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A validated simple reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic – diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) method was optimised for the analysis of dodine in their pesticide dosage forms by replacing more hazardous acetonitrile and methanol with safe ethanol. The chromatographic analysis was achieved on the Waters, Symmetry C8 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 µm) using an eco-friendly isocratic eluent; ethanol: water (containing 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid) (50:50, v/v) as the mobile phase with the flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute. The detector wavelength was set at 205 nm. The method was validated as per the SANCO (Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection) and ICH (International conference on harmonisation) guidelines. The calibration curve showed a good correlation coefficient (0.9998) over the concentration range of 20.04 to 180.34 mg/L. The method was highly precise and robust with a relative standard deviation value of less than 2%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was between 0.80 and 2.40 mg/L, respectively. The extraction recovery of the analyte ranged from 99.38% to 102.00%. Assessment results proved that our analytical method is considered an eco-friendly alternative to conventionally reported methods regarding usage of safe solvents and chemicals, a minimal amount of waste production, and a short time of analysis. Accordingly, the proposed method could be readily applied for quality control purposes as an eco-friendly, simple, and efficient analytical tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Hypothesis: Limited research has been conducted on the influence of chelating agents on the self-assembly process in surfactant solutions. The traditional approach assumes the chelating agent only interferes as a salting-out ion, therefore promoting surfactant separation. However, the opposite behavior has been observed for iminodipropionate based surfactants, in which the presence of chelating agents of the aminopolycarboxylate type increases solubility of nonionic ethoxylated surfactants in mixed micellar systems. Specific interaction between chelating agents-surfactants can be an important parameter in the self-assembly processes. Experiments: Physicochemical properties of solutions containing amphoteric surfactant and tetrasodium glutamatediacetate have been investigated. Macroscopic properties, such as viscosity and cloud point, were evaluated in the presence of a non-water-soluble alkyl ethoxylated surfactant. Interactions between amphoteric surfactant and chelating agent were monitored by NMR spectroscopy, including 13C chemical shift and lineshape analysis as well as 1H diffusometry. Findings: The study reveals that there is an interaction between the head group of the surfactant and the chelating agent forming oligomeric surfactant analogues with larger hydrophilic moieties, which results in smaller, more spherical micelles. The combined interactions provide possibilities for tuning the aggregation behavior of systems containing surfactants and chelating agents, and with that, the macroscopic properties of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes, a category of extracellular vesicle (EV), are phospholipid bilayer structures ranging from 30 to 150 nm, produced by various organisms through the endosomal pathway. Recent studies have established the utilization of exosomes as nanocarriers for drug distribution across various therapeutic areas including cancer, acute liver injury, neuroprotection, oxidative stress, inflammation, etc. The importance of plant-derived exosomes and exosome vesicles derived from mammalian cells or milk, loaded with potent plant bioactives for various therapeutic indications are discussed along with insights into future perspectives. Moreover, this review provides a detailed understanding of exosome biogenesis, their composition, classification, stability of different types of exosomes, and different routes of administration along with the standard techniques used for isolating, purifying, and characterizing exosomes. Plain Language Summary Exosomes are tiny, spherical structures made of two layers of lipids, measuring between 30 and 150 nm in diameter. They are flexible, less harmful to the immune system, can cross barriers in the body, and also can be used as vehicles to carry drugs. Various methods are used to obtain, separate, and purify the exosomes based on their size, shape, density, and specific markers. Exosomes obtained from plants can treat various diseases as they are less toxic, have high permeability, and are environmentally safe. The chemical compounds obtained from plants can be loaded into the exosomes obtained from sources like milk, or human cells both healthy and diseased, having the ability to treat cancer, inflammation, liver diseases, etc. