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We have fabricated the ZnFe2O4/ZnO (ZFO/ZnO) heterostructure on a silicon substrate by pulsed laser deposition technique and studied the magnetization switching by the electric field in the ZFO/ZnO heterostructure using an indigenously developed optical cantilever beam magnetometer setup. The magnetization (M) vs electric field (E) curve reveals that the magnetization of the ZFO film has been switched by an electric field applied along the thickness of the ZnO film. The saturation magnetization is found to be 28.77 MA/m from the M–E curve. The emergence of electric field-driven magnetization switching in the ZFO/ZnO heterostructure is attributed to the strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling between the electric polarization of the ZnO film and the magnetization of the ZFO film as evidenced by the butterfly-type hysteresis behavior of magnetization with the applied electric field. However, the realization of electric field-controlled magnetization switching in the ZFO/ZnO heterostructure is regarded as a potential aspect for the fabrication of energy-efficient spintronic devices such as magnetoelectric random access memory cells, highly sensitive magnetic field sensors, magneto-logic devices, and neuromorphic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric double layer effect in solid electrochemical systems is a key topic in energy storage applications. In this review, we outline recent investigations on the electric double layer effect of solid electrolyte interfaces by utilizing a semiconducting diamond surface as a probe of electrical charges at the solid/solid interfaces. Hall measurements with various solid electrolyte-based transistors evidenced that the electric double-layer effect strongly depends on the properties of the electrolyte and the very thin region from the interface. The unveiled features of the electric double layer at solid electrolyte interfaces are quantitatively discussed from the viewpoint of charge density and charging-discharging rate. Furthermore, applications of the unique switching response of the electric double layer transistors to neuromorphic computing are also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the performance of two non identical units repairable system are analyzed by using regenerative point graphical technique. Generally, the system has one operative unit and one warm standby unit. Fuzzy concept is used to find the reliability measures under imperfect switch. Regenerative point graphical technique and semi markov process are used to evaluate the reliability measures. Primary, secondary and tertiary circuits are used to describe the base state. The system is repaired by the available technician when any unit is failed or switch is under imperfect mode. The priority in repair is given to switch before working units. In this paper, the failure time and repair time follow general distributions. The tables are used to explore the reliability measures such that mean time to system failure, availability and profit values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gauging the extent of consumers' willingness to choose electric vehicles rather than conventional vehicles has become increasingly important. Based on the push–pull–mooring framework, this study aims to examine how these three factors influence consumers' intention to shift from conventional vehicles to electric vehicles. Based on 886 validated questionnaires from six pilot cities, findings reveal that push factors such as price consciousness and social influence are effective in convincing consumers to switch from conventional vehicles to electric ones. Moreover, pull factors, including perceived benefit and convenience, attract consumers to switch to EVs. In line with our expectations, mooring factors such as perceived risk and inertia have a negative effect on consumers' switching intentions. Furthermore, perceived risk and inertia significantly reduce the positive effect of push and pull factors on consumers' switching intentions. These findings provide important implications for China's transition to low-carbon transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following Vision 2040, Oman seeks to achieve economic diversification and environmental sustainability. In this context, the world's quest of going electric brings along opportunities as well as challenges. This study aims at determining the key barriers and facilitators of EV adoption in the country. This study examines factors such as consumer acceptance, engagement, and safe driving in relation to EVs, with a specific focus on Oman. To establish what Omani clients prefer, what worries them most, and whether they would consider making the switch to electric vehicles, empirical data on a sufficiently representative number of Omani clients were collected through a survey. According to the responses, 55% of the participants reported that they would be willing to think about purchasing an electric vehicle (EV) for their next car, which suggests a somewhat moderate level of consumer acceptance. Adoption is hindered primarily by concerns about the reliability of batteries in extreme weather conditions, high purchase prices, fear of running out of charge, and lack of sufficient charging stations. Most of the EV drivers appreciate the calm and ease of driving an electric vehicle. As the report states, certain actions must be taken, including creating public awareness through educational programs and campaigns, providing government subsidies or financial incentives, and creating the necessary infrastructure for charging equipment. To address these issues and quicken the pace of Oman's transition to electric vehicles, this calls for collaboration among policymakers, car manufacturers, and transport planners. Aside from offering actionable recommendations regarding eco-friendly means of transport in Oman, which is relevant to the acceptance of electric vehicles in the country, this research also enhances the understanding of the issues related to the acceptance of electric vehicles in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polycrystalline ZnO film is grown on a silicon substrate by the pulsed laser deposition method, and the electric field-induced magnetization in ZnO using an optical cantilever beam magnetometer setup is studied. The magnetization vs bipolar dc electric field measurements reveal the occurrence of magnetization switching in the ZnO film. The magnetization switching in the presence of an electric field is ascribed to the converse magnetoelectric (ME) coupling that takes place between the electrical and the magnetic order parameters existing in the ZnO film. We have found the strain-driven magnetization change as evidenced by the butterfly