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A single male dragonet (32.3 mm standard length) (Callionymidae), collected from Saparua Island, the Moluccas Islands, Indonesia, is identified as Callionymus zythros Fricke, 2000. This specimen is the westernmost record of the species, which was previously known only from two localities, Wongat Island, Madang, Papua New Guinea and Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, Indonesia.

Catastrophic expenditure, defined as health care expenditure exceeding 10% of household income, remains prevalent in eastern Indonesia, highlighting the urgent need for targeted health policy and infrastructure interventions. This study investigates the impact of the Community Health Insurance Scheme (Jamkesmas) in reducing catastrophic healthcare expenditure in eastern Indonesia offering a new perspective by focusing on areas with lower Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and higher poverty rates. Using data from the 2012 Eastern Indonesia Family Life Survey covering a sample of 1,105 working-age individuals, logit and probit regression methods were applied. The findings revealed that Jamkesmas significantly reduced the likelihood of catastrophic health care expenditure, with effectiveness 1.8 times higher than that of individuals without health insurance. Exogenous factors such as age, urban residence, male gender, and marital status further supported this reduction. In contrast, barriers such as long distances to health facilities and limited knowledge of public hospitals increased the risk of catastrophic expenditure among workers. These results underscore the importance of expanding access to health services and improving the implementation of Jamkesmas in eastern Indonesia. By addressing disparities in health insurance coverage and healthcare facility distribution, the government can better mitigate catastrophic expenditures, supporting the achievement of the demographic bonus by 2045.

Background: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) drug treatment compliance remains a challenge in Eastern Indonesia. Aims: The study sought to determine which aspects of Eastern Indonesia's LF drug treatment compliance policies were most pertinent. Methods: The 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey data was employed. The analysis units were adults (≥ 15 years) who had received LF drug treatment. LF drug treatment compliance was analyzed based on respondent characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, wealth and comorbidities) using binary logistic regression. Results: The proportion of adherence to LF treatment in Eastern Indonesia was 73.1%. Respondent characteristics that influenced LF treatment compliance were age group > 24 (aOR = 1.374, 95% CI: 1.305-1.447), female (aOR = 1.307, 95% CI: 1.263-1.353), all educated respondent status (aOR = 2.152, 95% CI: 2.043-2.268), and all employed respondents (aOR = 1.437, 95% CI: 1.365 - 1.512). Married respondents and those with all levels of wealth status were less likely to take LF drug treatment. Conclusion: Policy focus on improving LF treatment compliance among the younger male, the less educated, the unemployed, and those with lower social economic status. Keywords: compliance, Eastern Indonesia, lymphatic filariasis, public health

Stunting has become a global priority in addressing health disparities among children. The study aims to investigate the autonomy of villages in reducing the prevalence of stunting in eastern Indonesia. The research data coverage is derived from sources with high credibility in Indonesia. The prevalence of stunting is obtained from the Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey by the Ministry of Health, while the Village Development Index is sourced from the Ministry of Villages. Panel data from 13 provinces in Eastern Indonesia for 2015-2022 are estimated using the Random Effect Model through the Generalized Least Squares method. The findings indicate that the Village Development Index significantly influences the reduction of stunting rates. This highlights the importance of local empowerment strategies in combating health disparities. Furthermore, the decrease in unmet Family Planning (FP) service needs, the decline in early marriages under 18 years, and the higher years of education contribute significantly to the reduction of stunting prevalence. This underscores the interconnection between social determinants and child health outcomes.

Ende is a Central Flores (Austronesian) language of eastern Indonesia which features a contrast between vowel-initial words and words that begin with an underlying glottal stop. The contrast is realized by the insertion of an epenthetic [ɦ-] before vowel-initial words in phrase-initial position. Comparison with the other Central Flores languages shows that the epenthetic Ende [ɦ-] is the regular outcome of what was once a *kl- consonant cluster in Proto-Central Flores. I propose that *kl- clusters underwent a series of sound changes resulting in a segment pronounced [ɦ-], which was reanalyzed as an epenthetic phrase boundary marker instead of a fricative phoneme. The presence and development of epenthetic breathiness in nearby languages such as Keo, Ngadha, Palu'e, Sika, and Kedang will be discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Society’s demands for plastic materials continue to increase, but their impact on the environment cannot be denied due to the long decomposition periods. The destination for plastic waste is mostly in landfills. In the case of Indonesia, the Makassar landfill, the largest landfill in the eastern region of Indonesia, has exceeded its capacity and is currently mixed and buried without treatment (open dumping). The main aim of this study is to identify potential plastic waste buried in the landfill. Sampling was conducted at three landfill locations: location 1 is a non-active landfill zone that is no longer used, and locations 2 and 3 are active landfill zones that are still in operational use. The sampling method uses a Hydraulic Rotary Drilling Spindle, with a drilling depth of 0–18 meters for location 1, 0–17 meters for location 2, and 0–13 meters for location 3. The research results show that at location 1, plastic waste contributes to approximately 31% of the total waste in this old landfill zone, including plastic bags and beverage bottles. Meanwhile, at location 2, approximately 22% of plastic waste was found, and at location 3, about 14%. Testing the calorific value of plastic waste gave an average of 29,862 MJ/ton. The plastic waste found in these landfills has the potential to be recycled but requires intensive cleaning processes. Furthermore, this plastic waste can also be utilized as an energy source due to its relatively high calorific value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between ICT, the financial sector, and output growth has been extensively studied, however, macro-economic studies with an emphasis on the role of rural ICT on agricultural performance are few and yield mixed findings. Additionally, past research has not given sufficient attention to how bank credit affects agricultural performance. This paper highlighted the dynamic effect of rural ICT penetration and bank credit on agricultural performance in Eastern Indonesia. We used secondary data taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Financial Services Authority. The panel data covered 16 provinces of eastern Indonesia from the first semester of 2010 to the second semester of 2022 (2010S1-2022S2). Using the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, the results showed that in the long run, rural ICT penetration and bank credit played a significant role in boosting agricultural performance. However, in the short run, the impact of rural ICT penetration and bank credit on agricultural performance was statistically insignificant. Finally, we recommended several important policies that can practically impact and contribute to improving agricultural performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravity satellites can be used for geodynamic studies in large and hard-to-reach areas. This study conducts gravity disturbance analysis from GOCE and EGM2008 satellite data for geodynamic interpretation in eastern Indonesia, the results of which are used as a basis for disaster mitigation. Gravity disturbance processing results from GOCE data with values around -300 to 260 mGal and EGM2008 with values around -350 to 450 mGal. Gravity disturbance maps of the GOCE and EGM2008 can clearly show fault patterns in the sea. However, the EGM2008 gravity disturbance map shows the fault pattern in the sea more clearly than the GOCE gravity disturbance map due to the higher spatial resolution of EGM2008 than GOCE. The cross-section of the GOCE and EGM2008 gravity disturbance maps represents the gravity signal of the study area; the GOCE graph represents the signal and forms the EGM2008 gravity disturbance signal components. The novelty of this research is related to the comparison of gravity disturbance maps from GOCE and EGM2008 data, which can be used to detect regional geological structures in eastern Indonesia.