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Article highlights Introduction to exosomes Exosomes are small vesicles released by most eukaryotic cells, that facilitate intercellular communication and possess an extended half-life, allowing them to traverse extended distances within the body under both normal and disease conditions. Advantages of exosomes The exceptional drug-delivery potential of exosomes, originating from their less immunogenic, non-cytotoxic, and non-mutagenic ability, surpasses that of liposomes. In advanced medicine, exosomes are investigated as a promising cell-free therapy due to their targeted effects on cells, reduced safety issues, and low manufacturing costs in comparison to cell-based therapies. Challenges with exosomes Human cell-derived exosomes have scalability and scalability challenges associated with the low yield. To address this exosome-derived plants have emerged as a promising alternative. Ethical concerns Researchers must thoroughly evaluate the potential risks associated with exosome-based therapies, including immunogenicity, off-target effects, and long-term complications. Patients should be fully informed about the nature of exosome therapy, including its potential benefits, risks, and uncertainties. In-depth investigation of the animal-derived, and plant-derived exosomes is required before using them for therapeutic interventions. Advantages of plant-derived exosomes Plant-derived exosomes owing to their small size are considered to be environmentally safe, less toxic, and have high permeability; biological functions and pharmacological properties of plant-derived exosomes closely resemble those of their parent plants and often surpass those of isolated plant compounds. Isolation & purification methods The selection of different isolation and purification methods such as ultracentrifugation, size-based separation, polymer-based methods, affinity-based separation, and microfluidic systems are to be taken care of as they can influence the purity and the physiological characteristics of the exosomes. Future perspectives The plant-derived exosomes with their superior advantages of higher yield, widely available, prolonged half-life, and better stability in biological fluids show future potential for treatment strategy and therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are widely used to deliver therapeutic transgenes due to their superior safety, relatively low immunogenicity, and ability to target diverse tissues. AAV gene therapy products are typically formulated as frozen liquid and stored below − 60 °C, and therefore are subjected to multiple freeze/thaw cycles during manufacturing and administration. Recent studies have shown that genome DNA leakage could be induced by freeze/thaw stress. DNA leakage from AAV capsids has been reported to potentially impact product stability, induce immune responses, and compromise product efficacy. Thus, further characterization to improve the understanding of genome DNA leakage is necessary for mitigating the risks associated with genome DNA leakage during AAV product development. In this work, we developed an optimized size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method for quantifying the leakage of genome DNA across multiple different AAV serotypes and demonstrated satisfactory assay performance in sensitivity, precision, and linearity. Furthermore, we showed that this method could also be applied to quantifying additional quality attributes of AAV, including the percentage of full capsids and quantification of AAV dimers. By using this optimized SEC method, we demonstrated that significantly increased free DNA was observed with increasing freeze/thaw cycles or at a temperature approaching the onset temperature for genome DNA ejection, which was effectively mitigated by the addition of 1.5% w/v sucrose in the AAV formulation. Thus, this optimized SEC method can serve as an invaluable tool for AAV formulation, product, and process development in ensuring the quality and stability of AAV gene therapy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) was first isolated in 1946, and since then, several formulations have been developed and widely used to treat wrinkles by inducing muscle paralysis. This multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, active-controlled phase 3 clinical trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a newly developed BoNT-A formulation, BMI2006, in improving moderate to severe glabellar wrinkles and to compare with existing onabotulinumtoxin A (OBoNT) injections. A total of 276 subjects were enrolled and received 20 units of the randomized material, which was intramuscularly injected into five different locations on the forehead. The primary endpoint, assessed at 4 weeks, showed no statistically significant difference in the improvement rate of glabellar wrinkles between the two groups, with BMI2006 demonstrating non-inferiority to comparator BoNT-A. Secondary endpoints, evaluated by both treating investigators and independent investigators, also exhibited similar improvement rates throughout the study period. Both groups reported high levels of satisfaction with no statistical difference between the two groups. Safety evaluations indicated mild and transient adverse events, with no serious reactions observed. In conclusion, BMI2006 is an effective and safe BoNT-A for treating glabellar wrinkles with an expected duration of action between 8 and 12 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin is the first line of defense to protect the host from external environmental damage. When the skin is damaged, the wound provides convenience for the invasion of external substances. The prolonged nonhealing of wounds can also lead to numerous subsequent complications, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. To solve this problem, proteins and peptide components that promote wound healing have been discovered in animals, which can act on key pathways involved in wound healing, such as the PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, NF-κ B, and JAK/STAT pathways. So far, some formulations for topical drug delivery have been developed, including hydrogels, microneedles, and electrospinning nanofibers. In addition, some high-performance dressings have been utilized, which also have great potential in wound healing. Here, research progress on the promotion of wound healing by animal-derived proteins and peptide components is summarized, and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The refined Developability Classification System (rDCS) provides a comprehensive animal-free