Search

This thesis includes four parts to characterize Buffalo milk and veal chains at different chain levels, the objectives of the first part were to identify the diversity of different chains and more deeply to determine main actors along the milk value chains in three villages to understand how these chains work. Also, milk analysis was applied to study the effect of location on milk composition, milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and somatic cell count (SCC). Field visits and interview are used to collect data. Milk samples were collected from farmers through 2013/14. Results indicated that there were a short chain and a long chain. Short chain achieved higher profit for farmers and reasonable price for consumers compared to long chain. While long chain provide s a lot of jobs. MUN, SCC and milk composition could be used as diagnostic tools for different regions to identify the most priority services and extension needs at village level. The aim of the 2nd part was to suggest a methodology to characterize the diversity of dairy farming systems in Egypt to understand the traditional dairy sector. Data were collected from 65 farmers in three villages through three consecutive seasons. Based on multiple factorial and cluster analyses, six farmer s' group were identified. Milk production was a major activity in very small land farms, the sustainability of this sector facing the lack of technical support and lack of pricing system for milk and feedstuffs, more governmental and NGOs projects needed to supply farmers with high quality forage seeds, high producing animals and veterinary services. So, considering the diversity of farming systems, one agricultural policy will not fit all farmers' categories taking into account the region and the season. The objective of the 3rd part was to apply a SWOT analysis on a traditional milk chain, particularly buffalo skimmed milk chain around greater Cairo, which considered as one of the main dairy markets in Egypt. Main stakeholders of the chain were farmers, milk collection points, milk collection center, and dairy processing units. SWOT analysis allowed highlighting the major role of social network to explain the flexibility and adaptation of this sector to the major constraints in linked with international competitiveness and national constraints, mainly on land access. These elements could help decision makers and developers to prioritize sustainable development activities in link with agriculture global agenda. The aim of fourth part was to characterize the veal supply chain using survey analysis for different actors along the chain and to understand the preference of some meat consumers to veal meat through comparing meat quality parameters of buffalo meat categories in Egyptian market including meat quality analysis of veal, fattening males and culled females. Survey analysis results indicated that 65 % of Egyptian farmers sold veal as early as possible. About 61 % of these farmers sold their animals for economic reasons, 14 % for technical reasons and 25 % for both reasons. Fat content and cholesterol levels were lower in veal meat compared with fattening calves or culled females; the same trend was observed for shear force value s and cooking loss percentage. These results explained why the veal meat is regularly consumed by elders, sick peoples and employees with limited physic al activities, veal showed high tenderness and more attractive color, in contrast veal contained lower fat and cholesterol levels.

Publication du projet européen LACTIMED (ANIMA / CIHEAM-IAMM); LACTIMED project conducted a report on dairy products market and international opportunities. This report aims at shedding light on production, international market, consumption trends and evolution, distribution channels, attitudes and behaviors of consumers.

Contribution WP4 - Deliverable D20. Projet FP7 : SUSTAINMED - Sustainable agri-food systems and rural development in the Mediterranean Partner Countries.; International audience; This report represents the second half of Work Package 4 (WP4) as part of the SustainMED project as part of D20. The objective of SustainMED is to examine the impacts of EU and national agricultural, rural, environmental and trade policies in the Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPCs). The specific aim of WP4 is to analyse the competitiveness of selected agrofood value chains in selected MPCs with this report presenting the findings from the fresh orange export chain. D15 presented an approach to competitiveness based on the principles of value chain thinking using the fresh orange export sector as the main unit of analysis to demonstrate this approach. D20 is a natural progression from this and using Global Value Chain Analysis (GVCA), we propose broad policy implications to improve the competitiveness of the sector. We first review the methodology and main findings from the Global Value Chain Analysis (GVCA) and then, using key informant information from project partners in MPCs plus Turkey, present the main policy recommendations as required in D20.

Average is a synonym for mediocre in the banana market dictionary. Although import prices stagnated in 2007 in comparison with 2006, intermediate costs have rocketed. Importers' incomes decreased. Conversely, Latin American producers; have succeeded in grasping a larger proportion of the value-added. However, the big winners are European distributors who are consolidating their power over the sector.

A growing number of studies in the transition economies have pinpointed the asymmetrical power existing in business-to-business (B2B) relationships between small suppliers and traders. The dependence of suppliers on their customers for inputs, access to credit and sales has been documented in both traditional and modern supply chains. In the Vietnamese vegetable market, which is characterised by extremely volatile prices, the abusive use of power by traders over uninformed smallholders is most likely. This paper highlights the contrasting case of a tomato supply chain co-ordinated by a trader supplying a modern distribution outlet. A case study approach with in-depth interviews of supply chain stakeholders (farmers, collectors, wholesalers, supermarket managers) reveals how one trader's response to customer incentives through commitment to quality and investment in selected growers has improved the terms of trade for upstream stakeholders in this tomato supply chain to Ho Chi Minh City. The case study reveals insights into B2B relationships and competitive strategy that may be adapted by other sectors for the benefit of those stakeholders at greatest risk from downstream concentration and the growing presence of modern wholesale and retail businesses in South East Asian countries.

Recent economic, political and demographic changes in Vietnam have led to a growing urban demand for quality vegetables. Despite consumers' concern for food safety (especially with regard to pesticide residues) and both public and private initiatives taken to promote the production and marketing of IPM and organic vegetables, the market for these vegetables is still limited to less than 5% of household consumption in Hanoi. We explore the problems of intra-chain coordination which may explain this situation. Based on insights from institutional economics, we compare different coordination devices (signs, standards, horizontal coordination, vertical coordination) in the chains labelled as quality vegetable chains (safe and organic), and in the chains of "ordinary" vegetables, using quantitative and qualitative surveys conducted between 2002 and 2004 on consumers, traders and producers of leafy vegetables supplying Hanoi. The research shows that those chains that are successful in selling safe and organic vegetables have developed strategies to integrate production and retail marketing in the form of direct retail marketing or contracts between farmers and traders. Quality control is mostly organised in an internal way within the cooperatives. Only the organic vegetable company has recourse to an external body. The paper concludes with the factors necessary for the development of safe and organic vegetable chains, including the promotion of horizontal and vertical coordination, and the design and enforcement of clear standards on food safety by the state.