shape of the magnetization vs the electric field curve. A saturation magnetization of 13.31 MA/m is obtained. Moreover, a significant value of the ME coupling coefficient (α) (1.61 × 10−7 s/m) has also been reported in this article. The emergence of electric field-induced magnetization in a single polycrystalline ZnO film is regarded to be a very promising aspect in designing high-density energy-efficient spintronic and different multifunctional devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fascinating aspect of nanoscale ferroelectric materials is the emergence of topological polar textures, which include various complex and stable polarization configurations. The manipulation of such topological textures through external stimuli like electric fields holds promise for advanced nanoelectronics applications. There are, however, several challenges to reach potential applications, among which reliably creating and controlling these textures at the nanoscale on silicon, and with lead-free compounds. We report the realization of epitaxial BaTiO3 nanoislands on silicon, with a lateral size as small as 30-60 nm, and demonstrate stable center down-convergent polarization domains that can be reversibly switched by an electric field to center up-divergent domains. Piezoresponse force microscopy data reconstruction and phase field modeling give insight into the 3D patterns. The trapezoidal-shape nanoislands give rise to center down-convergent lateral swirling polarization component with respect to the nanoisland axis, which prevents the formation of bound charges on the side walls, therefore minimizing depolarization fields. The texture resembles a swirling vortex of liquid flowing into a narrowing funnel. Chirality emerges from the whirling polarization configurations. The ability to create and electrically manipulate chiral whirling polar textures in BaTiO3 nanostructures grown monolithically on silicon holds promise for applications in future topological nanoelectronics. Epitaxial BaTiO3 ultra scaled nanoislands (30−60 nm) on Si exhibit an electrically switchable topological center down-convergent polar pattern. The peculiar island shape induces a lateral swirling component, which confers chirality to the polar domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DC converter stations have a high voltage level, a long transmission distance, and complex internal equipment, and contain power electronic devices, which seriously endanger the stable operation of the system itself and the active distribution network at the receiving end when faults occur. Accurate fault analysis and diagnosis are critical to the safe and stable operation of power systems. Traditional fault diagnosis methods often rely on a single source of information, leading to issues such as insufficient information utilization and incomplete diagnostic scope when applied to DC transmission systems. To address these problems, a fault diagnosis method for converter stations based on preliminary identification of the fault range and the fusion of evidence information of the switch signal and electrical quantity is proposed. First, the preprocessing of converter station sequential event recording (SER) events and a statistical analysis of event characteristics are completed to initially determine the range of the fault.Then, a fuzzy Petri net model and a BP neural network model are constructed on the basis of the fault data from a real-time digital simulation system (RTDS), and the corresponding evidence information of the switch signal and electrical quantity are obtained via iterative inference and deep learning methods. Finally, on the basis of D-S evidence theory, a comprehensive diagnosis result is obtained by fusing the switch and electric evidence information. Taking the fault data of a DC converter station as an example, the proposed method is analyzed and compared with the traditional method, which is based on single information. The results show that the proposed method can reliably and accurately identify fault points in the protected area of the converter station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a 12 switch 31 L multi-level inverter (MLI) is proposed with the benefits of least switching devices for electric vehicle applications. In most electric vehicles (EV), conventional inverters are utilized so the lifetime of electric vehicle induction motors is reduced due to the high THD level and high voltage stress. To rectify this, a new inverter topology is proposed with minimum switching devices by increasing the level to 31, and also the THD should be maintained within IEEE standards. This inverter topology is constructed with variable DC sources (PV system) along with required capacitors and a polarity changer. The specific feature of this topology is that it can generate any level of voltage with minimum switching devices, less voltage stress, minimum THD, and less cost are tabulated in the comparison. This type of inverter can also applicable for high voltage (HV) applications and grid-connected systems. Furthermore, the proposed topology is simulated with MATLAB software and the downscale prototype model is developed using the DSPIC30f2010 controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive use of traditional solid fuels necessitates a clean transition to modern energy, yet rising costs hinder equitable progress, presenting a challenge that remains underexplored. Here we quantify household energy inequities in China and evaluate shifts during the cooking and heating transition by compiling data from nationwide questionnaire surveys and statistic datasets. We find that by meeting 42.6% of household energy needs at low costs, solid fuels sustain equitable energy consumption across different income groups, being measured by the Concentration Index (CI). However, energy burden inequity remains substantially with the CI value increases by up to 43% during the transition, particularly when moving away from biomass for cooking. Switching to electric heating with natural gas cooking would limit such increases by only 15.5%. The study underscores the negative equity impacts of solid fuel cessation, advocating for phased transitions and targeted subsidies to ensure a just clean energy transition. The study finds that low-cost solid fuels currently meet a large share of household energy needs, promoting equity in energy consumption, suggesting that clean transition could significantly increase energy burden inequity across income groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric machines form an essential part of a wide range of modern systems. When speed control is required, the use of pulse width modulation‐based inverters is generally the solution of choice. It is also usual to connect the machine to the inverter using