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3. Single-cell multi-omics identifies chronic inflammation as a driver of TP53-mutant leukemic evolution

Author

Rodriguez-Meira, Alba, Norfo, Ruggiero, Wen, Sean, Chédeville, Agathe L., Rahman, Haseeb, O’Sullivan, Jennifer, Wang, Guanlin, Louka, Eleni, Kretzschmar, Warren W., Paterson, Aimee, Brierley, Charlotte, Martin, Jean-Edouard, Demeule, Caroline, Bashton, Matthew, Sousos, Nikolaos, Moralli, Daniela, Subha Meem, Lamia, Carrelha, Joana, Wu, Bishan, Hamblin, Angela, Guermouche, Helene, Pasquier, Florence, Marzac, Christophe, Girodon, François, Vainchenker, William, Drummond, Mark, Harrison, Claire, Chapman, J. Ross, Plo, Isabelle, Jacobsen, Sten Eirik W., Psaila, Bethan, Thongjuea, Supat, Antony-Debré, Iléana, and Mead, Adam J.

Published
2023
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5. Tamoxifen for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms: A Phase II clinical trial and exploratory analysis

Author

Fang, Zijian, Corbizi Fattori, Giuditta, McKerrell, Thomas, Boucher, Rebecca H., Jackson, Aimee, Fletcher, Rachel S., Forte, Dorian, Martin, Jose-Ezequiel, Fox, Sonia, Roberts, James, Glover, Rachel, Harris, Erica, Bridges, Hannah R., Grassi, Luigi, Rodriguez-Meira, Alba, Mead, Adam J., Knapper, Steven, Ewing, Joanne, Butt, Nauman M., Jain, Manish, Francis, Sebastian, Clark, Fiona J., Coppell, Jason, McMullin, Mary F., Wadelin, Frances, Narayanan, Srinivasan, Milojkovic, Dragana, Drummond, Mark W., Sekhar, Mallika, ElDaly, Hesham, Hirst, Judy, Paramor, Maike, Baxter, E. Joanna, Godfrey, Anna L., Harrison, Claire N., and Méndez-Ferrer, Simón

Published
2023
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6. Safety and efficacy of avapritinib in advanced systemic mastocytosis: the phase 1 EXPLORER trial

Author

DeAngelo, Daniel J., Radia, Deepti H., George, Tracy I., Robinson, William A., Quiery, Albert T., Drummond, Mark W., and Bose, Prithviraj

Subjects
Mast cell disease -- Diagnosis -- Care and treatment -- Risk factors, Biological sciences, Health
Abstract

Advanced systemic mastocytosis (AdvSM) is a rare hematologic neoplasm driven by the KIT D816V mutation and associated with poor survival. This phase 1 study (NCT02561988) evaluated avapritinib (BLU-285), a selective KIT D816V inhibitor, in patients with AdvSM. The primary endpoints were the maximum tolerated dose, recommended phase 2 dose and safety of avapritinib. Secondary endpoints included overall response rate and changes in measures of mast cell burden. Avapritinib was evaluated at doses of 30-400 mg once daily in 86 patients, 69 with centrally confirmed AdvSM. Maximum tolerated dose was not reached, and 200 mg and 300 mg daily were studied in dose-expansion cohorts. The most frequent adverse events observed were periorbital edema (69%), anemia (55%), diarrhea (45%), thrombocytopenia (44%) and nausea (44%). Intracranial bleeding occurred in 13% overall, but in only 1% of patients without severe thrombocytopenia (platelets In a phase 1 trial of patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis, avapritinib, a selective KIT inhibitor, was generally well tolerated, elicited durable clinical responses and led to reductions in mast cell disease burden., Author(s): Daniel J. DeAngelo [sup.1] , Deepti H. Radia [sup.2] , Tracy I. George [sup.3] , William A. Robinson [sup.4] , Albert T. Quiery [sup.5] , Mark W. Drummond [sup.6] [...]

