM). A sufficient large "parent" DFN model is generated based on the data obtained from a site investigation result of Three Gorges Project in China. Smaller DFN models are extracted from the large "parent" DFN model to calculate the equivalent permeability with an interval of rotation angle of 1 5 ∘ . Fluid flow through fractures in both horizontal and vertical directions is simulated. The results show that when the side length of DFN models are larger than 40 m, the equivalent permeability of both k x and k y become stable, indicating that a DFN model size of 40 m can be approximated as a representative elementary volume (REV) for those studied rocks. Penetration ellipses are fitted using the least square method on the basis of the calculated equivalent permeability tensor and the main seepage directions of this fractured rock were determined as 63–67 ∘ . Fractal characteristics of DFN models are analyzed with box-counting method by changing the fracture trace length and fracture density, and the results show that equivalent permeability exhibits a logarithmic increasing trend with the increment of fractal dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A directional two-element mm-wave dipole antenna array with reconfigurable patterns is presented in this paper. An substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) 90° coupler is used to realize reconfigurable patterns of the antenna array. The two dipole elements are parallel in space, and there is a distance of λ0/4 (λ0 is the wavelength of the free space) between them. When the two inputs of the 90° coupler are excited, respectively, two completely opposite radiation patterns are able to be achieved. In order to further enhance the directivity of the proposed antenna, two groups of novel zero-index metamaterials and three metallic strips are introduced. As a consequence, a 0.7-1.2 dBi gain enhancement and reduced back lobe are obtained within the working frequencies. The measured amplitudes of S11 and S22 are below -10 dB from 45.5 to 49.5 GHz, and the measured gain is all great than 5 dBi within this band.

Topology control is one of the most essential technologies in wireless sensor networks (WSNs); it constructs networks with certain characteristics through the usage of some approaches, such as power control and channel assignment, thereby reducing the inter-nodes interference and the energy consumption of the network. It is closely related to the efficiency of upper layer protocols, especially MAC and routing protocols, which are the same as underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs). Directional antenna technology (directional transducer in UASNs) has great advantages in minimizing interference and conserving energy by restraining the beamforming range. It enables nodes to communicate with only intended neighbors; nevertheless, additional problems emerge, such as how to guarantee the connectivity of the network. This paper focuses on the connectivity problem of UASNs equipped with tri-modal directional transducers, where the orientation of a transducer is stabilized after the network is set up. To efficiently minimize the total network energy consumption under constraint of connectivity, the problem is formulated to a minimum network cost transducer orientation (MNCTO) problem and is provided a reduction from the Hamiltonian path problem in hexagonal grid graphs (HPHGG), which is proved to be NP-complete. Furthermore, a heuristic greedy algorithm is proposed for MNCTO. The simulation evaluation results in a contrast with its omni-mode peer, showing that the proposed algorithm greatly reduces the network energy consumption by up to nearly half on the premise of satisfying connectivity.

This article proposes an analysis of the Motion-Directional Construction in Chinese in the Conceptual-Cognitive approach as outlined by Jackendoff and Langacker. This article first argues that the Motion-Directional Construction consists of conceptual subordination, expressing different mental spaces. Then, it examines the syntactic and semantic behaviors of the construction arguing that it is more like a constructional idiom. In particular, we discuss the case of pa ‘climb’ and generalize further that the motion verbs in Chinese typically express manners of movement. Within the Conceptual Semantics, we argue that a level of grammatical relation may not be necessary; it is the argument and conceptual structures that we need in the cognitive structure. Finally, we present the data and suggest the typological relevance of the Motion-Directional Construction.