a cable. The combination of these three elements produces the potential for voltages which exceed the dc link voltage to occur at the machine terminals. Methods for predicting the terminal voltage exist; however, these methods assume that the pulses applied to the system can be considered as isolated, discrete events. The authors highlight an issue with this assumption. When a switching event occurs, it will cause a voltage disturbance in the unswitched phases of the system due to the mutual coupling between the phases. If a second switching event occurs within a short time of this event the resultant voltage will interact with the previous switching event resulting in a higher terminal voltage than would be the case for an isolated event. This effect can be problematic for insulation design if it is not considered. This issue is demonstrated, with the worst‐case scenarios identified and potential methods of reducing terminal voltage being proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to acute crises dominating the societal discourse, such as the global consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the world continues to face the ongoing challenge of limiting climate change and achieving a sustainable transformation. Yet, in public discourse, the widely used terms "sustainability" and "transformation" are not clearly defined, and the understanding varies greatly depending on the industry and the stakeholders considered. One important transformation arena lies within the German automotive industry, as it is one of the country's biggest industrial sectors by revenue and the number of employees. In addition, the German automotive industry is currently going through a transition period due to the switch to electric drivetrains as the main propulsion technology opposed to combustion engines. Therefore, the following paper identifies the differing understandings of sustainability and according actions in the German automotive industry. Moreover, possible conflicts and prioritizations along the economic, ecological, and social dimensions of sustainability are presented based on an expert interview study. To do so, a structuring qualitative content analysis in combination with a descriptive approach was used focusing on the differing perspectives on sustainability of both the interviewees and their companies. The gathered data then allows to compare the aggregated individual and corporate sustainability perspectives in the German automotive industry, as well as comparing the sustainability perspectives of the interviewees and their respective companies case by case. The results suggest that there is a considerable discrepancy between individual and corporate understandings of sustainability. These differences can mainly be attributed to the companies' economically driven views in contrast to the individuals', mostly ecologically driven sustainability perspective. Moreover, several barriers and conflicts, rooted in the prioritization of economic gains, can be traced back to conflicts in the supplier pyramid. The identification of common transformation goals and measures among companies is necessary to enable a collaborative, sustainable transformation in the German automotive industry, which benefits all societal stakeholders in or attached to this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiferroelectric (AFE) ceramics with near-zero remanent polarization originating from unique electric field-induced antiferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition are of great importance for the application in the energy-storage devices. However, achieving the most widely optimized switching electric field and energy-storage performance of antiferroelectric ceramics has predominantly relied on A/B-site ion doping strategies, often accomplished through a series of experimental and analytical works. In this context, we propose a novel strategy of heterogeneous laminated engineering as a substitute for A/B-site ion doping. This approach allows for a more intuitive regulation of the switching electric field and energy-storage performance in antiferroelectric ceramics without the need for complicated workload. Namely, the ferroelectric Pb 0.99 (Nb 0.9 Ta 0.1) 0.2 (Zr 0.9 Sn 0.1) 0.8 O 3 (PNTZS) and antiferroelectric (Pb 0.875 La 0.05 Sr 0.05) (Zr 0.7 Sn 0.3)O 3 (PLSZS) were layer-by-layer laminated using a tape-casting technique. All heterogeneous laminated ceramics exhibit antiferroelectric characteristics, and the magnitude of the switching electric field can be controlled by regulating the ratio between PNTZS and PLSZS. Furthermore, the finite element simulation revealed differences in the local electric fields between PNTZS and PLSZS in heterogeneous laminated ceramics, resulting in a win-win situation for both polarization and the breakdown strength. A large recoverable energy density of 11.2 J cm−3 with ultrahigh energy efficiency of 94.2 % can be obtained under 56 kV mm−1. Moreover, the energy storage performance shows no obvious deterioration in a broad frequency range (1–100 Hz) and temperature range (25–120 °C). Particularly, the outstanding discharge properties with a large discharge energy density of 7.1 J cm−3 and a high power density of 263.7 MW cm−3 show great potential for energy-storage applications. To conclude, a new strategy is opened up herein for designing antiferroelectric energy storage materials, showing the great application potential in the pulse power devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geometric shape, symmetry, and topology of colloidal particles often allow for controlling colloidal phase behavior and physical properties of these soft matter systems. In liquid crystalline dispersions, colloidal particles with low symmetry and nontrivial topology of surface confinement are of particular interest, including surfaces shaped as handlebodies, spirals, knots, multi-component links, and so on. These types of colloidal surfaces induce topologically nontrivial three-dimensional director field configurations and topological defects. Director switching by electric fields, laser tweezing of defects, and local photo-thermal melting of the liquid crystal host medium promote transformations among many stable and metastable particle-induced director configurations that can be revealed by means of direct label-free three-dimensional nonlinear optical imaging. The interplay between topologies of colloidal surfaces, director fields, and defects is found to show a number of unexpected features, such as knotting and linking of line defects, often uniquely arising from the nonpolar nature of the nematic director field. This review article highlights fascinating examples of new physical behavior arising from the interplay of nematic molecular order and both chiral symmetry and