Published
2021
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7. Murine double minute 2 inhibition alone or with cytarabine in acute myeloid leukemia: Results from an idasanutlin phase 1/1b study⋆

Author

Yee, Karen, Papayannidis, Cristina, Vey, Norbert, Dickinson, Michael J., Kelly, Kevin R., Assouline, Sarit, Kasner, Margaret, Seiter, Karen, Drummond, Mark W., Yoon, Sung-Soo, Lee, Je-Hwan, Blotner, Steven, Jukofsky, Lori, Pierceall, William E., Zhi, Jianguo, Simon, Silke, Higgins, Brian, Nichols, Gwen, Monnet, Annabelle, Muehlbauer, Susanne, Ott, Marion, Chen, Lin-Chi, and Martinelli, Giovanni

Published
2021
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9. Cardiac effects of deferasirox in transfusion‐dependent patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: TELESTO study.

Author

Sarocchi, Matteo, Li, Junmin, Li, Xiao, Wu, Depei, Montaño Figueroa, Efreen, Rodriguez, Maria Guadalupe, Hou, Ming, Finelli, Carlo, Shi, Hong‐Xia, Xiao, Zhijian, Oliva, Esther Natalie, Gercheva Kyuchukova, Liana, Drummond, Mark, Symeonidis, Argiris, Velazquez, Eric J., Rivoli, Giulia, Izquierdo, Miguel, Kolekar, Yogita, Spallarossa, Paolo, and Angelucci, Emanuele

Subjects
MYELODYSPLASTIC syndromes, IRON overload, FETOFETAL transfusion, DEFERASIROX, CONGESTIVE heart failure, IRON chelates, DIASTOLE (Cardiac cycle)
Abstract

Summary: Iron overload from repeated transfusions has a negative impact on cardiac function, and iron chelation therapy may help prevent cardiac dysfunction in transfusion‐dependent patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). TELESTO (NCT00940602) was a prospective, placebo‐controlled, randomised study to evaluate the iron chelator deferasirox in patients with low‐ or intermediate‐1–risk MDS and iron overload. Echocardiographic parameters were collected at screening and during treatment. Patients receiving deferasirox experienced a significant decrease in the composite risk of hospitalisation for congestive heart failure (CHF) or worsening of cardiac function (HR = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.99; nominal p = 0.0322) versus placebo. No significant differences between the arms were found in left ventricular ejection fraction, ventricular diameter and mass or pulmonary artery pressure. The absolute number of events was low, but the enrolled patients were younger than average for patients with MDS, with no serious cardiac comorbidities and a modest cardiovascular risk profile. These results support the effectiveness of deferasirox in preventing cardiac damage caused by iron overload in this patient population. Identification of patients developing CHF is challenging due to the lack of distinctive echocardiographic features. The treatment of iron overload may be important to prevent cardiac dysfunction in these patients, even those with moderate CHF risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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11. Spectroscopy of ¹⁶³,¹⁶⁵Os and ¹⁶⁴Ir

Author

Drummond, Mark Christopher, Page, Robert, and Chartier, Marielle

Subjects
530, QC Physics
Abstract

Excited states in the neutron-deficient isotopes ¹⁶³Os and ¹⁶⁵Os were identified using Jurogam and GREAT spectrometers in conjunction with the RITU gas-filled separator. The ¹⁶³Os and ¹⁶⁵Os nuclei were populated via the ¹⁰⁶Cd⁶⁰(Ni,3n) and ⁹²Mo(⁷⁸Kr,2p3n) reactions at bombarding energies of 270 MeV and 357 MeV, respectively. Gamma-ray emissions from these nuclei have been established unambiguously using the recoil-decay tagging technique and a coincidence analysis has allowed level schemes to be established. These results suggest that the yrast states are based upon negative-parity configurations originating from the νf⁷/₂ and νh⁹/₂ orbitals. The neutron deficient odd-odd nucleus ¹⁶⁴Ir has been studied using the GREAT spectrometer in conjunction with the RITU gas-filled separator. The experiment was performed using the ⁹²Mo(⁷⁸Kr, p5n)¹⁶⁴Ir reaction at bombarding energies of 420-450 MeV for 12 days. An alpha decay has been observed for the first time with an energy of 6880 ± 10 keV and a branching ratio of 4.8 ± 2.2 % and assigned as the decay of the πh¹¹/₂ state of ¹⁶⁴Ir. The energy of the proton decay of the high-spin state has been measured to a higher precision as 1814 ± 6 keV. The half life of this state has been measured to be 70 ± 10 μs. The DSSDs of the GREAT spectrometer have been instrumented using digital electronics for the first time and a pulse shape analysis has been performed to observe particle emission within the dead time of the detector.