Reducing maternal mortality is one of the targets for achieving global health Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The cause of maternal death is still a major problem that continues to receive attention to be addressed. The breadth of the territory and the variety of demographic, economic, social, and cultural conditions of the Indonesian people are important to investigate regarding the causes of maternal death in the community. The purpose of this study was to find out the causes of maternal death in one of the districts in the province which is in the eastern part of Indonesia. Materials and methods: a retrospective observational study was conducted on 23 cases of maternal death in the local area. Data collection has been carried out using the three-delay model approach. Results: the majority of maternal deaths were caused by two delays, namely 1) being late in deciding to seek care at a health facility due to lack of awareness of complications (78.%), lowincome families (74%), and the culture of visiting traditional healers to help with deliveries (57%), and 2 ) were late reaching health facilities due to cost and availability of transportation (52%), poor road conditions (43%), and travel time > 1 hour (39%). Dominant factors that cause maternal death are due to postpartum hemorrhagic complications (52%). Conclusion: awareness of mothers and families about the dangers of perinatal complications is an important point that must be addressed early so as not to affect delays in making decisions to seek care at health facilities, which ultimately results in delays in reaching health facilities, and delays in receiving treatment from health workers. Maternal health promotion activities, development of good road infrastructure, availability of transportation, availability of the number of health workers, and availability of infrastructure in health facilities are important concerns to be continuously improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, nearly 1.3 billion people have no access to electricity, and 3.0 billion people rely on 'dirty' fuel such as firewood and biomass for cooking and heating. In Indonesia, firewood is still the fuel of choice when cooking due to its low cost and abundant availability in rural areas. However, the adverse consequences of the indoor air pollution produced through cooking are neglected. Furthermore, the use of firewood for household energy is also associated with slash and burn practices, which drive deforestation and environmental degradation. The use of clean energy, therefore, is imperative for improving people's health and minimizing their environmental footprint. Having this insight, this study aims to examine the factors associated with households' choice of energy for cooking. Using Indonesia Family Life Survey-East, which specifically collected information from households in the eastern part of Indonesia, the study demonstrates that reliance on clean energy is highest among affluent households and households with better socio-economic indicators (including higher education, non-farm livelihoods, smaller sizes, and electricity connectivity). Households located in urban areas and households located closer to markets tend to rely more on gas for cooking energy. In contrast, poorer rural households residing in villages with abundant natural resources (i.e., with a high share of forests and farmland) generally use firewood as their main source of energy when cooking. The findings of this research also show that energy prices are important in explaining the use of clean or dirty fuel for cooking. It is suggested that efforts to enhance household clean energy use are driven by improved household economic status (especially income and education), access to markets, and stable energy prices. Policy interventions that account for energy and environment issues need to be designed to reduce the overuse of firewood for cooking energy in households living next to common property resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a large corpus of myths and legends about sea creatures in the maritime world, a record that portrays incredible and wondrous feats, wrecks, calamities, and disasters. In this article, I present an account of the mythological cosmology of the Endenese, a group of fearless seafarers that scoured the Eastern Indonesian seas for over four centuries. By discussing the legend of Kota Djogo, an island that disappeared into the sea in time immemorial, I reconstruct Endenese explanations for luck and uncertainty in a world plagued by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and typhoons. Going beyond the legend's veracity, I build on the study of the narrative to show how symbolic accounts of environmental events can provide important clues to the understanding of ecological disasters. I argue that the indigenous rationalizations of uncertainty present in oral legends and myths can function as coping mechanisms that reconcile communities with the unpredictable and the ambiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muslims are a minority group in Manggarai, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. They live alongside the Catholics who make up the majority of the population. The Catholics are known to have a strong sense of tradition in addition to their faith. The tradition is centered around rituals involving sacrificial animals and food deemed haram in Islam. As a result, Muslims are faced with a challenge that hinders their practice of the halal lifestyle. They are compelled to find ways of adaptation and negotiation, through which they can practice their faith while living in harmony and integrated with the Manggarai community. This study explores some common models which have been adopted by Muslims in Manggarai to adapt and negotiate their standing in society and factors that influence such behaviors. This ethnographic study found various working models of adaptation and negotiation that enable Muslim minorities to integrate into society while maintaining their halal lifestyle. The models depend on many factors such as cultural background, interpersonal relationship, place and time, bargaining power, personal preference, peer pressure, mindset, and interpretation of the sacred text. This study argues that the Muslim minority in Manggarai applies the non-monolithic nature of Islam. The practice of a halal lifestyle in Islam is not only a religious matter but also a socio, economic, and political one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, is located in a complex and tectonically active region, and has experienced tsunamis in the past. One of the major earthquake and tsunami events was the 23 February 1969 event that struck the Majene region in western Sulawesi Island. Interpretation of the historical accounts revealed that the Mw 7.0 earthquake generated strong intensity up to VIII on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. The earthquake was followed by an unusually high tsunami of 4 m that rapidly decayed within 25 km from the highest observation site. Hypocentre and earthquake mechanism analyses confirmed that it was an inland earthquake with a thrust mechanism. Ground motion modelling is able to reproduce the earthquake intensity but earthquake scenarios are unable to reconstruct the tsunami observations. A plausible solution to explain the tsunami report is from a combined scenario of an earthquake and a submarine mass failure of 0.5 km 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic Rural Bank (BPRS) has important roles for micro-enterprises in Indonesia. This study analyzes the performance of Islamic Rural Bank in Eastern Indonesia, where the Muslim population is minority. Using 14 BPRS spread across a number of islands in Eastern Indonesia with a five-year vulnerability (2016- 2020) and using the Data Analysis Envelopment (DEA) Variable Return to Scale (BCC) model, it can be concluded that only 4 Islamic Rural Banks have been able to be efficient for five consecutive years. -consistent even during a pandemic. Meanwhile, 2 Islamic Rural Banks have not been able to work efficiently for five years and the remaining 8 Islamic Rural Banks are still not consistently working efficiently. During the pandemic, 70% of Islamic Rural Banks that were efficient in the previous year were able to operate efficiently, while 30% of BPRS that were efficient in the year before the pandemic were unable to work efficiently. It is also known that all Islamic Rural Banks that were not efficient in the year before the pandemic remained inefficient during the pandemic.

