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"The problem of adequate verbalization of emotions, sensations and feelings is one of the most important in modern applied linguistics. It is urgent to create a database of units on different linguistic levels intended for such verbalization. It is important in interdisciplinary branches for the languages with different structure, primarily in clinical practice, since the accuracy of the diagnosis depends on the ability to verbalize the sensations. In particular, this applies to people with a high level of alexithymia, having significant difficulties with naming their feelings. Alexithymia is a specific cognitive characteristic of the individual, affecting the ability to perceive sensations, emotions and feelings, to recognize them and adequately verbalize. Alexithymia may be a predictor or be closely related to a number of psychosomatic disorders that need to be prevented in a timely manner to avoid complications, so it is relevant to develop a linguistically valid psychometric diagnostic toolkit that is currently missing for alexithymic patients on the material of Russian language. This article is devoted to lexical units in the Russian language which are used for pain description. The authors analyze descriptors traditionally included in clinical questionnaires for the diagnosis of pain syndromes based on the explanations presented in the Large Russian Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. PP.A.Kuznetsov, analyze them from the point of view of semantics, paying special attention to such important and diagnostically important types of pain as acute and dull, discuss analytical data on results of the survey in patients who had pain complaints conducted to determine the validity of the proposed verbal descriptors."

Patients with alexithymia have difficulties in verbal description of their sensations. The reasons of this specific cognitive modality have not been explained entirely yet, so there is an urge to use psychometric instruments to analyze this peculiarity and to measure alexithymia simultaneously with other parameters (in neurology, different types of pain, anxiety, depression, dizziness). The aim of the study was to identify the presence or absence of statistically significant correlation between nonspecific cervical and back pain, anxiety, depression, and alexithymia. The authors observed 435 patients with cervical and back pain complaints. After neurological examination, there were revealed 156 patients aged 18–50 years (average age 38.2 ± 10.1 years, 89 females and 67 males) with nonspecific cervical and back pain. All patients passed through the Russian language version of the 20-point Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20) and were divided into three groups: high level of alexithymia (group A), border zone (group B), and low level of alexithymia (group C). The patients were also divided into 2 subgroups: acute pain and chronic pain. All patients passed through the assessment of pain severity, disability index, satisfaction with life index (according to VAS scale), and anxiety and depression (according to Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)). Statistical assessment included the Shapiro–Wilk test for determining the type of data distribution, methods of descriptive statistics with the presentation of data in the form of an average value and standard deviation, and contingency table method for comparing the studied groups. The critical level of significance (p) in testing statistical hypotheses in the study was taken 0.05. Processing of the obtained data showed that patients with high level of alexithymia had statistically significant higher rates of pain severity, disability index, and level of anxiety and depression, and significantly lower satisfaction with life index than patients with border and low levels of alexithymia. The results also show that the concrete type on nonspecific pain (acute or chronic) is not connected with the risk of comorbidity with anxiety, depression, and alexithymia. Thus, in clinical practice, it is advisable to test patients with pain complaints also presenting tools to identify the level of anxiety and alexithymia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) currently attracts a lot of attention due to their impact on quality of life and the effectiveness of treatment. The aim of research is to find the most effective medication which influences the cognitive functions positively. The research included 120 patients with average age of 61.22 ± 8.6 and average DM-2 duration of 10.84 ± 8.2 years. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA test), Trail Making Test (TMT), Parts A and B, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and The Short Form-36 (SF-36) were used. It was revealed that patients with DM type 2 had cognitive dysfunction generally presented by mild cognitive impairment. Patients with DM-2 have an early manifestation of cognitive impairment. After the initial estimation of indicators, all the patients were taking standardized extract Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761®) in the dose 240 mg a day for 6 months. Estimation of all the indicators after 3 and 6 months of treatment showed significant cognitive improvement. By matching the available experimental and clinical data, we can conclude that in the setting of DM-2 EGb 761®, by producing a positive effect towards various factors which results from insulin resistance of the brain, improves functions of the brain, which manifests in improvement of main QoL indicators in DM-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Dizziness complaints are the most frequent in patients in the primary health-care system and in the treatment of emergency conditions in the practice of neurologists and general practitioners. Methods: Difficulties in diagnosing dizziness are explained by the fact that the verbal report of a patient plays a leading role in the procedure of diagnosis. There are no instrumental diagnostic methods (except for magnetic resonance imaging with strokes and hearing auric examination for hearing impairment), which allow doctors to determine the cause of dizziness. Results: Thus, specific verbal descriptors are used to diagnose the concrete type of the disease: Vertigo (true rotational dizziness), presyncope, imbalance, vague sensations of faintness, anxiety, and depression. It should be noted that in one patient, two or more types of dizziness can occur simultaneously. Conclusion: The research was conducted at Kazan Federal University Clinic (Kazan, Russia) by the group of clinical linguists and neurologists. The experience of this joint work demonstrates the advisability of such cooperation in clinical situations when the verbal diagnostic component is the key to the assessment of neurological dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]