Published
2013
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12. RETIREMENT: A Year in Review.

Author

Drummond, Mark A.

Subjects
Retired judges -- Management -- Social aspects, Pro bono legal services -- Influence -- Management, Company business management
Abstract

You know, I really should write all of this down," I remarked to my wife, Carol, as I stared into the box of vegetables while holding what I later learned [...]

Published
2020

15. Telomere dynamics and telomerase expression in chronic myeloid leukaemia

Author

Drummond, Mark William

Subjects
616.99419
Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder of the haemopoietic stem cell (HSC), with a variable clinical course. Chronic phase (CP) disease, typically of 4-5 years duration, progresses to accelerated (AP) and then blastic phase (BP), with the latter behaving as a particularly aggressive acute leukaemia of either myeloid (MBP) or lymphoid (LBP) lineage. Treatment is most successful when delivered in CP, and accurate prognostic indices are required to individualise treatment. Increased telomere shortening has been described during progression of CML, and may be of prognostic relevance. Paradoxically, telomerase activity (TA, as determined by the TRAP assay) has been shown to be elevated in the CP stem/progenitor cell (CD34+) compartment: however this may not accurately reflect telomere maintenance in-vivo. We sought to further define the prognostic significance of telomere shortening at diagnosis of CML, monitor the rate of telomere loss during the disease and characterise expression of the major telomerase components (hTR and hTERT) in CD34+ selected cells at diagnosis and during disease progression. METHODS: Peripheral blood leucocyte (PBL) telomere length measurement was performed by flow-FISH on cohorts of normal individuals, patients at diagnosis and all stages of CML. To define the degree of telomere shortening in individual patients at diagnosis ex-vivo expanded (BCR-ABL') T-cells were used as an internal control for 'normal' somatic cell telomere length. Expression of hTERT and hTR was quantified by Q RT-PCR and hTERT mRNA splice variants detected by RT-PCR. CD34+ selected cells from CML patients were confirmed as BCR-ABL+ by FISH. TA was determined by TRAP assay. RESULTS: Telomere shortening in CP and AP CIVIL patients progressed at 10-20 times the rate of age-related shortening observed in the normal control group. Furthermore, high-risk prognostic score patients at diagnosis had significantly shorter telomeres than low-risk patients. High purity CD34+ selected cells from CML, as compared to normal, demonstrated increased TRAP activity which correlated with the proportion of cycling cells. However, hTERT mRNA expression was not significantly elevated. Unexpectedly, Q-RT-PCR for hTR demonstrated a mean five-fold reduction in levels in the CML samples, raising the possibility that telomere homeostasis is disrupted in CML. In BP samples, hTERT expression was significantly lower in MBP than LBP and this was mirrored by a corresponding shift in hTERT splicing patterns. MBP hTERT expression correlated inversely with telomere length. CONCLUSIONS; In summary, increased TRAP activity is not synonymous with telomere maintenance in CML, and dysregulated expression of hTR may contribute to the telomere loss observed in these patients. Indeed TRAP activity appeared largely dependent on the proportion of cycling cells. In the context of progressive (i.e. BP) disease, hTERT expression is lineage and telomere length dependent, thus explaining inconsistent reports of TA levels in BP samples. We have also demonstrated that subtle shifts in splicing of hTERT mRNA is likely to have a regulatory role in primary HSC. In prognostic terms telomere shortening in CML is greatest in high-risk score patients at diagnosis, and occurs rapidly during disease progression. These data further emphasise the potential clinical utility of telomere length measurement for prognostic modelling and monitoring of disease progression.