Eastern Indonesia's tectonic setting is well known for its complexity and intense seismic activity. Controlled by several major and minor plates, including the Eurasian, Australian, and Pacific plates, this region is famous for its U-shaped subduction system beneath the Banda Arc. To better understand the architecture of the underlying structure in this region, we performed body-wave travel time tomography using ten years of catalog data provided by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics. We utilize 9729 events in total, from which 46,446 P-wave arrival times were extracted. We used a double difference method to relocate the initial event catalog, which produced a pattern of seismicity consistent with a curved subduction system. Our tomographic model reveals a high velocity band between 90 and 240 km depth in the upper mantle, which is interpreted to be a concave dipping lithospheric slab that is parallel to the present-day Banda arc. Our results also show that lithosphere subducting from the north and south starts to collide at a depth of 300–350 km and becomes shallower further east. Apparent discontinuities in the high velocity band and a corresponding lack of seismicity supports the presence of a slab tear to the west of Seram. A dipping high velocity structure that is present from south to north beneath the island of Timor represents a subducting slab that dips more steeply beyond a depth of 150–200 km, which appears consistent with slab roll-back. Our tomographic model also shows evidence of back arc thrusting to the north of Sumbawa and Flores Islands in the form of a south-dipping higher velocity band at shallow depth. Furthermore, our tomographic models also reveal the possible presence of underthrust continental forearc in the form of a thin higher velocity anomaly that connects the backarc thrust and northward dipping lithosphere slab in the Timor area. Finally, a zone of low velocity above the higher velocity slab is clearly seen beneath Seram Island at a depth of ∼100 km and may represent a partial melting zone. [Display omitted] • We present a high-resolution seismic tomography study of the upper mantle beneath Eastern Indonesia, revealing detailed velocity structures down to depths of 400 km. • Our findings provide new insights into the subduction dynamics beneath the complex tectonic regime of Eastern Indonesia, including the presence of multiple subduction zones and their interactions. Our models also support previous proposed model in this region. • We characterize the morphology and dynamics of subducted slabs, highlighting variations in slab dip angles and mantle flow patterns, which influence regional seismicity, partial melting process and volcanic activity. • The detailed imaging of seismic velocity anomalies may aid in seismic hazard assessment by delineating potential earthquake rupture zones and identifying regions of heightened seismic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Development in Eastern Indonesia tends to be left behind compared to other Indonesian regions, including development in the health sector. The study aimed at analyzing the health insurance ownership disparities in hospital delivery in Eastern Indonesia. Methods The study draws on secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. The study population was women aged 15–49 years who had given birth in the last five years in Eastern Indonesia. The study analyzes a weighted sample size of 2299 respondents. The study employed hospital-based birth delivery as a dependent variable. Apart from health insurance ownership, other variables analyzed as independent variables are province, residence type, age group, marital status, education level, employment status, parity, and wealth status. The final stage analysis used binary logistic regression. Results The results showed that insured women were 1.426 times more likely than uninsured women to undergo hospital delivery (AOR 1.426; 95% CI 1.426–1.427). This analysis indicates that having health insurance is a protective factor for women in Eastern Indonesia for hospital delivery. There is still a disparity between insured and uninsured women in hospital-based birth deliveries in eastern Indonesia. Insured women are nearly one and a half times more likely than uninsured women to give birth in a hospital. Conclusion The study concludes that there are health insurance ownership disparities for hospital delivery in eastern Indonesia. Insured women have a better chance than uninsured women for hospital delivery.

Abstract Background Poor access to health care providers was among the contributing factors to less prompt and ineffective malaria treatment. This limitation could cause severe diseases in remote areas. This study examined the sub-national disparities and predictors in accessing anti-malarial drug treatment among adults in Eastern Indonesia. Methods The study analyzed a subset of the 2018 National Basic Health Survey conducted in all 34 provinces in Indonesia. We extracted socio-demographic data of 4655 adult respondents diagnosed with malaria in the past 12 months in five provinces in Eastern Indonesia. The association between socio-demographic factors and the access to anti-malarial drug treatment was assessed using logistic regression. Results Over 20% of respondents diagnosed with malaria within last 12 months admitted that they did not receive anti-malarial drug treatment (range 12–29.9%). The proportion of untreated cases was 12.0% in East Nusa Tenggara, 29.9% in Maluku, 23.1% in North Maluku, 12.7% in West Papua, and 15.6% in Papua. The likelihood of receiving anti-malarial drug treatment was statistically lower in Maluku (adjusted OR = 0.258; 95% CI 0.161–0.143) and North Maluku (adjusted OR = 0.473; 95% CI 0.266–0.840) than those in Eastern Nusa Tenggara (reference). Urban respondents were less likely to receive malaria treatment than rural (adjusted OR = 0.545; 95% CI 0.431–0.689). Conclusions This study found that there were sub-national disparities in accessing anti-malarial drug treatment in Eastern Indonesia, with a high proportion of untreated malaria cases across the areas. Findings from this study could be used as baseline information to improve access to anti-malarial drug treatment and better target malaria intervention in Eastern Indonesia.