Background: Acute dyskinesias elicited by STN-DBS, here referred to as stimulation-induced dyskinesias, predict optimal clinical outcome in PD. However, it remains elusive whether stimulation-induced dyskinesias can guide DBS programming.Objectives: Here, we characterized stimulation-induced dyskinesias clinically and anatomically. We then tested whether dyskinesia-inducing contacts could be effectively programmed using independent current source technology.Methods: We characterized stimulation-induced dyskinesias with directional and ring stimulation retrospectively in 20 patients. We then localized dyskinesia-inducing contacts by imaging coregistration and eventually programmed those contacts.Results: We elicited dyskinesias in half of our patients. Dyskinesia-inducing contacts were mainly directional and were all located ventrally within the dorsolateral motor STN. When these dyskinesia-inducing contacts were programmed using independent current source technology, dyskinesia disappeared and robust antibradykinetic effects were obtained.Conclusion: We confirm that stimulation-induced dyskinesias are helpful clinical observations, which may guide programming of directional STN-DBS in PD. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based directional acoustic sensors operating in an underwater environment are explored. The studied sensors consist of a free-standing single wing or two wings pivoted to a substrate. The sensors operate in a narrow frequency band determined by the resonant frequency of the mechanical structure. The electronic readout of the mechanical response is obtained using interdigitated comb finger capacitors attached to the wings. The characteristics of MEMS sensors immersed in silicone oil are simulated using finite element modeling. The performance of the sensors is evaluated both in air and underwater. For underwater testing and operation, the sensors are packaged in a housing containing silicone oil, which was specially developed to present near unity acoustic transmission. The measurements show that the resonant frequency of the sensors obtained in air shifts to a lower frequency when immersed in silicone oil, which is primarily due to the mass loading of the liquid. The peak sensitivity of the MEMS sensors is approximately 6 mV/Pa or −165 dB re 1 V/μPa, and the directional response shows a dipole pattern. The signal-to-noise ratio was found to be about 200 or 23 dB at 1 Pa incident sound pressure. The results show the potential of MEMS sensors to be used in underwater applications for sound source localization.

This paper discusses how verbal directional markers are used to encode stative spatial relations in the Oceanic language Äiwoo. It argues that the apparent reversal of directional meaning in stative expressions, where 'up' is used in expressions meaning 'underneath', 'down' in expressions meaning 'above', and 'out' in expressions meaning 'inside', can be explained by a fictive motion analysis where the figure is construed as metaphorically moving towards the ground. It moreover argues that in expressions where motion leads to a resulting spatial configuration, where 'up' means 'on top of' rather than 'underneath', this reading is overridden by the so-called goal bias, whereby the resultant configuration is more cognitively salient than the motion producing it. It suggests that the linguistic construal of stative spatial relations may to some extent be correlated with the formal means of expression, where marking by adpositions favours a 'search domain' construal whereas encoding within the verb favours a 'fictive path' construal. It thus provides a new angle on the linguistic encoding of spatial relations, an area which has been subject to much research within cognitive linguistics, but which so far has paid little attention to the possibility of encoding stative spatial relations within the verb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A directional slot antenna with a squared arch structure for Wi-Fi applications is proposed in this communication. In general, one antenna can hardly obtain a nonsplitting and relatively consistent radiation beam in both the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. A relatively consistent horizontal beamwidth in the dual bands is desired to maintain the same sector signal coverage and avoid interfering with adjacent sectors to maximize the data transmission in usage scenarios such as a sports stadium and warehouse. With a squared arch design, the proposed slot antenna can keep the H-plane beamwidth relatively the same in the dual bands. The slot antenna achieves good matching in both the 2.4 (2.4–2.5 GHz) and 5 GHz (4.9–5.9 GHz) bands, and good vertical polarization. An expression describing the condition of generating a nonsplitting beam is derived as a function of the source spacing, and can be used to guide the arch design. Finally, the proposed slot antenna with the squared arch structure is validated by both simulations and measurements of a prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies of adaptive radiation in animals focus on resource competition as the primary driver of trait divergence. The roles of other ecological interactions in shaping divergent phenotypes during such radiations have received less attention. We evaluate natural enemies as primary agents of diversifying selection on the phenotypes of an actively diverging lineage of gall midges on tall goldenrod. In this system, the gall of the midge consists of a biotrophic fungal symbiont that develops on host-plant leaves and forms distinctly variable protective carapaces over midge larvae. Through field studies, we show that fungal gall morphology, which is induced by midges (i.e., it is an extended phenotype), is under directional and diversifying selection by parasitoid enemies. Overall, natural enemies disruptively select for either small or large galls, mainly along the axis of gall thickness. These results imply that predators are driving the evolution of phenotypic diversity in symbiotic defense traits in this system and that divergence in defensive morphology may provide ecological opportunities that help to fuel the adaptive radiation of this genus of midges on goldenrods. This enemy-driven phenotypic divergence in a diversifying lineage illustrates the potential importance of consumer-resource and symbiotic species interactions in adaptive radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2008 Optovate have been innovating in Micro‐LED technology and micro‐catadioptric optical systems for display and environmental lighting applications. Results are reported, for the first time, of early demonstrations of array extraction of GaN Micro‐LEDs onto a TFT substrate using a proprietary patterned laser lift‐off process. Techniques to overcome the unique tooling challenges of micro‐catadioptric arrays and example fabricated components are reported. New display implementations are presented that leverage the precise optical beam control of Micro‐LED catadioptric technology and include switchable privacy, outdoors and night mode directional displays; flexible HDR‐LCD backlights; and AR/VR and projection HUD display illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]