Published
2003
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18. An Updated Analysis on Safety and Efficacy of Avapritinib in Patients with Advanced Systemic Mastocytosis from the Explorer Clinical Study: Long-Term Efficacy and Safety

Author

DeAngelo, Daniel J., Radia, Deepti H., George, Tracy I., Robinson, William A., Quiery, Albert T., Drummond, Mark W., Bose, Prithviraj, Hexner, Elizabeth O., Winton, Elliott, Horny, Hans-Peter, Tugnait, Meera, Lin, Hui-Min, Dimitrijević, Saša, Munoz-Gonzalez, Javier I., Bidollari, Ilda, Deininger, Michael W., and Gotlib, Jason

Published
2022
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19. Ruxolitinib Versus Best Available Therapy for PV Intolerant or Resistant to Hydroxycarbamide in a Randomized Trial

Author

Harrison, Claire, Nangalia, Jyoti, Boucher, Rebecca H., Jackson, Aimee, Yap, Christina, O'Sullivan, Jennifer, Fox, Sonia, Ailts, Isaak, Dueck, Amylou C, Geyer, Holly L., Mesa, Ruben, Dunn, William, Nadezhdin, Eugene, Curto-Garcia, Natalia, Green, Anna, Wilkins, Bridget, Coppell, Jason, Laurie, John, Garg, Mamta, Ewing, Joanne, Knapper, Steve, Crowe, Josephine, Koutsavlis, Ioannis, Godfrey, Anna L, Arami, Siamak, Drummond, Mark W., Byrne, Jennifer, Clark, Fiona J, Mead-Harvey, Carolyn, Baxter, Joanna E, McMullin, Mary Frances, and Mead, Adam J

Published
2022
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26. Safety and Efficacy of Fedratinib in Patients With Primary or Secondary Myelofibrosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Author

Pardanani, Animesh, Harrison, Claire, Cortes, Jorge E., Cervantes, Francisco, Mesa, Ruben A., Milligan, Donald, Masszi, Tamás, Mishchenko, Elena, Jourdan, Eric, Vannucchi, Alessandro M., Drummond, Mark W., Jurgutis, Mindaugas, Kuliczkowski, Kazimierz, Gheorghita, Emanuil, Passamonti, Francesco, Neumann, Frank, Patki, Abhay, Gao, Guozhi, and Tefferi, Ayalew

Published
2015
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29. Land-use and land-cover change in three Corn Belt ecoregions: similarities and differences

Author

Auch, Roger F., Laingen, Chris, Drummond, Mark A., Sayler, Kristi L., Reker, Ryan R., Bouchard, Michelle A., and Danielson, Jeffery J.

Subjects
United States. Department of Agriculture, Corn, Land use -- Indiana -- Iowa -- Minnesota -- Illinois -- Ohio, Geography
Abstract

Introduction The term 'Corn Belt' in the United States evokes a vision of corn and soybean fields that stretch unbroken from Ohio to Nebraska and Missouri to Minnesota, dotted with [...]

Published
2013

33. 3031 – CHROMOTHRIPSIS AND LEUKEMIC TRANSFORMATION IN MPN

Author

Brierley, Charlotte, Yip, Bon Ham, Orlando, Giulia, Goyal, Harsh, Wen, Sean, Wen, Jeremy, Levine, Max, Rodriguez-Meira, Alba, Adamo, Assunta, Bashton, Matthew, Hamblin, Angela, Clark, Sally Ann, Fletcher, Rachel, Fox, Sonia, Gaskell, Charlotte, O'Sullivan, Jennifer, Murphy, Lauren, Sousos, Nikolaos, Enshai, Amir, Harrison, Claire, Drummond, Mark, Knapper, Steven, Antony-Debre, Ileana, Thongjuea, Supat, Constantinescu, Stefan, Papaemmanuil, Elli, Psaila, Bethan, Crispino, John, and Mead, Adam

Published
2023
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35. Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis

Author

Harrison, Claire N., Bareford, David, Butt, Nauman, Campbell, Peter, Conneally, Eibhlean, Drummond, Mark, Erber, Wendy, Everington, Tamara, Green, Anthony R., Hall, Georgina W., Hunt, Beverley J., Ludlam, Christopher A., Murrin, Richard, Nelson-Piercy, Catherine, Radia, Deepti H., Reilly, John T., Van der Walt, Jon, Wilkins, Bridget, and McMullin, Mary F.

Published
2010
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38. Combination romidepsin and azacitidine therapy is well tolerated and clinically active in adults with high‐risk acute myeloid leukaemia ineligible for intensive chemotherapy.