topology of colloidal inclusions within the nematic host. Furthermore, the article concludes with a brief discussion of how these findings may lay the groundwork for new types of topology-dictated self-assembly in soft condensed matter leading to novel mesostructured composite materials, as well as for experimental insights into the pure-math aspects of low-dimensional topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern biology and biomedical engineering, the ability to accurately and efficiently separate and identify different biomolecules from complex biological samples is crucial for applications such as proteomics and cancer diagnostics. This study introduces a pioneering approach to amino acid sorting utilizing bifurcated nanofluidic channels constructed from stacked graphene membranes with tunable surface charges. Leveraging molecular dynamics simulations, periodic switching of an external electric field enables targeted sorting of amino acids with near 100% precision is demonstrated. Moreover, the velocity of sorting can also be controlled by varying surface charge, the strength of the electric field, and the temperature of the system. This approach significantly outperforms traditional methods by offering a rapid, scalable, and cost‐effective solution for analyzing complex biomolecular mixtures. The findings highlight the transformative impact of tunable surface charge in nanofluidics, not only providing breakthrough solutions to biomolecular sorting challenges, but also laying the groundwork for future applications in drug delivery and nanosurgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous worsening of the natural surroundings requires accelerating the exploration of green energy technology. Utilising ambient vibration to power electronic equipment constitutes an important measure to address the power crisis. Vibration power is widely dispersed in the surroundings, such as mechanical vibration, acoustic vibration, wind vibration, and water wave vibration. Collecting vibration energy is one of the research hotspots in the field of energy. Meanwhile, it is also an important way to solve the energy crisis. This paper illustrates the working principles and recent research progress of five known methods of vibrational energy harvesting, namely, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, friction electric, electrostatic, and magnetostrictive vibrational energy harvesters. The strengths and weaknesses of each method are summarised. At the end of the article, the future trends of micro-nano vibrational energy collectors are envisioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an enhanced indirect instantaneous‐torque‐control is proposed based on the torque sharing function approach of switched reluctance motor drives for electric vehicles by employing the jelly fish search. The major goal is to attain vehicle desires that include minimal torque ripple, maximum torque per ampere (MTPA), and huge performance and extend speed limit. First, a simplest analytic design is developed a determine more proficient turn‐on angle for the torque product. Second, an altered torque sharing function (TSF) is used for compensating the faults of torque tracking. The proposed technique is calculated to represent an accurate switched reluctance motor and its magnetized features. They have worked to create the machine model and execute the necessary transmits. The torque fault is evaluated and compensated inside the torque sharing function. The adapting TSF is compensates for the torque fault with receiving the phase because it is the minimal flux rate connecting variation. Finally, the jellyfish search technique is accepted to determine the optimal control parameters. The proposed strategies are done in MATLAB and its performance is contrasted with different existing strategies. According to the simulation result, the proposed strategy‐based accuracy is 94.2% at 50 iteration and 80% at 100th iteration which is higher than the existing methods. From this analyses, it proved that the proposed technique gives superior performance to existing one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing vector PFM (piezoresponse force microscopy) on high-density nanodot arrays, ferroelectric nanodots and domain structure in nanodot arrays were investigated in the current study. Accordingly, we identified four types of topological domain states based on the measurements of spontaneous polarization vectors vs writing results in nanodots. In addition to convergent and divergent domains with upward and downward polarization, double-center domains and triple-center domains were also identified. In addition, center domains could be reversibly switched under the electric field produced by the biased PFM tip, and their stability could be maintained by compensating the polarization charge with the accumulated charge. These stable topological domain states in discrete nanodots present an opportunity to further investigate their new properties in high-density memory devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐powered photodetectors with dual‐polarity response have great advantages in processing complex light information that is proven to be applied in switchable light imaging, optical communication, and spectral band distinction. Here, a novel strategy for designing self‐powered photodetectors by introducing the double symmetric Schottky junctions at the semiconductor‐metal interfaces is proposed, which guarantees the linear response characteristic and dominates the transfer of photogenerated carriers without external bias. Narrow bandgap semiconductor SnTe is employed as the photosensitive material. The bandgap is characterized to be 126 meV, showing great potential for wide spectrum response. As the consequence of selective excitation of unilateral Schottky junction and switching of electric field polarity, the device obtains a dual‐polarity photoresponse, which can be tuned from −14.8 to 13.5 µV. Moreover, an ultra‐broadband photoresponse from near‐infrared 808 nm to far infrared 10.6 µm is achieved with deep exploration of the working mechanism. The synergistic effect of photo thermoelectricity and photoconductivity created a high photoresponsivity of 0.35 mV W−1 excited by 10.6 µm at room temperature. This work provides a novel design strategy for self‐powered photodetectors with a dual‐polarity powered principle, which can take full advantage of the directivity of the photoresponse to identify optical information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonreciprocal quantum transport effect is mainly governed by the symmetry breaking of the material systems and is gaining extensive attention in condensed matter physics. Realizing electrical switching of the polarity of the nonreciprocal transport