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Tinea capitis is a dermatophyte scalp infection with a marked prevalence among the pediatric population. However, in the last few years, its epidemiology has changed due to increasing population migration worldwide. Host-specific and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of tinea capitis. Clinically, tinea capitis may present as a subtle hair loss accompanied by scalp scaling, alopecia with scaly patches, or alopecia with black dots. A more severe form of tinea capitis is represented by kerion celsi, which clinically presents as a tender plaque covered by pustules and crusts. If left untreated, this dermatophytic infection may resolve with permanent scarring and alopecia. The pathological changes found in tinea capitis are reflected by a spectrum of clinical changes. Zoophilic infections typically prompt an extensive inflammatory reaction, while anthropophilic dermatophytoses often lack inflammation and result in more persistent lesions. Tinea capitis typically requires systemic antifungal therapy. Griseofulvin, terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole are the main antifungal agents used. Currently, the duration of antifungal therapy varies based on the clinical presentation and type of dermatophyte involved. Through the reported cases and literature review, we aim to emphasize the importance of the early recognition of atypical variants of tinea capitis in immunocompetent children for the prompt initiation of systemic antifungal therapy, minimizing the need for prolonged treatment. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of regular laboratory testing during systemic antifungal therapy, particularly liver enzyme tests, to prevent adverse events, especially in cases requiring long-term treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Melanoma, a malignant tumor arising from uncontrolled melanocytic proliferation, commonly found in the skin but capable of affecting extracutaneous sites, ranks fifth among diagnosed oncological entities and is a significant cause of cancer deaths, constituting over 80% of skin cancer mortality. Genetic factors and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, from both natural and artificial sources, are the primary risk factors. Case Presentation: We reported the case of a 25-year-old female with numerous pigmented nevi and notable changes attributed to extensive indoor tanning sessions. Dermatological examinations and dermoscopic evaluations revealed atypical features in two pigmented nevi, leading to surgical excision. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed a compound nevus in one lesion and superficial spreading melanoma in the other, emphasizing the importance of vigilant follow-up and the correct use of immunohistochemistry. Discussion: Indoor tanning significantly elevates the cutaneous melanoma risk, with initiation before age 35 amplifying the risk by up to 75%, especially in young women. The risk escalates with cumulative sessions, particularly exceeding 480, and individuals undergoing over 30 sessions face a 32% higher risk. UVR induces DNA damage, genetic mutations, and immunosuppression, contributing to oncogenesis. Genetic factors, like the PTCHD2 gene, may influence the tanning dependency. Legislation targeting minors has been enacted globally but only with partial efficacy. Tanning accelerators, though associated with minor side effects, correlate with high-risk behaviors. The case underscores the urgency of addressing indoor tanning risks, emphasizing targeted awareness efforts and legislative improvements. Conclusions: In conclusion, the reported case highlights the increased risk of cutaneous melanoma linked to indoor tanning, particularly among young women and specific sociodemographic groups. Despite legislative measures, challenges persist, suggesting the potential efficacy of online campaigns involving relatable influencers to raise awareness and discourage artificial tanning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory, multisystemic disease which affects approximately 2–3% of the population globally, whose onset is triggered by genetic and environmental factors which activate both dendritic cells and keratinocytes, resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 17, interleukin 23, interleukin 22, and interleukin 1β. An in-depth understanding of the pathophysiology of psoriasis led to significant advances in the development of safe and efficient novel therapeutic options, with four classes of biologic therapy being approved for the management of moderate to severe psoriasis: tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors, interleukin 23 inhibitors, anti-interleukin 12/23 agents, anti-interleukin 17 agents, as well as small-molecule inhibitors, such as apremilast. Psoriasis is associated with comorbid conditions, namely psoriatic arthritis, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, psychiatric disorders, malignancy, as well as inflammatory bowel disease. For patients affected by both psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease, there is a strong recommendation to avoid IL-17 inhibitors since they may play a part in the exacerbation of the gastrointestinal disease. Our aim was to perform a thorough literature review regarding the development of inflammatory bowel disease lesions in psoriasis patients treated with IL-17 inhibitors, along with a case presentation to emphasize the need for close follow-up of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of both melanoma and glioma was first suggested by the observation of a familial association between these conditions, which was later confirmed by the description of the melanoma–astrocytoma syndrome, an extremely rare, inherited affliction in which people have an increased risk of developing melanoma and nervous system tumors. Taking into consideration the common embryologic precursor, the neuroectoderm, it was hypothesized that this syndrome is associated with a genetic disorder. While some families with germline CDKN2A mutations are prone to develop just melanomas, others develop both melanomas and astrocytomas or even other nervous-system neoplasms. Herein, we report the case of a 63-year-old male patient with no