Abstract Eastern Indonesia is one of the world’s most complex regions in terms of tsunami hazards, as it accommodates numerous seismic and non-seismic tsunami sources with a history of deadly tsunamis. This study is an effort to enhance tsunami hazard knowledge in eastern Indonesia where limited data and analyses exist. We provide a brief understanding of eastern Indonesia’s tsunami hazards by modelling selected deterministic tsunami scenarios from tectonic, submarine mass failure (SMF), and volcanic sources. To our knowledge, this is the first time that tsunami hazards modelling from such diverse sources in Indonesia has been performed. Our methodology is a deterministic tsunami hazard analysis considering credible tsunami sources from historical and contemporary data, modelling them using state-of-the-art simulation tools. We modelled two Mw7.8 tsunamigenic earthquake scenarios on the Flores back-arc thrust, one rupturing the basal fault (FBT-BF) and the other rupturing the splay fault (FBT-SF), showing that the two scenarios produce maximum tsunami amplitudes of $$\sim$$ ∼ 5.3 m and $$\sim$$ ∼ 4.2 m, respectively, which are comparable to the deadly 1992 Flores tsunami. We modelled potential SMF-generated tsunamis in the Makassar Strait with SMF volumes of 5 $$\hbox {km}^3$$ km 3 and 225 $$\hbox {km}^3$$ km 3 which yielded maximum tsunami heights of $$\sim$$ ∼ 1.1 m and $$\sim$$ ∼ 4.3 m along the eastern coast of Kalimantan Island and $$\sim$$ ∼ 2.9 m and $$\sim$$ ∼ 11.1 m along the west shore of Sulawesi Island, respectively. The 1871 Ruang volcanic tsunami is studied through existing historical documents and a source model is proposed comprising a flank collapse with volume of $$0.10\ \mathrm{km}^3$$ 0.10 km 3 . Such a source model successfully reproduced the 25 m runup reported in a historical account.

This article describes how the dominant order of precedence in Seram, eastern Indonesia is challenged by the suspicion of the existence of a secret history. In a context where being the original founder is of importance and the sequence of predecessors' arrival is the basis of orders of precedence, such a suspicion evokes a hopeful possibility for marginal communities that the present social order is false and vulnerable to the abrupt revelation of the true past. Although generally inclined toward the founders, there are overlapping orders of precedence at work in Seram. Each order of precedence conjures up a different image of the marginal community, which, despite each placing them as the lesser group, induces a sense of contradiction and that the widely recounted history is problematic. In this respect, this article offers a contribution to the field of Austronesian studies, which has long been concerned with how orders of precedence emerge and are at play among the historically mobile Austronesian societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic Rural Bank (BPRS) has important roles for micro-enterprises in Indonesia. This study analyzes the performance of Islamic Rural Bank in Eastern Indonesia, where the Muslim population is minority. Using 14 BPRS spread across a number of islands in Eastern Indonesia with a five-year vulnerability (2016- 2020) and using the Data Analysis Envelopment (DEA) Variable Return to Scale (BCC) model, it can be concluded that only 4 Islamic Rural Banks have been able to be efficient for five consecutive years. -consistent even during a pandemic. Meanwhile, 2 Islamic Rural Banks have not been able to work efficiently for five years and the remaining 8 Islamic Rural Banks are still not consistently working efficiently. During the pandemic, 70% of Islamic Rural Banks that were efficient in the previous year were able to operate efficiently, while 30% of BPRS that were efficient in the year before the pandemic were unable to work efficiently. It is also known that all Islamic Rural Banks that were not efficient in the year before the pandemic remained inefficient during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR-8) is known as part of intracellular signaling transduction for bacterial phagocytosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is intracellular pathogenic bacteria that is recognized by this receptor, and genetic variation of TLR-8 might alter susceptibility of the host towards pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This study aimed to determine whether TLR-8 gene polymorphisms were associated to PTB in Kupang, Indonesia. This case-control study compared demographic and clinical data between 115 PTB patients and 115 controls, then two TLR-8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3764880 and rs3788935) were explored using the GoldenGate® Genotyping for VeraCode® / BeadXpress Illumina®. There is no significant difference between sex distribution of patient vs control groups. The polymorphisms (rs3764880 and rs3788935) are in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in this population (p > 0.05). The distribution of major vs minor genotypes and alleles of TLR-8 polymorphisms in PTB patients were as followed: rs3764880 (GG vs GA vs AA, 50.0% vs 21.4% vs 28.6% ; G vs A, 60.9% vs 39.1% ) and rs3788935 (GG vs GA vs AA, 53.0% vs 21.7% vs 25.3%; G vs A, 62.9% vs 37.1%). Neither genotypes nor alleles were associated with PTB in this population (P > 0.05). Besides, when the analyses were stratified by gender, none of the alleles of polymorphism in both genders were associated with PTB cases. None of the TLR-8 polymorphisms have associated the risk of developing PTB in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara population (as opposed to other studies in different ethnic groups). These might reflect the diversity of genetic polymorphisms in eastern Indonesia populations, suggesting different genetic backgrounds with western part of Indonesia.