without external magnetic field is essential to the development of nonreciprocal quantum devices. However, electrical switching of superconducting nonreciprocity remains yet to be achieved. Here, we report the observation of field-free electrical switching of nonreciprocal Ising superconductivity in Fe3GeTe2/NbSe2 van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure. By taking advantage of this electrically switchable superconducting nonreciprocity, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept nonreciprocal quantum neuronal transistor, which allows for implementing the XOR logic gate and faithfully emulating biological functionality of a cortical neuron in the brain. Our work provides a promising pathway to realize field-free and electrically switchable nonreciprocity of quantum transport and demonstrate its potential in exploring neuromorphic quantum devices with both functionality and performance beyond the traditional devices. The authors demonstrate magnetic-field-free electric switching of superconducting nonreciprocity in Fe3GeTe2/NbSe2 heterostructures. They apply this to propose and demonstrate a proof-of-concept "neural transistor", a tetrode device that realizes an XOR gate with only a single transistor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, phase change materials (PCMs) have received extensive attention because of their applications in many fields, such as construction, semiconductor, energy and intelligent response switch. Organic‐inorganic hybrid materials (OIHMs) are wide applied in the preparation of PCMs due to their controllability of organic and inorganic components. In this study, we successfully synthesized an organic‐inorganic hybrid material (BTTD)MnCl4 (compound 1, BTTD=[(CH3)2NCH2Cl(CH2)3CH2ClN(CH3)2]. The purity of compound 1 was confirmed by PXRD. The crystal structure of compound 1 was analyzed at 300 K, 381 K and 400 K. The three different crystal structures prove the phase change of compound 1. According to the result of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), the phase transition of compound 1 is reversible. Moreover, the measured bandgap (Eg) of 1 is 2.25 eV. The dielectric constant of compound 1 fluctuates near 370 K, indicating the changes of electrical properties, so compound 1 can be used to cut off circuit. This temperature is close to the boiling point of water under standard ambient conditions. Therefore, this work provides a new direction for the design of intelligent response switch for electric kettle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a computer vision-based approach to switching electric locomotive power supplies as the vehicle approaches a railway neutral section. Neutral sections are defined as a phase break in which the objective is to separate two single-phase traction supplies on an overhead railway supply line. This separation prevents flashovers due to high voltages caused by the locomotives shorting both electrical phases. The typical system of switching traction supplies automatically employs the use of electro-mechanical relays and induction magnets. In this paper, an image classification approach is proposed to replace the conventional electro-mechanical system with two unique visual markers that represent the 'Open' and 'Close' signals to initiate the transition. When the computer vision model detects either marker, the vacuum circuit breakers inside the electrical locomotive will be triggered to their respective positions depending on the identified image. A Histogram of Oriented Gradient technique was implemented for feature extraction during the training phase and a Linear Support Vector Machine algorithm was trained for the target image classification. For the task of image segmentation, the Circular Hough Transform shape detection algorithm was employed to locate the markers in the captured images and provided cartesian plane coordinates for segmenting the Object of Interest. A signal marker classification accuracy of 94% with 75 objects per second was achieved using a Linear Support Vector Machine during the experimental testing phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the analysis of challenges and perspectives of the transition to electric vehicles as a sustainable solution for the transport sector in the context of global energy challenges and the need to reduce negative environmental impacts. With an emphasis on the energy situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the paper explores the possibilities of switching to electric vehicles (EVs) and analyses the effects of energy sources on CO2 emissions. The paper highlights the motivation to switch to EVs, driven by the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and rely on renewable energy sources. After analysing relevant studies, it is concluded that smaller and lighter electric vehicles have lower CO2 emissions and that the participation of renewable sources in electricity production reduces these emissions. The conducted analysis of the vehicle fleet specifies that the CO2 emissions of electric vehicles are not zero and that they depend on the source of electricity. Furthermore, other factors, such as the production of batteries, also play an important role in the overall environmental impact. Although the motivation to switch to electric vehicles is emphasized to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and use renewable energy sources, it has been shown that the CO2 emissions of electric vehicles (EVs) are not zero and significantly depend on the energy sources. Calculations performed on the vehicle fleet of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the year 2021, using Copert as the tool, showed that vehicles driven by fossil fuels emit about 1.6 million tonnes of CO2. In comparison, if all vehicles were replaced with electrical ones, the CO2 emissions would be about 1.15 million tonnes. As for the required electricity to power EVs, it is calculated that the required amount would be about 1,539 GWh per year. This paper acknowledges the presence of emissions associated with battery production, storage, and disposal, as well as vehicles themselves. However, it does not delve into this issue in detail. Future research will aim to address this matter more thoroughly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolated bidirectional DC–DC converters are becoming increasingly important in various applications, particularly in the electric vehicle sector, due to their ability to achieve bidirectional power flow and their safety features. This paper aims to review the switch strategies and topologies of isolated bidirectional DC–DC converters, with a specific focus on their applications in the field of electric vehicles. From the perspective of topology, PWM-type isolated bidirectional DC–DC