personal or family history of malignancy who had primary melanoma followed by glioblastoma. Our case report suggests that the occurrence of both melanoma and glioblastoma is most likely not coincidental but instead linked to genetic mutations of common embryologic precursors or signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatofibroma (DF) or fibrous histiocytoma is one of the most frequent benign cutaneous soft-tissue lesions, characterized by a post-inflammatory tissue reaction associated with fibrosis of the dermis. Clinically DFs have a polymorphous clinical aspect from the solitary, firm, single nodules to multiple papules with a relatively smooth surface. However, multiple atypical clinicopathological variants of DFs have been reported and, therefore, clinical recognition may become challenging, leading to a more burdensome identification and sometimes to misdiagnosis. Dermoscopy is considered an important tool in DFs diagnosis, as it improves diagnostic accuracy for clinically amelanotic nodules. Although typical dermoscopic patterns are most frequently seen in clinical practice, there have also been some atypical variants described, mimicking some underlying recurrent and sometimes harmful skin afflictions. Usually, no treatment is required, although an appropriate work-up may be necessary in specific cases, such as in the presence of atypical variants or a history of recent changes. This narrative review's aim is to summarize current evidence regarding clinical presentation, positive and differential diagnosis of atypical dermatofibromas and also to raise awareness about the importance of specific characteristics of atypical variants to better differentiate them from malignant conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory, multisystemic disease whose onset is triggered by genetic and environmental factors. Psoriasis has been associated with a wide range of comorbid conditions, namely metabolic syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, cardiovascular disease, psychiatric disorders, malignancy, as well as inflammatory bowel disease. Nowadays, patients affected by chronic plaque psoriasis may benefit from safe and efficient novel therapeutic options. Nevertheless, for patients affected by both psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease, there is a strong recommendation to avoid biologic therapy with interleukin 17 inhibitors since they may trigger an exacerbation of the gastrointestinal symptoms. Moreover, inflammatory bowel disease in psoriasis patients under biologic therapy with interleukin 17 inhibitors has been reported. In this paper we present the case of a 33-year-old Male patient with a long-standing history of chronic plaque psoriasis under interleukin 17 inhibitors, previously treated with metho-trexate. Throughout the period under immunosuppressive therapy with methotrexate, the patient mentioned mild gastrointestinal symptoms, who persisted after switching to biologic therapy. The patient correlated these symptoms with poor dietary habits. Nevertheless, the patient was referred to the Gastroenterology Department for further investigations. The correlation between the levels of the fecal calprotectin, the endoscopic and histopathologic examination of the biopsies from the terminal ileum led to the diagnosis of Crohn's-like ileitis possibly in the context of biologic therapy with an interleukin 17 inhibitor. The therapeutic approach consisted in cessation of biologic therapy with secukinumab and corticosteroid therapy, with proper control of the inflammatory bowel disease. The management of chronic plaque psoriasis consisted in initiating the patient on risankizumab, an interleukin 23 inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disorder associated with significant quality-of-life impairment and increased risk for allergic and non-allergic comorbidities. The aim of this review is to elucidate the connection between AD and most common comorbidities, as this requires a holistic and multidisciplinary approach. Advances in understanding these associations could lead to the development of highly effective and targeted treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Psoriasis is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disease associated with a wide range of comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, anxiety, depression, chronic kidney disease, and malignancy. Currently available novel therapeutic options for moderate-severe psoriasis include tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors, inhibitors of the interleukin 17, and inhibitors of the interleukin 23. Apart from the concomitant diseases psoriasis patients may have, biologic therapy may cause significant complications requiring close collaboration between dermatologists and physicians of different specialties. Consequently, it was our main purpose to provide an overview of each class of biologic agents, as well as of the most frequent adverse events they may cause in psoriasis patients with concomitant diseases. Psoriasis is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disease associated with a plethora of comorbidities including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, anxiety, depression, chronic kidney disease, and malignancy. Advancement in unveiling new key elements in the pathophysiology of psoriasis led to significant progress in the development of biologic agents which target different signaling pathways and cytokines involved in the inflammatory cascade responsible for the clinical manifestations found in psoriasis. Currently available novel therapeutic options for moderate-severe psoriasis include tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors, inhibitors of the interleukin 17, and inhibitors of the interleukin 23. Nevertheless, concerns have been raised with respect to the possible risks associated with the use of biologic therapy requiring close collaboration between dermatologists and physicians of different specialties. Our aim was to perform an in-depth literature review and discuss the potential risks associated with biologic therapy in patients with psoriasis and concurrent diseases with a focus on the influence of novel therapeutic agents on liver function in the context of