Maluku experienced one of Indonesia's most serious conflicts following the fall of Suharto in 1998. The peaceful reconciliation that eventually occurred is reported to be mainly based on tradition (adat) to rebuild bridges between the religious communities. However, emphasis on processes of peacebuilding through inter religious dialogue and lack of support for interethnic or intergenerational dialogue have enhanced forms of social inequality. This article engages with selected village communities in Ambon and West Seram, where, assisted by a few local representatives, I identified three potential fields for creative peacebuilding that also aim to address emerging inequalities: identity building based on local traditions, protection of the environment and interethnic dialogue. Examples of locally rooted measures with potential for sustained peacebuilding include the Pukul Sapu ceremony in Morela (Ambon), the sasi ritual in Niwelehu (Seram) and building relations between diverse ethnic groups based on religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By focusing on the issue of the Lord's Supper, this article explores the contextual theological responses of three Protestant churches in the eastern part of Indonesia towards the Covid-19 pandemic. The article argues that discourses on the Lord's Supper in response to the pandemic reflected the mission theology of these communities in terms of their beliefs (doctrine) and practices (rites, structures, order, community). Through online interviews and document analysis, the researcher discovered that churches made significant contextual transformations during the first period of the pandemic. The pandemic challenged these churches to make significant theological responses to fulfill their mission. They changed traditional rituals to adapt to distancing guidelines. In contrast to the belief in the importance of church buildings, the homes of church members were transformed into church-centers. Solidarity among congregational members was stronger than before the pandemic, with ways for members to contact and support each other from home. Resumen: Este artículo se centra en la cuestión de la Cena del Señor para investigar las respuestas teológicas contextuales generadas por la pandemia de COVID-19, por tres iglesias protestantes en la zona oriental de Indonesia. El artículo argumenta que los diálogos sobre la Cena del Señor, en respuesta a la pandemia, reflejaron la teología de la misión de estas comunidades con respecto a sus creencias (doctrina) y prácticas (ritos, estructuras, orden, comunidad). A través de entrevistas en línea y análisis de documentos, el investigador descubrió que las iglesias efectuaron importantes transformaciones contextuales durante la primera parte de la pandemia. La pandemia desafió a estas iglesias a dar respuestas teológicas significativas para cumplir su misión; modificaron ritos tradicionales para adaptarse a las pautas de distanciamiento. En contraposición a la creencia en la importancia del edificio de la iglesia, los hogares de los miembros de la iglesia se transformaron en centros de la iglesia. La solidaridad entre los miembros de la congregación fue más significativa que antes de la pandemia, y se encontraron formas para que los miembros se comunicaran y ayudaran desde sus casas. 摘要: 本文聚焦于主的晚餐问题，探讨了印度尼西亚东部三个基督教教会对新冠肺炎大流行的处境神学回应。文章认为，针对大流行中关于圣餐的论述反映了这些社区在信仰（教义）和实践（仪式、结构、秩序、社区）方面的宣教神学。通过在线采访和文件分析，研究人员发现，在大流行的第一阶段，教会发生了重大的处境转化。大流行迫使这些教会做出重大的神学回应来完成他们的使命。他们改变了传统仪式以适应距离措施。与相信教堂建筑的重要性相反，教会成员的家变成了教堂的中心。会众成员之间的团结比大流行之前更加强大，成员可以在家中相互联系和支持。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What caused the surprising electoral success of an Islamist party in one of Indonesia's most Catholic regions, and why was this success short-lived? This article argues that in Ngada district on Flores Island in 2014 the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) deftly mobilised local voters not because of its own organisational and programmatic discipline but because of its "project of commonness", or adaptation to prevailing local patterns of personalistic local electoral competition. The party's growing popularity in Ngada, however, paradoxically fell after it sought to build solid and coherent relations with the electorate in preparation for the subsequent election. The case of the PKS in Flores thus suggests that under certain conditions, in which voter–party linkages are highly fragmented and cleavage-based politics remain undeveloped, party institutionalisation can harm electoral performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of this study identified two potential source rock intervals of Permian age in the North Arafura Shelf area of Papua, Indonesia. The first potential source rock interval (SR-1) was identified at 3834.9 m to 3838.6 m depth within the Kola-1 well, which is believed to be good to very good potential source rock with TOC in the range of 2.94 to 3.4 wt %, S1 0.78 to 0.97 mg HC/g, and S2 5.63 to 9.5 mg HC/g. The source rock is composed of type II and III kerogens with HI in the range of 164 to 275 mg HC/gTOC and reached the maturation stage with Ro of 0.83 - 0.86%, Tmax of 442 - 444oC, and Production Index (PI) of 0.09 - 0.12. The second potential source rock interval (SR-2) is at 3060.1 - 3136.3 m depth in the ASM-1X well and has fair potential to be source rock with TOC of 0.95 wt %, S1 of 1.01 mg HC/g, and S2 of 3.39 mg HC/g. This source rock has type II kerogen with a HI value of 357 mg HC/g TOC and has reached maturation as indicated by a Ro value of 0.63%, Tmax of 430oC, and PI of 0.23. Biomarker analysis revealed SR-1 is type III kerogen with terrigenous input and was deposited in an estuarine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Development in Eastern Indonesia tends to be left behind compared to other Indonesian regions, including development in the health sector. The study aimed at analyzing the health insurance ownership disparities in hospital delivery in Eastern Indonesia.Methods: The study draws on secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. The study population was women aged 15-49 years who had given birth in the last five years in Eastern Indonesia. The study analyzes a weighted sample size of 2299 respondents. The study employed hospital-based birth delivery as a dependent variable. Apart from health insurance ownership, other variables analyzed as independent variables are province, residence type, age group, marital status, education level, employment status, parity, and wealth status. The final stage analysis used binary logistic regression.Results: The results showed that insured women were 1.426 