converters, dual active bridge converters, and resonant-type isolated bidirectional DC–DC converters constitute the three main categories of these converters. The paper further examines the traditional switch strategies of these converters and discusses how specific switch technologies, such as single-phase shift, expanding-phase shift, double-phase shift, and triple-phase shift, can enhance the overall performance of isolated bidirectional DC–DC converters. The paper meticulously examines the characteristics of each topology and control scheme, as well as their typical use cases in practical applications. Particularly, the paper delves into the applications of isolated bidirectional DC–DC converters in the electric vehicle sector and draws conclusions regarding their potential and trends in future electric vehicle technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of this review is the physical gelling of liquid crystalline (LC) phases. It allows the combination of order and mobility of the LC-phase with macroscopic stability, which makes it a soft material. Thus, the gelled LCs acquire properties of LC-elastomers without the need for complicated chemistry to allow polymerization and crosslinking. But, instead, an LC-material (either a pure compound or a mixture) can be mixed with a few percent of a gel-forming agent, which self-assembles into long fibers that span the volume of the gel and make it a soft-solid. The use of azo-containing gel-forming agents thereby allows us to make gelation not only thermo-responsive, but also photo-responsive (trans-cis isomerization). This review discusses the micro-morphology of the gelled LCs and their influence on the mechanical properties and the switching in external electric fields. In addition, the potential of reversibility is discussed, which is not only interesting for recycling purposes, but also offers a route to inscribe a complex director pattern into the gelled liquid crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers may anticipate regret when making purchasing decisions on a battery-charging vehicle (CV) or a battery-switching vehicle (SV). They anticipate a revolutionary regret when purchasing SVs with an extra switching function but a higher price, and a conservative regret at a lower price but only a charging function. This study investigates whether and how anticipated regret affects competing manufacturers' price and quality. We find that SV demand is always higher than CV demand, and anticipated regret always promotes electric vehicle (EV) adoption. Interestingly, the revolutionary regret discourages the development of the extra battery-switching function and weakens the consumer's preference for SVs. Then, the presence of only revolutionary regret causes a lose–lose situation where SV manufacturers reduce the quality level of the additional battery-switching attribute and thus intensify price competition for both manufacturers. SV sales cannibalize CV demand when consumers anticipate revolutionary regret. Moreover, the presence of only conservative regret has no impact on SV manufacturers, but affects CV manufacturers. When EV charging is convenient for consumers, CV manufacturers benefit from conservative regret; otherwise, CV manufacturers quit the market. Finally, when two kinds of regret coexist, the profits of both manufacturers are lower than when there is no regret and only conservative regret, but they are higher than when there exists only revolutionary regret. The results not only contribute to guiding the manufacturer to invoke or mitigate consumers' anticipated regret, but also provide advice to show or hide this regret for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bottom‐up assembly of premagnetized microgels offers remarkable flexibility in programmability, material selection, and complexity for fabricating programmable magnetic soft machines with discrete 3D magnetization profiles. However, the current microgel bonding encounters challenges due to the utilization of adhesives for attachment, biocompatibility for in vivo applications, and the need for elevated temperature for self‐healing materials. Here, an approach is presented that leverages N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester‐activated sodium alginate (SA‐NHS) and chitosan (CS) to form modular gels for on‐demand assembly through covalent bonding, yielding a tough and durable interface. Photolithography‐based patterning and magnetic maneuverability are imparted by introducing poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and ferromagnetic particles into SA‐NHS or CS, resulting in the creation of modularized magnetic or nonmagnetic microgels. Different magnetization profiles of the modular microgel can be achieved by magnetizing the ferromagnetic particles inside the microgel. To prove the versatility of the proposed method, several programmable magnetic soft machines are developed for various application scenarios, including heterogeneous cell‐laden hydrogel assemblies, multisegmented magnetic soft swimmers, programmable magnetic switches for electric circuits, and magnetically triggered release from drug‐encapsulated magnetic capsules. This proposed approach holds great potential to engineer highly intricate and hierarchical architectures, enhancing the functionality, versatility, and adaptability of programmable soft machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) is a multiferroic material that exhibits both ferroelectricity and canted antiferromagnetism at room temperature, making it a unique candidate in the development of electric-field controllable magnetic devices. The magnetic moments in BiFeO3 are arranged into a spin cycloid, resulting in unique magnetic properties which are tied to the ferroelectric order. Previous understanding of this coupling has relied on average, mesoscale measurements. Using nitrogen vacancy-based diamond magnetometry, we observe the magnetic spin cycloid structure of BiFeO3 in real space. This structure is magnetoelectrically coupled through symmetry to the ferroelectric polarization and this relationship is maintained through electric field switching. Through a combination of in-plane and out-of-plane electrical switching, coupled with ab initio studies, we have discovered that the epitaxy from the substrate imposes a magnetoelastic anisotropy on the spin cycloid, which establishes preferred cycloid propagation directions. The energy landscape of the cycloid is shaped by both the ferroelectric degree of freedom and strain-induced anisotropy, restricting the spin spiral propagation vector to changes to specific switching events. Previous understanding of the coupling between ferroelectric structure and magnetic texture in BiFeO3 has relied on mesoscale measurements. Here, the authors image coupling