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We present a higher order discretization scheme for the compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations with immersed boundaries. Our approach makes use of a discontinuous Galerkin discretization in a domain that is implicitly defined by means of a level set function. The zero iso-contour of this level set function is considered as an additional domain boundary where we weakly enforce boundary conditions in the same manner as in boundary-fitted cells. In order to retain the full order of convergence of the scheme, it is crucial to perform volume and surface integrals in boundary cells with high accuracy. This is achieved using a linear moment-fitting strategy. Moreover, we apply a non-intrusive cell-agglomeration technique that averts problems with very small and ill-shaped cuts. The robustness, accuracy, and convergence properties of the scheme are assessed in several two-dimensional test cases for the steady compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. Approximation orders range from 0 to 4, even though the approach directly generalizes to even higher orders. In all test cases with a sufficiently smooth solution, the experimental order of convergence matches the expected rate for discontinuous Galerkin schemes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Different remote interventions, such as applications (apps), have been used to continue promoting healthy ageing and preventing disability during the COVID-19 pandemic. The growing trend of apps in health is exponential and may facilitate scaling up physical activity prescription. Numerous tools are available, but little is known regarding their appropriateness, validation and recommendation, especially for frail older adults., Methods: In-house, we developed an application that makes both the Apple app Store and the Google Play Store searchable using topic-related keywords and facilitates the extraction of basic app-information of the search results. The study was aimed at apps available to an English-speaking market. The resulting apps were filtered using various inclusion and exclusion criteria. The resultant apps underwent a more in-depth characterisation and searches for scientific publications on each app website and PubMed., Results: From an initial search result of >2,800 apps, 459 met the initial inclusion criteria. After a more in-depth review of their features, 39 apps remained for possible app in older frail patients. After testing them, 22 apps were excluded. Seventeen apps fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were deemed appropriate after peer review. Of these, only one app, Vivifrail, had any type of publication/published evidence., Conclusion: Apps can be valuable tool in prescribing exercise for frail older adults living in the community. However, few apps seem useful on a large scale, and there is limited evidence to support their effectiveness. It is important to invest in adapting Information and Communication Technologies to this population group., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society.)

Objectives: The main objective of this work was to explore and characterize the current landscape of mobile applications available to treat mood disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia., Methods: We developed a tool that makes both the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store searchable using keywords and that facilitates the extraction of basic app information of the search results. All app results were filtered using various inclusion and exclusion criteria. We characterized all resultant applications according to their technical details. Furthermore, we searched for scientific publications on each app's website and PubMed, to understand whether any of the apps were supported by any type of scientific evidence on their acceptability, validation, use, effectiveness, etc. Results: Thirty apps were identified that fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The literature search yielded 27 publications related to the apps. However, these did not exclusively concern mood disorders. 6 were randomized studies and the rest included a protocol, pilot-, feasibility, case-, or qualitative studies, among others. The majority of studies were conducted on relatively small scales and 9 of the 27 studies did not explicitly study the effects of mobile application use on mental wellbeing., Conclusion: While there exists a wealth of mobile applications aimed at the treatment of mental health disorders, including mood disorders, this study showed that only a handful of these are backed by robust scientific evidence. This result uncovers a need for further clinically oriented and systematic validation and testing of such apps.

Objective: To analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rheumatic patients' and rheumatologists' usage, preferences and perception of digital health applications (DHAs)., Methods: A web-based national survey was developed by the Working Group Young Rheumatology of the German Society for Rheumatology and the German League against Rheumatism. The prospective survey was distributed via social media (Twitter, Instagram and Facebook), QR code and email. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and regression analyses were performed to show correlations., Results: We analysed the responses of 299 patients and 129 rheumatologists. Most patients (74%) and rheumatologists (76%) believed that DHAs are useful in the management of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) and felt confident in their own usage thereof (90%; 86%). 38% of patients and 71% of rheumatologists reported that their attitude had changed positively towards DHAs and that their usage had increased due to COVID-19 (29%; 48%). The majority in both groups agreed on implementing virtual visits for follow-up appointments in stable disease conditions. The most reported advantages of DHAs were usage independent of time and place (76.6%; 77.5%). The main barriers were a lack of information on suitable, available DHAs (58.5%; 41.9%), poor usability (42.1% of patients) and a lack of evidence supporting the effectiveness of DHAs (23.2% of rheumatologists). Only a minority (<10% in both groups) believed that digitalisation has a negative impact on the patient-doctor relationship., Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic instigated an increase in patients' and rheumatologists' acceptance and usage of DHAs, possibly introducing a permanent paradigm shift in the management of RMDs., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to report the effects of denosumab on radius cortical and trabecular bone density, mass, and strength, and wrist fracture incidence in the FREEDOM (Fracture REduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis every 6 Months) study., Methods: In the FREEDOM study, postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (N = 7,808) received placebo or 60 mg of denosumab every 6 months for 36 months. Radius bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content, and strength (polar moment of inertia) were evaluated in two prespecified substudies using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (placebo, n = 209; denosumab, n = 232) or quantitative CT (placebo, n = 48; denosumab, n = 62). Prespecified analysis assessed wrist fracture incidence in all FREEDOM participants (placebo, N = 3,906; denosumab, N = 3,902), and post hoc subgroup analyses evaluated those with higher fracture risk (baseline femoral neck T-score ≤-2.5; placebo, N = 1,406; denosumab, N = 1,384)., Results: Denosumab significantly increased areal BMD (assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) and volumetric BMD, bone mineral content, and polar moment of inertia (assessed by quantitative CT), compared with placebo, in radius cortical and trabecular bone at all time points evaluated (all P < 0.05). Wrist fracture incidence was 2.9% for placebo and 2.5% for denosumab (relative risk reduction, 16%; P = 0.21) on month 36. Participants with a femoral neck T-score of -2.5 or lower were at increased risk for wrist fracture, and denosumab significantly reduced wrist fracture incidence compared with placebo (placebo, 4.0%; denosumab, 2.4%; relative risk reduction, 40%; absolute risk reduction, 1.6%; P = 0.03)., Conclusions: Denosumab significantly improves radius bone density, mass, and strength compared with placebo. In higher-risk women, denosumab significantly reduces wrist fracture risk.