times more likely than uninsured women to undergo hospital delivery (AOR 1.426; 95% CI 1.426-1.427). This analysis indicates that having health insurance is a protective factor for women in Eastern Indonesia for hospital delivery. There is still a disparity between insured and uninsured women in hospital-based birth deliveries in eastern Indonesia. Insured women are nearly one and a half times more likely than uninsured women to give birth in a hospital.Conclusion: The study concludes that there are health insurance ownership disparities for hospital delivery in eastern Indonesia. Insured women have a better chance than uninsured women for hospital delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor access to health care providers was among the contributing factors to less prompt and ineffective malaria treatment. This limitation could cause severe diseases in remote areas. This study examined the sub-national disparities and predictors in accessing anti-malarial drug treatment among adults in Eastern Indonesia.Methods: The study analyzed a subset of the 2018 National Basic Health Survey conducted in all 34 provinces in Indonesia. We extracted socio-demographic data of 4655 adult respondents diagnosed with malaria in the past 12 months in five provinces in Eastern Indonesia. The association between socio-demographic factors and the access to anti-malarial drug treatment was assessed using logistic regression.Results: Over 20% of respondents diagnosed with malaria within last 12 months admitted that they did not receive anti-malarial drug treatment (range 12-29.9%). The proportion of untreated cases was 12.0% in East Nusa Tenggara, 29.9% in Maluku, 23.1% in North Maluku, 12.7% in West Papua, and 15.6% in Papua. The likelihood of receiving anti-malarial drug treatment was statistically lower in Maluku (adjusted OR = 0.258; 95% CI 0.161-0.143) and North Maluku (adjusted OR = 0.473; 95% CI 0.266-0.840) than those in Eastern Nusa Tenggara (reference). Urban respondents were less likely to receive malaria treatment than rural (adjusted OR = 0.545; 95% CI 0.431-0.689).Conclusions: This study found that there were sub-national disparities in accessing anti-malarial drug treatment in Eastern Indonesia, with a high proportion of untreated malaria cases across the areas. Findings from this study could be used as baseline information to improve access to anti-malarial drug treatment and better target malaria intervention in Eastern Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the sugarcane agroindustry situational, human resources, and regulations to obtain new research on sugarcane agroindustry. The method carried out was by collecting 50 articles from 2002 - 2020 from indexed journals, theses, books. Articles were divided into three parts, namely sugarcane agroindustry with 14 articles, human resources with 19 articles and 17 regulations. In the VUCA era, we need skills, systems thinking skills, predictive abilities, and the ability to change quickly which is coupled with the Covid-19 pandemic conditions that accelerate the need for digitalization in the VUCA era. The results of the analysis show that the problem of lagging human resources in Eastern Indonesia is caused by a mismatch between labour users' needs and the availability of skills. The non-oil and gas processing industry sector provide the largest contribution to employment, one of which is the sugarcane industry. The sugarcane agroindustry problem was the large gap between supply of 2.17 million tons and demand of 6.6 million tons of which the shortfall of 4.43 million tons is met through imports of raw crystal sugar. The government's efforts to suppress imports by encouraging the private sector to establish new sugar factories outside Java and the expansion of existing sugar factories are accompanied by the preparation of human resources, so that a strategy for developing human resources that is competitive and able to adapt to the environment is needed.

Eastern Indonesia is one of the world's most complex regions in terms of tsunami hazards, as it accommodates numerous seismic and non-seismic tsunami sources with a history of deadly tsunamis. This study is an effort to enhance tsunami hazard knowledge in eastern Indonesia where limited data and analyses exist. We provide a brief understanding of eastern Indonesia's tsunami hazards by modelling selected deterministic tsunami scenarios from tectonic, submarine mass failure (SMF), and volcanic sources. To our knowledge, this is the first time that tsunami hazards modelling from such diverse sources in Indonesia has been performed. Our methodology is a deterministic tsunami hazard analysis considering credible tsunami sources from historical and contemporary data, modelling them using state-of-the-art simulation tools. We modelled two Mw7.8 tsunamigenic earthquake scenarios on the Flores back-arc thrust, one rupturing the basal fault (FBT-BF) and the other rupturing the splay fault (FBT-SF), showing that the two scenarios produce maximum tsunami amplitudes of ∼ 5.3 m and ∼ 4.2 m, respectively, which are comparable to the deadly 1992 Flores tsunami. We modelled potential SMF-generated tsunamis in the Makassar Strait with SMF volumes of 5 km 3 and 225 km 3 which yielded maximum tsunami heights of ∼ 1.1 m and ∼ 4.3 m along the eastern coast of Kalimantan Island and ∼ 2.9 m and ∼ 11.1 m along the west shore of Sulawesi Island, respectively. The 1871 Ruang volcanic tsunami is studied through existing historical documents and a source model is proposed comprising a flank collapse with volume of 0.10 km 3 . Such a source model successfully reproduced the 25 m runup reported in a historical account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sago palm has the highest starch content compared to the other source of carbohydrate crops such as cereal and tuberous crops. Sago palm can produce about 200-400 kg per trunk after 7 to 10 years. This research aimed to characterize several sago palm accessions in Aimas, Sorong District, West Papua Province, Indonesia. Eight sago palm accessions were studied, Waruwo, Wasulagi, Wasenan, Wayuluk, Wagelik, Wanegles, Wawun and Wafabala. Among these accessions, there were many diff erences based on trunk morphological characteristics which includes trunk height, diameter, circumference, and bark thickness, leaf number, length of rachis, length of petiole, and spine. Five accessions with potential yield of more than 200 kg dry starch per sago trunk are Waruwo, Wasulagi, Wasenan, Wayuluk and Wagelik. Stem morphological characters aff ect palm sago production, because the starch is located in the pith of the stem.