The Drug Policy Modelling Project aims to develop new tools for policy makers to improve the ways in which evidence is used. A number of modelling approaches have been explored, and this monograph outlines the complex system scientists work. The first section outlines how drug use and drug markets are complex phenomena. Approaches from complexity - dynamical systems models; network theory; and multi-agent systems - are then outlined. The third section describes the development of a multi-agent system (the model called SimDrug) followed by a summary of the preliminary results arising from the model. The monograph concludes with considerations of future development of SimDrug.

JEL classification: C68; Q17; International audience; In this paper, we try to evaluate changes in welfare gains and their distribution due to trade liberalization when imperfect information is considered. The results of two versions of a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, using the GTAP database and representing goods as well as capital flows, are compared. In the first version, a standard world CGE approach is followed. In the second version we include risk aversion, imperfect information and production lag in the agricultural sector. After a brief description of the two versions, changes in welfare, represented by the income of two types of household (middle-low and middle-high) in three regions (Europe, United States, Rest of the World) after agricultural trade liberalization are presented. Theoretical and political consequences of the results are discussed.

The paper reports on the actors, activities and artefacts featuring in the journey from seed to plate of maize grown at Dzindi, a smallholder irrigation project near Thohoyandou in Limpopo Province. The objective was to document the local system of production, storage, transformation and transaction of this commodity. Data obtained from a survey of 21 plot holders were complemented with field observations and semi-structured interviews with actors other than farmers. Data analysis made use of the Triple-A framework for the study of filières vivrières (food commodity chains). At Dzindi, maize grew during summer covering about 60% of the total production surface. Production practices were a combination of modern (mechanised and chemical) and traditional (organic and manual). About 15% of the crop was harvested as green cobs, most of which were sold to hawkers. The rest (85%) was harvested as grain, 54% for home consumption and 30.8% for sale or donation. Maize kept for home consumption was stored and transformed into maize meal using two different storage and processing systems. Among many farmers, securing their annual household requirement was a primary concern. This was linked to the way in which they conceptualised household food security. Avenues for improving production of maize in function of the two purposes, i.e. selling as green cobs or harvest as dry grain, were identified.

The economic reforms have facilitated access to the market for both producers and consumers, leading to a reduction in self-consumption. The proportion of purchases in supplies currently exceeds 65% in rural areas and 95% in urban areas. The commercial commodity systems play an essential role in transmitting the consumption needs to the production units. How are these commodity systems organised - flows in space, stakeholders, types of transport? Their efficiency is evaluated in terms of competition, scale of transactions, price and income formation and quality, using the examples of three commodity systems destined for the domestic market: rice, vegetables, pigs. The market is characterised by a small-scale and competitive structure as well as by relatively short marketing chains, except in the case of the vegetables commodity system between the north and the south where wholesalers control the information on supply and demand. Contractualisation is rare. Traders have low commercial margins (15% for rice, 20% for pork, 45-50% for vegetables), which is a sign of efficiency, although they do not succeed in controlling the numerous risks which weigh on the market: cheating with regard to quality; production deficits or surpluses; non-payment in the event of sale on credit. Moreover, economies of scale can be achieved by regrouping production and improving transport. Vietnam is currently experiencing a certain degree of centralisation of its transactions, with the planning of wholesale and retail markets - which will reduce or even eliminate numerous points of sale - and the development of large volume distribution (the number of supermarkets doubled between 1997 and 2001). These evolutions will have negative consequences on employment for unskilled populations and will be unfavourable to producers, traders and consumers who do not have motorised means of transport; compensatory measures could accompany these developments. Finally, these changes reinforce the necessity for producers to draw together; in this way, they could indicate and control the quality of their products and increase their price bargaining power vis-à-vis the buyers.

This article presents a conceptual framework for the analysis of vegetable supply chains in a South East Asian context and the role wholesale markets play in these chains. Following a review of the literature on food marketing systems in developing countries and preliminary fieldwork in South East Asia, a holistic framework is proposed, including what are perceived to be the critical factors in the development of improved fresh food marketing systems: domestic legal and policy factors, international trade policies and food markets, history, geography, and cultural and social norms. The particular role of trust and collaboration among stakeholders in the Ho Chi Minh City vegetable marketing system is highlighted.

Les jugements sur le defaut d'organisation et d'efficacite des systemes alimentaires urbains en Afrique sont frequents mais sont rarement bases sur une estimation rigoureuse des criteres d'efficacite utilises et des racines des inefficacites identifiees. Cet article presente une evaluation approfondie de l'organisation et de la performance d'un certain nombre de systemes d'approvisionnement en productions legumieres en Afrique afin de mieux comprendre comment les productions legumieres et leur commerce engendre la satisfaction des consommateurs et dans quelle mesure ils creent des revenus. Une analyse de la filieres a ete conduite dans trois pays. Ces trois etudes de cas ont mis en evidence que les irregularites d'approvisionnement aboutissent a des strategies de commercialisation qui reduisent les risques de mauvaises performances avec a la cle des relations de confiance avec les fournisseurs, des paiements differes, de petites transactions et une souplesse des unites de vente. Cela peut etre au detriment d'une bonne efiicacite d'echange mais cela reste tout a fait approprie dans un contexte d'approvisionnement defavorable