The Designed for intravenous (IV) Ibandronate reNal safety Evaluation (DIVINE) study was a 1-year prospective, randomized, open label, multi-center study that evaluated the renal safety of quarterly (every 3 months) ibandronate IV injection given over 15-30s compared with infusion given over 15 min, and weekly oral alendronate, in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) at increased risk for renal disease. Both injection and infusion of IV ibandronate showed comparable safety to alendronate, with only small changes in serum creatinine (sCr) for each treatment group, and AEs were generally comparable between groups. All three treatments had similar effects on renal function, measured by change in baseline of the glomerular filtration rate; the ibandronate IV injection group was noninferior to the ibandronate IV infusion and weekly oral alendronate groups at 9 months, with similar results at 1 year. The results of this study demonstrate the profile of IV ibandronate, which allows it to be dosed as an IV injection in the primary care setting without the need for an infusion, even in patients with pre-existing hypertension or diabetes mellitus., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Low bone mineral density (BMD) has been described in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, but data on associated factors are still unclear, and to our knowledge, no reports are available in Brazil. Our goal was to evaluate BMD in HIV patients attending an outpatient clinic in Vitoria, Brazil. A sectional study was performed in 300 HIV-infected patients to measure BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Age, gender, anthropometric parameters, nadir and current CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, smoking habit, and current antiretroviral therapy (ART) associations were investigated by multivariable analysis. Based on World Health Organization T-score ranges, low BMD (T-score <-1.0 standard deviation [SD] in postmenopausal women and men aged 50 and older or Z-score <- 2.0 SD in premenopausal women and men below the age of 50) was detected in 54.7% (95% confidence interval: 49.1-60.3%) of the 300 enrolled patients. The observed median age was 46 yr (interquartile range: 39-52), 58% were male, 88.5% were on ART, and 21.4% smoked. The following factors were identified, by multiple logistic modeling, as being independently associated with low BMD: (1) male gender (4.6 [1.28-16.39]), (2) body mass index lower than 25 kg/m(2) (2.9 [1.31-6.49]), (3) menopause (13.4 [2.53-71.12]), and (4) HIV-1 undetectable viral load (7.9 [1.96-32.25]). Conversely, zidovudine (0.2 [0.04-0.85]) and nevirapine (0.1 [0.02-0.38]) use were inversely associated with low BMD. Low BMD was frequently found in our cohort of about 300 Brazilian HIV-infected subjects. This study supports the need for periodic DXA testing in HIV outpatient clinics., (Copyright © 2011 The International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Osteoporosis is a serious worldwide epidemic. Increased risk of fractures is the hallmark of the disease and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and economic burden. FRAX® is a web-based tool developed by the Sheffield WHO Collaborating Center team, that integrates clinical risk factors, femoral neck BMD, country specific mortality and fracture data and calculates the 10 year fracture probability in order to help health care professionals identify patients who need treatment. However, only 31 countries have a FRAX® calculator at the time paper was accepted for publication. In the absence of a FRAX® model for a particular country, it has been suggested to use a surrogate country for which the epidemiology of osteoporosis most closely approximates the index country. More specific recommendations for clinicians in these countries are not available. In North America, concerns have also been raised regarding the assumptions used to construct the US ethnic specific FRAX® calculators with respect to the correction factors applied to derive fracture probabilities in Blacks, Asians and Hispanics in comparison to Whites. In addition, questions were raised about calculating fracture risk in other ethnic groups e.g., Native Americans and First Canadians. In order to provide additional guidance to clinicians, a FRAX® International Task Force was formed to address specific questions raised by physicians in countries without FRAX® calculators and seeking to integrate FRAX® into their clinical practice. The main questions that the task force tried to answer were the following: The Task Force members conducted appropriate literature reviews and developed preliminary statements that were discussed and graded by a panel of experts at the ISCD-IOF joint conference. The statements approved by the panel of experts are discussed in the current paper., (Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: The MOTION (Monthly Oral Therapy with Ibandronate for Osteoporosis Intervention) study reported that once-monthly ibandronate was noninferior to once-weekly alendronate in terms of increasing bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and total hip over 12 months. On analysis of secondary and exploratory end points in MOTION, which included trochanter and femoral neck BMD, monthly ibandronate was found to be noninferior to weekly alendronate. The coprimary, secondary, and exploratory BMD end points from MOTION have been previously reported., Objective: This report presents additional results from the MOTION study, including response rates in terms of lumbar spine and total hip BMD gains above baseline; findings from a comparison of serum concentrations of bone turnover markers; and tolerability analysis, including adverse events that led to withdrawal and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events., Methods: MOTION was a 12-month (with 15-day follow-up), randomized, multinational, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group, noninferiority study in postmenopausal women aged 55 to <85 years with osteoporosis. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 150-mg-monthly oral ibandronate and weekly alendronate-matched placebo, or 70-mg-weekly oral alendronate and monthly ibandronate-matched placebo, for 12 months. At baseline, day 7 of treatment, 3 and 6 months, 6 months + 7 days, and 12 months, serum concentrations of markers of bone resorption (C-telopeptide of the a chain of type 1 collagen [sCTX]) and bone formation (serum N-terminal propeptides of type 1 collagen) were measured in a subset of the total trial population. At baseline and month 12, BMD was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Exploratory analyses of patients whose spine, total hip, and trochanter BMD at 12 months were above baseline (responders) were also performed., Results: A total of 1760 women were enrolled (ibandronate, 887 patients; alendronate, 873). The median changes in the trough concentrations of sCTX were -75.5% with monthly ibandronate and -81.2% with weekly alendronate. The percentage of patients with mean lumbar spine and total hip BMD gains above baseline (responders) were 90% and 87%, respectively, for ibandronate and 92% and 90%, respectively, for alendronate. GI adverse events were reported in