Tidal energy is a new renewable energy source that can be used to provide electricity to remote islands, while contributing to climate change mitigation. Like all renewable energy projects, public awareness and support are not only crucial for the successful development of marine renewable energy projects too, but also aid the private sector project developers in making long‐term plans. As information about tidal energy is not easily available, public views toward it are not well known, making it challenging for the project developers to strategize implementation strategies. Moreover, the limited studies focusing on such social aspects of tidal energy come from advanced countries, highlighting the lack of focus on cases from developing countries. Our study fulfills this gap by providing a case study focusing on the social aspects of tidal energy in a developing country, which can be utilized by developers for designing their public engagement strategies. We estimate the public support for tidal energy in eastern Indonesia using two methods: (a) stages of development and (b) information provision. Using the first method, we found that support for tidal energy is lower in the initial stages, but it keeps rising once the public can realize the benefits. The second method shows that though people tend to support tidal energy, the role of information provision is dissimilar compared with western cases. Additionally, Probit modeling shows that Age, Education, Collective Outcome Favorability, and especially, Individual Outcome Favorability are the key factors that positively impact the support for tidal energy in eastern Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, the largest number of malaria cases was contributed to by Eastern Indonesia. The study aimed to analyze the predictors of malaria incidence in rural Eastern Indonesia. This study analyzes the 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey data. In the final stage binary logistic regression was used to determine the incidence of malaria incidence in 86,382 respondents. Variables analyzed included malaria incidence, regional/province, age, gender, educational level, work type, marital status, wealth status, and health insurance. The analysis found that people who lived in rural Maluku and rural North Maluku had a lower risk of experiencing malaria than those who lived in rural areas of East Nusa Tenggara. People in rural West Papua and rural Papua have a higher risk than those who live in rural East Nusa Tenggara. Men were 1.107 times more likely than women to have malaria incidence. People with primary school education were 1.237 times more likely to develop malaria than those without education. People with a college education were 1.440 times more likely to develop malaria than those without education. People who have a wealth of poorer status are 0.804 times more likely to have malaria than those who are poorest. People who have the richest wealth status are 0.851 times more likely to have malaria than those who are the poorest. There were 4 variables that have proven to be significant as predictors of incidence in rural Eastern Indonesia, namely regional/province, gender, education, and wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It can be challenging to identify the forces that drive speciation in marine environments for organisms that are capable of widespread dispersal because their contemporary distributions often belie the historical processes that were responsible for their initial diversification. In this contribution we explore the likely sequence of events responsible for the radiation of walking sharks in the genus Hemiscyllium using a dated molecular phylogeny. The nine currently recognised species in the genus consist of small, benthic sharks that are restricted to the Indo-Australian Archipelago and show limited dispersal at both juvenile and adult stages. We discuss how major tectonic changes, sea level fluctuations and the unique biology of the species may have influenced speciation in the group, as well as the current distribution of the genus and each of its constituent species. Phylogeographic analysis of the genus combined with biogeographic reconstruction of the region shows a recent radiation during the Miocene and Pliocene, and supports a combination of vicariance and founder modes of speciation mediated by major tectonic, geological and oceanographic historical processes. In this study, we explore the likely sequence of events responsible for the radiation of walking sharks in the genus Hemiscyllium using a dated molecular phylogeny. The nine currently recognised species in the genus consist of small, benthic sharks with limited dispersal. Our findings support recent speciation in this genus over the last 10 million years, mediated by major tectonic, geological and oceanographic historical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Islamika is the property of Center for the Study of Islam & Society of UIN Jakarta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the Lio region of Flores Island patrilineal groups coexist with taboos on animals and plants inherited through females, a combination previously interpreted as reflecting a system of double unilineal descent. Drawing on ethnography from the Lio district of Mego, maternal taboos are shown to accompany similar prohibitions conceived as a property of patriclans, most of which, however, are incumbent not on male clansmen but on their wives. As is further demonstrated, both sorts of taboo reflect ideas about female bodies and blood, particularly as women and their children are transformed through marriage into members of patrilineal groups dominated by men. Also discussed is whether variability in the way taboos are currently inherited in Mego may reflect recent social change, and how matrilineally inherited Lio prohibitions can be seen as an instance of complementary female and male principles equally operative in the social life of other eastern Indonesian societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an analysis of the oldest detailed account of tsunami run-up in Indonesia, that of the 1674 Ambon tsunami (Rumphius in Waerachtigh Verhael van de Schuckelijcke Aerdbebinge, BATAVIA, Dutch East Indies, 1675). At 100 m this is the largest run-up height ever documented in Indonesia, and with over 2300 fatalities even in 1674, it ranks as one of Indonesia's most deadly tsunami disasters. We consider the plausible sources of earthquakes near Ambon that could generate a large, destructive tsunami, including the Seram Megathrust, the South Seram Thrust, and faults local to Ambon. We conclude that the only explanation for the extreme run-up observed on the north coast of Amon is a tsunami generated by an earthquake-triggered coastal landslide. We use a two-layer tsunami model to show that a submarine landslide, with an approximate volume of 1 km3, offshore the area on Ambon's northern coast, between Seith and Hila, where dramatic changes in coastal landscape were observed can explain the observed tsunami run-up along the coast. Thus, the 1674 Ambon tsunami adds weight to the evidence from recent tsunamis, including the 1992 Flores, 2018 Palu and Sunda Strait tsunamis, that landslides are an important source of tsunami hazard in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Islamika is the property of Center for the Study of Islam & Society of UIN Jakarta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The plate boundary between the Pacific-Caroline and Australian plates in northwestern New Guinea is associated with a geographic concentration of earthquakes developed in the Ransiki region of the northeastern Bird's Head Peninsula (West Papua, northwestern New Guinea) at the intersection of the Ransiki and Yapen faults. We examine these earthquakes based on regional geomorphological and lithostratigraphical frameworks, field observations of surface ruptures and liquefaction phenomena, and focal mechanisms of historical earthquakes. The Ransiki earthquakes are a set of 29 earthquakes from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor catalogue in the period 1977–2019 (magnitudes of Mw4.9 to Mw7.5). In the east, focal mechanisms show sinistral movement along the east-west trending Yapen Fault including the Mw6.7 earthquake on 21 April 2012. The largest earthquake was on 10 October 2002 (Mw7.5) and along with other earthquakes mainly in the