hepatopathies, particularly viral hepatitis. A multidisciplinary teamwork and periodic evaluation of psoriasis patients under biologic therapy is highly encouraged to obtain an accurate management for each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) considerably alters patients' quality of life, often for extended periods, due to pruriginous skin lesions, impaired sleep, unexpected development of angioedema, and failure of conventional treatments in properly controlling signs and symptoms. Recent research focused on the development of new therapeutic agents with higher efficacy. Although the production of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies against certain allergens is not a characteristic of the disease, treatment with omalizumab, a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody, proved efficient and safe in patients with moderate to severe chronic spontaneous urticaria uncontrolled by H1-antihistamines. Ligelizumab, a high-affinity monoclonal anti-IgE antibody, may also efficiently relieve symptoms of unresponsive chronic urticaria to standard therapies. This comprehensive review aims to present recently acquired knowledge on managing chronic spontaneous urticaria with new anti-IgE antibodies. We conducted extensive research on the main databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) with no restrictions on the years covered, using the search terms "anti-IgE antibodies", "omalizumab", "ligelizumab", and "chronic spontaneous urticaria". The inclusion criteria were English written articles, and the exclusion criteria were animal-related studies. ClinicalTrials.gov was also reviewed for recent relevant clinical trials related to CSU treatment. CSU is a challenging disease with a significant effect on patients' quality of life. Current therapies often fail to control signs and symptoms, and additional treatment is needed. New biologic therapies against IgE antibodies and FcεRIα receptors are currently under investigation in advanced clinical trials. We reviewed recently published data on CSU management using these novel treatments. The development of new and improved treatments for CSU will lead to a more personalized therapeutical approach for patients and provide guidance for physicians in better understanding disease mechanisms. However, some agents are still in clinical trials, and more research is needed to establish the safety and efficacy of these treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pemphigus refers to a group of rare and severe autoimmune blistering diseases. Autoantibodies are directed against the cell surface of keratinocytes, resulting in a process called acantholysis. Considering that pemphigus has a molecular mechanism and that there is an immune response alteration during the disease, several possible triggers have been discussed, including pregnancy. However, pemphigus is a disease that rarely occurs during pregnancy. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, various anti-COVID-19 vaccines have been developed. In the literature, there are extremely rare cases of flares or de novo development of autoimmune diseases, such as pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid, within 2 weeks after COVID-19 vaccination. We are presenting the case of a 34-year-old patient, from an urban area, who is admitted to the hospital for a well demarcated eruption consisting of crusted erosions placed on an erythematous base, with a seborrheic distribution, including the scalp, face and trunk, with no mucous membrane involvement. The lesions appeared two months ago, in the third trimester of pregnancy, 5 days after the second-dose of COVID-19 vaccine. The onset of the disease was subtle with a transient small flaccid blister located on her left breast, followed by the scalp and trunk involvement. In order to confirm the clinical diagnosis, a skin lesion biopsy was performed that certified the diagnosis of foliaceus pemphigus. Given the patient's postpartum status at the time of hospitalisation and the clinical appearance of the disease, it was decided to initiate systemic therapy with methylprednisolone, approximately 1 mg/kg/day that was slowly tapered. Considering the relatively recent onset after vaccination and the low incidenceof pemphigus in pregnancy, we can hypothesise that the vaccine might actually be the trigger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the paper was to simulate the drug release by a multifractal theoretical model, as a valuable method to assess the drug release mechanism. To do this, drug delivery films were prepared by mixing poly(vinyl alcohol boric acid) (PVAB) and diclofenac (DCF) sodium salt drug in different mass ratios from 90/10 to 70/30, in order to obtain drug delivery systems with different releasing rates. The different drug content of the three systems was confirmed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis, and the encapsulation particularities were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and polarized optical microscopy (POM) techniques. The ability of the PVAB matrix to anchor the DCF was assessed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The in vitro release of the diclofenac sodium salt from the formulations was investigated in biomimetic conditions (pH = 7.4 and 37°C) by UV-Vis spectroscopy, measuring the absorbance of the drug at 275 nm and fitting the results on a previously drawn calibration curve. An estimation of the drug release kinetics was performed by fitting three traditional mathematical models on experimental release data. Further, the drug delivery was simulated by the fractal theory of motion, in which the release dynamics of the polymer-drug complex system is described through various Riccati-type "regimes." To explain such dynamics involved multifractal self-modulation in the form of period doubling, quasiperiodicity, intermittency, etc., as well as multifractal self-modulation of network type. Standard release dynamics were explained by multifractal behaviors of temporary kink type. The good correlation between the traditional mathematical models and the new proposed theoretical model demonstrated the validity of the multifractal model for the investigation of the drug release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]