Author

Loke, Justin, Metzner, Marlen, Boucher, Rebecca, Jackson, Aimee, Hopkins, Louise, Pavlu, Jiri, Tholouli, Eleni, Drummond, Mark, Peniket, Andy, Bishop, Rebecca, Fox, Sonia, Vyas, Paresh, and Craddock, Charles

Subjects
ACUTE myeloid leukemia, AZACITIDINE, HISTONE deacetylase inhibitors, NUCLEOTIDE sequencing, CANCER chemotherapy, CHRONIC leukemia
Abstract

Summary: Azacitidine (AZA) is important in the management of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) who are ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. Romidepsin (ROM) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor which synergises with AZA in vitro. The ROMAZA trial established the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of combined ROM/AZA therapy in patients with AML, as ROM 12 mg/m2 on Days 8 and 15, with AZA 75 mg/m2 administered for 7/28 day cycle. Nine of the 38 (23·7%) patients treated at the MTD were classified as responders by Cycle 6 (best response: complete remission [CR]/incomplete CR n = 7, partial response n = 2). Correlative next‐generation sequencing studies demonstrated important insights into therapy resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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39. Updated results of the placebo‐controlled, phase III JAKARTA trial of fedratinib in patients with intermediate‐2 or high‐risk myelofibrosis.

Author

Pardanani, Animesh, Tefferi, Ayalew, Masszi, Tamás, Mishchenko, Elena, Drummond, Mark, Jourdan, Eric, Vannucchi, Alessandro, Jurgutis, Mindaugas, Ribrag, Vincent, Rambaldi, Alessandro, Koh, Liang Piu, Rose, Shelonitda, Zhang, Jun, and Harrison, Claire

Subjects
MYELOFIBROSIS, SPLEEN, REGULATORY approval, BRAIN diseases
Abstract

Summary: Fedratinib, an oral Janus kinase‐2 (JAK2) inhibitor, reduces splenomegaly and improves symptom burden in patients with myelofibrosis. Regulatory approval of fedratinib 400‐mg daily was based on results of an updated analysis of the pivotal phase III, placebo‐controlled JAKARTA trial in patients with JAK‐inhibitor‐naïve myelofibrosis. At week 24, spleen volume response rate was 47% and symptom response rate was 40% with fedratinib 400 mg, versus 1% and 9% respectively, with placebo. Common adverse events were diarrhoea, nausea, anaemia, and vomiting. No Wernicke encephalopathy occurred in patients receiving fedratinib 400 mg/day. These updated data support use of first‐line fedratinib in patients with myelofibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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41. Crew-Centered Operations: What HAL 9000 Should Have Been

Author

Korsmeyer, David J, Clancy, Daniel J, Crawford, James M, and Drummond, Mark E

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

To date, manned space flight has maintained the locus of control for the mission on the ground. Mission control performs tasks such as activity planning, system health management, resource allocation, and astronaut health monitoring. Future exploration missions require the locus of control to shift to on-board due light speed constraints and potential loss of communication. The lunar campaign must begin to utilize a shared control approach to validate and understand the limitations of the technology allowing astronauts to oversee and direct aspects of operation that require timely decision making. Crew-centered Operations require a system-level approach that integrates multiple technologies together to allow a crew-prime concept of operations. This paper will provide an overview of the driving mission requirements, highlighting the limitations of existing approaches to mission operations and identifying the critical technologies necessary to enable a crew-centered mode of operations. The paper will focus on the requirements, trade spaces, and concepts for fulfillment of this capability. The paper will provide a broad overview of relevant technologies including: Activity Planning and Scheduling; System Monitoring; Repair and Recovery; Crew Work Practices.

Published
2005

43. A methodology to determine impact of robotic technologies on space exploration missions

Author

Howard, Ayanna, Lincoln, William, Manvi, Ramachandra, Guillermo, Rodriguez, Weisbin, Charles R, and Drummond, Mark

Subjects
Cybernetics, Artificial Intelligence And Robotics
Abstract

This paper presents a new method for evaluating relative strengths and impact of robotic technologies utilized for space exploration missions.