southwest were associated with dextral movement indicated by focal mechanism solutions on the northwest trending Ransiki Fault south of its intersection with the Yapen Fault. The southern part of the Ransiki Fault therefore indicates local north-northeast compression that is also evident in the newly recognised Wainoei Fault south of Yapen Island. The two largest earthquakes (10 October 2002, 21 April 2012) show ground effects associated with liquefaction, indicated by surface offsets, open fissures, and sand blows, that all occurred in saturated sediments of the Ransiki delta. Earthquakes in the Ransiki region show that west-southwest oblique plate convergence between the Australian and Pacific-Caroline plates is partitioned into east-west sinistral strike-slip motion along the Yapen Fault and north-northeast compression associated with the Ransiki Fault. [Display omitted] • Earthquakes are located at a fault intersection near the Pacific plate boundary. • Oblique-slip plate motion is partitioned into strike-slip and convergent parts. • Focal mechanism solutions indicate both sinistral and dextral movements. • Earthquake damage is mainly controlled by liquefaction in a Quaternary delta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primaquine (PQ) is a key drug in the malaria pre-elimination stage. However, PQ can trigger acute hemolysis for people with G6PD defciency (G6PDd). In 2013, 15–25 million Indonesian people were infected with malaria, with 30,000–38,000 deaths each year mostly in eastern Indonesia with API= 15.6 %. Recently, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia announced a plan to reach the pre-elimination stage based on WHO guidelines. This study assesses whether eastern Indonesia should proceed with the activities of malaria pre-elimination. A total 555 healthy people in fve subdistricts in eastern Indonesia were selected by systematic random samping. All data were collected using a standard questionnaire, physical examination, and laboratory tests. PCR and DNA sequencing protocols followed respective manufacture’s instructions. Statistical analysis by bivariate with α= 0.05 and 95% CI were performed using the SPSS software package. Based on the nested PCR, the result showed a malaria prevalence of 32.6% with being the dominant species (52.5%). Malaria cases were found in all study sites and not using a bed net was the moost signifcant risk factors with Exp B= 1.54 with 95% CI= 0.99–2.38. G6PDd prevalence was 16.6%, the highest G6PDd ever found in Indonesia with variant molecular dominant 10.883 T>C and one sample with a heterozygous female. Malaria pre-elimination in eastern Indonesia should be delayed. High risk patients should be tested for enzyme G6PD activities before antimalarial administration.

The causes of maternal death are well known, and are largely preventable if skilled health care is received promptly. Complex interactions between geographic and socio-cultural factors affect access to, and remoteness from, health care but research on this topic rarely integrates spatial and social sciences. In this study, modeling of travel time was integrated with social science research to refine our understanding of remoteness from health care. Travel time to health facilities offering emergency obstetric care (EmOC) and population distribution were modelled for a district in eastern Indonesia. As an index of remoteness, the proportion of the population more than two hours estimated travel time from EmOC was calculated. For the best case scenario (transport by ambulance in the dry season), modelling estimated more than 10,000 fertile aged women were more than two hours from EmOC. Maternal mortality ratios were positively correlated with the remoteness index, however there was considerable variation around this relationship. In a companion study, ethnographic research in a subdistrict with relatively good access to health care and high maternal mortality identified factors influencing access to EmOC, including some that had not been incorporated into the travel time model. Ethnographic research provided information about actual travel involved in requesting and reaching EmOC. Modeled travel time could be improved by incorporating time to deliver request for care. Further integration of social and spatial methods and the development of more dynamic travel time models are needed to develop programs and policies to address these multiple factors to improve maternal health outcomes.

The eastern region of Indonesia is endemic to malaria, a tropical parasitic infection that causes significant mortality. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encompass the global commitment to prevent and eliminate malaria by the end of 2030. Nevertheless, the biggest issue lies in the antimalarial drug resistance in Indonesia. Genetic polymorphism has been a considerable factor in the mechanism of antimalarial drug resistance of which could lead to inadequate activity of antimalarial drugs to undertake Plasmodium infection by several molecular mechanisms. Hence, first-line therapy for malaria in Indonesia such as dihydroartemisinin, piperaquine, and primaquine, becomes ineffective. However, the resistance is unavoidable. This review aims to summarize the genetic polymorphism possible mechanisms contributing to antimalarial resistance in the Indonesian population and to discuss the potential new antimalarial drug candidates., Competing Interests: All the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Like many of their Austronesian neighbours, the Meto people of Timor-Leste’s Oecussi enclave have a history of accommodating foreign ideas and technologies without compromising their distinctive, socio-political identity. Now living on the site of Timor’s first special autonomous zone and exposed to an unprecedented program of megaproject construction, the task of better understanding this remarkable adaptability has taken on a new importance. In this article, through the detailed exegesis of ritual speech (uab natoni) used in one of its highland villages to render the concept of school based education comprehensible to ancestral spirits, I seek to highlight the inherent flexibility of Meto customary thought and belief in a time of profound and ongoing social and economic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we report the results of excavation and analyses of an open site on Pulau Ay, a small (ca. 4 km2) limestone island located in the Banda Islands, central Maluku, Indonesia. This report provides results of excavations at PA1 and other Pulau Ay sites conducted in 2007 and 2009. These sites reveal patterns of changes in marine resource exploitation, pottery, and use of domestic animals, particularly between initial occupation of the site at approximately 3500 B.P., and later phases commencing approximately 3000 B.P. Archaeobotanical analyses reported here provide insight into early Neolithic plant use, including early use of Myristica fragans (nutmeg) in a food context. The PA1 site adds to a growing data set about early Neolithic lifeways in Island Southeast Asia and provides a new view of cultural adaptations happening in the region during this critical period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defined by Joel Robbins as the science of continuity, anthropology has long experienced difficulty explaining changes and transformations. The notions of cultures and traditions it maintains tend to simply assume their durability. This inclination has led to the problem of overlooking the dramatic heterogeneity in bodies of myths. Since myth is often treated as the 'great component' that promotes 'the unity of a culture', even among those who are critical of the timeless notion of culture, the theoretical tendency that pervades anthropology is to emphasise its coherence with the whole while disregarding its conflicting multiplicity. This paper attempts to propose a framework within which we can better address the multifariousness of a body of myths in actual social circumstances. This is accomplished by expanding Edmund Leach's view of myth as an 'argument' and taking the view that the reproduction of myth requires its alteration and transformation for the sake of appropriating conceptualised qualities of social value. The subject of this study, in particular, is the myth about the Butonese lowlander in North Seram, Maluku, Eastern Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]