directly, showing a complex spin cycloid controlled with electric field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend a multimodal transport model to simulate an increase of the market share of electric vehicles. The model, which is described in detail in Kilani et al. (Sustainability 14(3):1535, 2022), covers the north of France and includes both urban and intercity trips. It is a multi-agents simulation based on the MATsim framework and calibrated on observed traffic flows. We find that the emissions of pollutant gases decrease in comparable proportion to the market share of the electric vehicles. When only users with shorter trips switch to electric vehicles, the impact is limited and demand for charging stations is small since most users will charge by night at home. When the government is able to target users with longer trips, the impact can be higher by more than a factor of two. But, in this case, our model shows that it is important to increase the number of charging stations with an optimized deployment for their accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization hysteresis is the defining characteristic of ferroelectrics, though the measurement of ferroelectric hysteresis is often complicated by artifacts such as leakage current and not all materials with apparent electrical hysteresis are ferroelectric. In this Letter, we have set up an operando second harmonic generation (SHG) system to track intrinsic ferroelectric switches under electric field, which is free from leakage current interference, thus yielding a signature for intrinsic ferroelectricity. Taking representative PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (PZT) thin films with different thicknesses as examples, the operando SHG system can capture ferroelectric hysteresis not only for PZT films thicker than 50 nm, for which conventional hysteresis measurement works, but also for PZT film as thin as 26 nm, for which conventional measurement fails due to the presence of large leakage current. Different domain evolution processes in these films are also illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domain switching not only exhibits a great effect on piezoelectric performance, but also serves as foundation of some ferroelectric applications, such as ferroelectric nonvolatile memories and nonlinear optical devices. Therefore, a thorough understanding in the process and mechanism of domain switching is of vital significance. In this paper, we observed the process of domain switching under electric field by controlling poling conditions. The domain structures, polarization orientation, and piezoelectric performance of K 0.52 Na 0.48 NbO 3 single crystals poled at different temperatures and electric fields were investigated. We found that the polarization-rotation in poling process of the crystals occurs in steps and along a specific conversion path: [ 1 ¯ 01] - [011] - [ 1 ¯ 10]. Furthermore, poling under specific conditions can construct specific domains, which can be used in optical-function devices and may significantly promote the design of new generation ferroelectric memory devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to uncover the attitudes, preferences, and perceptions of Hail residents toward electric vehicles (EVs) by employing a real-life survey-based approach. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the potential adoption and impact of EVs to clarify the picture of the transition from using traditional vehicles to using EVs in Hail City, Saudi Arabia. Hail is rapidly becoming a more urbanized city; in the past few decades, the city's area has expanded from 3242 to 17,526 hectares, and its population has increased dramatically from 82,900 in 1984 to 344,111 in present day. As a result, the city is facing increasingly difficult challenges related to rising vehicle emissions and environmental degradation. A survey was conducted among a diverse group of 346 participants. The survey results show an average of 3.15 cars per family, which indicates a strong connection with personal vehicles. The survey provides a comprehensive picture of the respondents' socioeconomic background, indicating an average household size of 5.8 people and an average monthly income of SR 13,350. The key findings from the survey reveal that approximately 52.3% of the respondents have 3–4 family members, and nearly half of the families own one or two cars. Government employees formed a major proportion of the respondents. The results show a significant inclination toward EVs, with 78.6% of the participants being aware of EV charging stations and 37.9% expressing a positive attitude towards switching to electric vehicles. Despite this, a large majority (88.7%) have never driven an electric car. The respondents' driving habits are further explored in the survey, which reveals an average of 2.1 h of daily driving. Furthermore, the respondents disclosed an average weekly fuel expenditure of SR 235. The results also highlight that the average weekly cost for fuel varies among the respondents, with most respondents spending no more than SR 300 per week. Additionally, this study examined the daily vehicle mileage, revealing that 37.9% of the respondents have a daily mileage of 51 to 100 km, which impacts the planning of charging station capacities and locations. The findings suggest a growing interest in EVs and highlight the need for strategic infrastructure development to support the anticipated surge in EV adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) is a favored topology in the industry, but its reliability is at risk with an increase in the number of sub-modules (SMs) due to a rise in switching components. The essential need for maintaining capacitor voltage balance in each arm leads to increased complexity and cost, as numerous voltage sensors are required. This study introduces an innovative approach to minimize the number of voltage sensors by employing an enhanced algorithm for open-circuit fault detection in switches. The proposed scheme organizes each arm into groups, each containing two SMs and one voltage sensor, aiming to reduce the overall sensor count. A novel fault detection mechanism is presented, identifying open-circuit faults by comparing group output voltages in healthy and defective conditions. The capacitor voltage estimation algorithm in the sensor reduction scheme is noted for its simplicity compared to other methods. The effectiveness of these methods is validated through simulations and experimental implementations across diverse scenarios, affirming their reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the design, fabrication, and analysis of a tunable device combining nanoparticle arrays that support collective surface lattice resonances (SLRs) with liquid crystals (LCs). The