Published
2004

46. 3170 – SINGLE-CELL MULTI-OMICS RESOLVES THE EVOLUTION OF TP53-MUTANT LEUKEMIA

Author

Rodriguez-Meira, Alba, Norfo, Ruggiero, Wen, Wei, Chedeville, Agathe, Rahman, Haseeb, O'Sullivan, Jennifer, Wang, Guanlin, Louka, Eleni, Kretzschmar, Warren, Paterson, Aimee, Brierley, Charlotte, Martin, Jean-Edouard, Demeule, Caroline, Bashton, Matthew, Sousos, Nikolaos, Hamblin, Angela, Guermouche, Helene, Pasquier, Florence, Marzac, Christophe, Girodon, François, Drummond, Mark, Harrison, Claire, Plo, Isabelle, Jacobsen, Sten Eirik, Psaila, Bethan, Thongjuea, Supat, Antony-Debré, Iléana, and Mead, Adam

Published
2022
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48. Correlation of Quality of Life between Treatment Outcomes in the Majic Study Which Compared Ruxolitinib to Best Available Therapy in Polycythemia Vera

Author

Ailts, Isaak, Mead-Harvey, Carolyn, Mead, Adam J., Fox, Sonia, Boucher, Rebecca H., Yap, Christina, Saha, Chandan, Scherber, Robyn, Jackson, Aimee, Ewing, Joanne, Coppell, Jason, Knapper, Steve, Drummond, Mark W., Godfrey, Anna L, Dueck, Amylou C., McMullin, Mary Frances, Mesa, Ruben A., Harrison, Claire N., and Geyer, Holly L.

Published
2021
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49. Real‐world tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment pathways, monitoring patterns and responses in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in the United Kingdom: the UK TARGET CML study.

Author

Milojkovic, Dragana, Cross, Nicholas C. P., Ali, Sahra, Byrne, Jenny, Campbell, Gavin, Dignan, Fiona L., Drummond, Mark, Huntly, Brian, Marshall, Scott, McMullin, Mary Frances, Neelakantan, Pratap, Raghavan, Manoj, Sivakumaran, Muttuswamy, Tighe, Jane, Wandroo, Farooq, Willis, Fenella, Glen, Fiona, Fildes, Louise, Collington, Sarah J., and Ryan, Jacqueline

Subjects
PROTEIN-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, CHRONIC myeloid leukemia, CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors, NILOTINIB, PATIENT care
Abstract

Summary: Management of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) has recently undergone dramatic changes, prompting the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) to issue recommendations in 2013; however, it remains unclear whether real‐world CML management is consistent with these goals. We report results of UK TARGET CML, a retrospective observational study of 257 patients with chronic‐phase CML who had been prescribed a first‐line TKI between 2013 and 2017, most of whom received first‐line imatinib (n = 203). Although 44% of patients required ≥1 change of TKI, these real‐world data revealed that molecular assessments were frequently missed, 23% of patients with ELN‐defined treatment failure did not switch TKI, and kinase domain mutation analysis was performed in only 49% of patients who switched TKI for resistance. Major molecular response (MMR; BCR‐ABL1IS ≤0·1%) and deep molecular response (DMR; BCR‐ABL1IS ≤0·01%) were observed in 50% and 29%, respectively, of patients treated with first‐line imatinib, and 63% and 54%, respectively, receiving a second‐generation TKI first line. MMR and DMR were also observed in 77% and 44% of evaluable patients with ≥13 months follow‐up, receiving a second‐generation TKI second line. We found little evidence that cardiovascular risk factors were considered during TKI management. These findings highlight key areas for improvement in providing optimal care to patients with CML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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50. The associate principal astronomer telescope operations model

Author

Drummond, Mark, Bresina, John, Swanson, Keith, Edgington, Will, and Henry, Greg

Subjects
Astronomy
Abstract

This paper outlines a new telescope operations model that is intended to achieve low operating costs with high operating efficiency and high scientific productivity. The model is based on the existing Principal Astronomer approach used in conjunction with ATIS, a language for commanding remotely located automatic telescopes. This paper introduces the notion of an Associate Principal Astronomer, or APA. At the heart of the APA is automatic observation loading and scheduling software, and it is this software that is expected to help achieve efficient and productive telescope operations. The purpose of the APA system is to make it possible for astronomers to submit observation requests to and obtain resulting data from remote automatic telescopes, via the Internet, in a highly-automated way that minimizes human interaction with the system and maximizes the scientific return from observing time.

Published
1994

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