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From January 2001 to May 2002, 300 chicken carcasses from retail shops in Dakar were examined for prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter. Of these, 146 were fresh products, 58 were refrigerated and 96 were frozen. Salmonella was isolated from 96 (32%) of the carcasses analyzed. The most prominent Salmonella serovars were Salmonella Hadar (41.6%) and Salmonella Brancaster (20.8%). Campylobacter spp. was isolated from 168 (56%) of the samples. C. jejuni was more frequently isolated (59%) than C. coli (27%). The contamination rates for Campylobacter were significantly different in relation to the type of carcass: 76% for fresh, 53% for chilled and 28% for frozen.

Campylobacter resistance to antimicrobial agents appears as an emerging public health problem in industrialized countries, but, on the other hand, only few data on the subject are available in developing countries. To assess antibiotic susceptibility of Campylobacter strains in Senegal, skin samples were collected from 250 chicken carcasses from January 2001 to October 2002. Among 204 Campylobacter strains isolated, two species were identified: C. jejuni (59%) and C. coli (41%). In vitro susceptibility to five antimicrobial drugs (amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin) was determined by the E-test method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) showed 34% of Campylobacter isolates were ciprofloxacin resistant with a high level of resistance (MIC ≥ 32 mg/l) in 25% of both species. Cross-resistance between nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was found in 96% of quinolone-resistant strains. The level of amoxicillin resistance was statistically higher for C. coli than for C. jejuni (20.2 versus 10.8%), but all the strains were susceptible to amoxicillin combined with clavulanic acid. Both species showed low resistance to erythromycin. Multiresistant phenotype to three of the drugs tested was found in 9.8% of the strains: 15.5% of C. coli strains and 5.8% of C. jejuni strains. No strain was resistant to four or more of the drugs studied. Further studies appear necessary to evaluate antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter isolated in human and animal samples in order to control the emergence of new multidrug-resistant strains in Senegal.

Microbiological analysis of a broiler chicken carcass revealed the presence of a new Salmonella serotype. It is characterized by two genes that express resistance to antibiotics, except to the very last quinolones. This serotype poses a threat as it has been found in human samples in association with high temperature and diarrhea. The onset of this Salmonella may result from the anarchic use of antibiotics in poultry production.

Fire and Gas (F&G) detection is an essential part of the mitigation system in facilities handling and storing flammable and toxic materials. While detector reliability might be very high, safety performance of a F&G system strongly depends on layout and coverage. Current reference standards for on-shore applications do not define the plant areas to be mapped, the coverage targets, and the reference hazardous scenarios to be considered. In the present study, a methodology aimed at the F&G coverage mapping was developed. The procedure is applicable in the Front End Engineering Design phase (FEED), where limited data is typically available. The development of the methodology considered the main aspects that define F&G system performance. Coverage targets for detection were set considering risk reduction goals and actual detector capabilities. Simple strategies were developed for the determination of the reference hazardous scenarios to be considered. A Matlab code for 3D F&G coverage mapping was developed. The proposed procedure was demonstrated by a simplified case study. The methodology proved itself a valid instrument to assist detector layout assessment.

Accidental fires in Oil&Gas facilities have a significant potential for severe consequences, endangering personnel safety, environment, asset integrity, production continuity and company reputation. Moreover, in-plant accident propagation (domino effects) may further increase the outcomes of fires. Fireproofing is a crucial safety barrier in preventing the escalation of fire scenarios. Maintenance and cost considerations require the application of such protection only where an actual risk of severe fire scenarios is present. Available methodologies for the identification of fireproofing zones in on-shore installations are based on simplified assumptions and do not consider the effect of jet-fire scenarios. Experience has tragically shown though the importance of including such scenarios (e.g. Valero accident in 2007). In the present study, a risk-based methodology for the identification of fireproofing zones was developed. The procedure addresses both the prevention of domino effect and the mitigation of asset damage due to the primary fire scenario (pool and jet fires), taking into account the specific issues of on-shore applications. Specific criteria were introduced to assess escalation hazard. A risk-based identification of the reference accident scenarios was developed, allowing a more detailed definition of the plant items that should be considered for fireproofing application. The method is mainly oriented to early design application, allowing the identification of fireproofing zones in the initial lay-out definition. The potential outcomes of the methodology are investigated by applying them to case-studies of industrial interest.