optoelectronic tunability of the nematic LC and the dependency of sharp SLRs on the refractive index of the environment are exploited to achieve spectral tunability. This tunability is electrically controlled by switching between planar and homeotropic states in the LC, which allows for a rapid and reversible tuning of the SLR wavelength with a large degree of control. This device also offers the possibility to switch "on" and "off" the presence of a quasi-guided mode in the indium tin oxide electrode. The manipulation of these resonances with an external parameter can be used to expand the functionalities of plasmonic metasurface devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum nitride is piezoelectric and exhibits spontaneous polarization along the c axis, but the polarization cannot be switched by applying an electric field. Adding Sc to AlN enhances the piezoelectric properties and can make the alloy ferroelectric. We perform a detailed first-principles analysis of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization. Comparisons between explicit supercell calculations show that the virtual crystal approximation produces accurate results for polarization but falls short in describing the phase stability of the alloy. We relate the behavior of the piezoelectric constant e 33 to the microscopic behavior of the internal displacement parameter u , finding that the internal-strain contribution dominates in the Sc-induced enhancement. The value of u increases with scandium concentration, bringing the alloy locally closer to a layered hexagonal structure. Our approach allows us to calculate the ferroelectric switching barrier, which we analyze as a function of Sc concentration and temperature based on the Ginzburg–Landau theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The importance of two‐level inverters is well known in EV applications; it contains significant unwanted harmonics in generated voltage. One of the most efficient way to increase power quality is to replace a two‐level inverter with a multilevel inverter (MLI). The MLI's essence considerably reduces total harmonic distortion. Eventually, the size of the filter requirement also will minimize. Because of the increased device count and capacitor voltage balance issues, these converters have a slew of reliability concerns. To mitigate these drawbacks, a novel switched‐capacitor based nine‐level inverter (SC‐NLI) structure with a new optimal control switching technique for electric vehicle (EV) applications is proposed in this paper. The proposed SC‐NLI structure comprises 10 switches, one diode, and two capacitors. The proposed structure's circuit description, modes of operation, proper component selection, and a new optimal switching scheme are presented. A discussion about the comparative analysis of suggested topology with currently developed MLI structures is presented. In addition, to the simulation results, experimental tests are conducted under various load conditions to evaluate the proposed SC‐NLI structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Monodisperse PVP/CdS microspheres with large refractive index are well prepared. • Fabricated devices are based on PVP/CdS according to subtractive theorem. • The devices exhibit the long-time holding of the earth-yellow state. • This study provide a new strategy for adaptive camouflage applications. Electric field responsive photonic crystals take on critical significance in developing adaptive camouflage technology, which are promising materials for adaptive camouflage devices with better fabrication processes and color saturation. However, electric field responsive photonic crystals are primarily susceptible to poor fusion with typical background colors and necessitate the continuous implementation of electric fields to attain specific colors, thus limiting their practical applications. Monodisperse polyvinylpyrrolidone modified cadmium sulfide (PVP/CdS) microspheres with large refractive index are well prepared in this study. Liquid photonic crystals, exhibiting earth-yellow and light green under specific electric field, are obtained with PVP/CdS particles dispersed in propylene carbonate in accordance with the subtractive color mixing principle of structural color and initial color. The resulting electric field responsive photonic crystals are characterized by a simple preparation process, fast electrical response, long-time holding of the earth-yellow state, and reversible color changes between earth-yellow and light green in −3.5 V and + 3.5 V electric field switching. This study can contribute to the development of color-changing devices designed for adaptive camouflage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrification of road transport is developing dynamically around the world. Many automotive companies are introducing electric vehicles to the market, and their popularity is constantly growing. The increasing popularity of electric vehicles is caused by individual countries' governments encouraging people to switch to electric vehicles and their lower operating costs. In 2022, the number of electric vehicles in China will exceed 10 million. Europe and the USA rank second and third in global electric car stock, respectively. The number of available electric vehicle models is constantly growing, remaining approximately 2.5 times smaller than the case of vehicles with an internal combustion engine. Among others, a significant limitation to the popularity of electric cars is users' fear of range and the density of the charging infrastructure network. This paper presents the objectives regarding public areas and charging stations around the European Union's comprehensive and core transport network. It is worth noting that the vehicle and charging point's charging connectors vary depending on the geographical region. Therefore, the currently used charging connectors for different regions are presented. Charging time depends significantly on the charging current, the power of the charging point, and the devices installed in the vehicle. The paper analyzes the limitations of charging power resulting from the onboard charger's power and the charging point's power. It presents the charging time of selected electric vehicles. The second aspect that is also the subject of user concerns and discussed in this article is issues related to the safety of electric vehicles. General safety indicators of such vehicles based on Euro-NCAP tests are characterized. Attention was also paid to more detailed problems related to active and passive safety and functional safety analyses. The issue of the fire hazard of electric vehicles was discussed together with modern experiences regarding post-accident procedures in the event of fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]