The use of placebo control groups (e.g., subjects using calcium and vitamin D) in osteoporosis trials with subjects at high risk for fracture has been systematically questioned by institutional review boards (IRBs). Regulatory agencies, on the other hand, continue to not only recommend but also require that placebo-controlled trials be presented for the registration of new drugs for osteoporosis treatment. The Declaration of Helsinki and its updates have upheld the principle that protection of research subjects' rights is of primary concern. Nevertheless, even the Declaration keeps clearly opening the possibility of using placebo-control designs if it is justified for "compelling and scientifically sound methodological reasons." The use of intermediary endpoints or surrogates to establish the efficacy or safety of new medications in the management of osteoporosis is currently considered scientifically insufficient. This concept has led regulatory agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration in the United States and the European Medicines Agency in the European Union, to require "fragility fracture reduction" as the primary endpoint in clinical trials for the registration of new drugs. Superiority or noninferiority trials are alternatives to placebo-controlled designs. However, factors such as sample size, cost, and statistical limitations render these models impractical for the registration of new medications for osteoporosis. We recommend collaboration among regulatory agencies, IRBs, scientists, and ethicists on the design of clinical trials for the registration of new medications for reduction of fracture risk. Delay in developing mutually acceptable models may impair scientific development in the field and possibly deprive patients of potentially beneficial treatments.

The definition of Osteoporosis as proposed by WHO is widely accepted amongst Brazilian physicians. The main diagnostic tool in Brazil is Bone Densitometry (DXA). Both public and private health insurance systems reimburse the densitometry test. DXA have been used also for monitoring changes in BMD. Biochemical markers and peripheral methods of bone assessment are not widely used in Brazil. Estrogens, Vitamin D and its metabolites, Salmon Calcitonin, Ipriflavone, Tibolone, Etidronate, Alendronate, Raloxifene and Risendronate are currently available for treating osteoporosis. Since 1995, Brazilian Society of Clinical Densitometry have been educating Bone Densitometry Professionals and all clinicians in order to improve their ability to turn DXA results into adequate clinical decisions.

In 1996, the Brazilian Society for Clinical Densitometry (SBDens) developed an accreditation program to be applied to all densitometry centers, under the supervision of the certified physicians from SBDens. This program is named Programa Nacional de Qualidade em Densitometria (PROQUAD) and was developed to verify at least three aspects of the bone densitometry practice: the functioning of equipment, the methods used by technicians in performing the scans, and how the physicians are analyzing the scans and interpreting the results. From the 360 certified physicians who are members of SBDens, nearly one-third are participating in this program. The final purpose of PROQUAD is to provide approved centers with a seal, to be stamped on their examinations. The seal will signify to referring physicians, and the community, which centers are working under high standards of quality. It has been 2 yr since PROQUAD was established, and the data obtained confirm the improvement of quality in the practice of densitometry in Brazil. Any input from other societies that could improve PROQUAD is welcomed. Ensuring good densitometry practices is a goal for which all densitometry societies must strive.