approach for assessing biopharmaceutical risks associated with developing oral formulations. This work demonstrates practical application of a recently advanced rDCS framework guiding formulation design for six diverse active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and compares rDCS classifications with those of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). While the BCS assigns five of the APIs to class II/IV, indicating potentially unfavorable biopharmaceutical attributes, the rDCS provides a more nuanced risk assessment. Both BCS and rDCS assign acetaminophen to class I at therapeutic doses. Voriconazole and lemborexant (both BCS II) are classified in rDCS class I at therapeutic doses, indicating suitability for development as conventional oral formulations. Fedratinib is classified as BCS IV but the rDCS indicates a stratified risk (class I, IIa or IIb), depending on the relevance of supersaturation/precipitation in vivo. Voxelotor and istradefylline (both BCS II) belong to rDCS class IIb, requiring solubility enhancement to achieve adequate oral bioavailability. Comparing the rDCS analysis with literature on development and pharmacokinetics demonstrates that the rDCS reliably supports oral formulation design over a wide range of API characteristics, thus providing a strong foundation for guiding development. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion The biodegradability of organic chemicals with usual down‐the‐drain disposal in their end‐of‐life is a key parameter to be considered by industries pursuing sustainability in their new product developments. It is a property that, once improved in any formulated product portfolio, will allow for a significant reduction in the presence of its ingredients in the natural environment, with a potential reduction in the pollution‐related environmental impact after consumption. This article aimed to propose an intelligent strategy for addressing biodegradability in the cosmetics sector, with the potential to support both product claims and corporate sustainability initiatives.The framework for achieving a portfolio biodegradability indicator is composed of three levels of assessment, the first being an ingredient level assessment, the second being an individual product biodegradability calculation (PBI—Product Biodegradability Index), and finally a third level to calculate an emission‐based, company‐wide biodegradability indicator (GBI—Global Biodegradability Index). A case study is presented and discussed in detail, as a proof of applicability of the whole framework to support new developments for an improved environmental performance. Important insights in terms of ingredients assessment criteria are also presented.A fictitious portfolio composed of two soaps (a bar and a liquid), two hair care products (shampoo and hair conditioner) and one bath oil resulted in a GBI of 92.8%. The bar soap was the main contributor for this global index, with a PBI of 98.8% and a relatively high consumption volume of 1 ton/year, which accounts for approximately 66% of the total portfolio consumption. Other products, like hair care, presented lower PBIs, but their lower mass consumption representativeness within the portfolio prevented a significant negative impact on the global index. The main strategic directions derived from the case study, to ensure a stable and high biodegradability of the consumed organic mass, were properly discussed.The output of this framework provided an intelligent management strategy for innovation, where reformulation efforts can be targeted at products and ingredients with the highest potential to improve the biodegradability profile of the total organic mass released to the environment from a given portfolio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the side effect of commonly used chemical scolicidals, advantages of micro drug delivery system and growing interest for the phytoceuticals, the present study aimed to find out the scolicidal activity of two volatile terpenes (α-pinene and β-caryophyllene) and their microemulsions on protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus. The ordinary and microemulsions of α-pinene and β-caryophyllene and their combination at three different ratios (2:1, 1:1, 1:2) were developed and characterised by dynamic light scattering to confirm micro-dimensions. The scolicidal effect of the developed formulations at the concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 μg/mL were measured at 10, 30, and 60-min time points. Mortality rates were recorded by eosin exclusion test. At the 10-min time point, ordinary and micro α-pinene at the concentration of 10 μg/mL killed 94.66% and 100% of the protoscoleces, respectively. At the same time point and concentration, ordinary and micro β-caryophyllene caused 44.33% and 68.66% mortality rates in protoscoleces, respectively. Based on the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values, there was no significant difference between ordinary and microemulsified α-pinene. For the micro β-caryophyllene, a LC50 value of 2.1 µg/mL was obtained which was significantly lower than that of ordinary β-caryophyllene (49.85 µg/mL). No synergistic interaction existed between β-caryophyllene and α-pinene regarding their activity on E. granulosus. Development of microemulsions increased the toxicity of these terpenoids on protoscoleces, especially that of β-caryophyllene, probably due to improved penetration into the parasite. Further studies are needed to assess in vivo efficacy and safety of this specific preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver disease represents a significant global public health concern. Silybin, derived from Silybum marianum, has been demonstrated to exhibit a range of beneficial properties, including anti‐inflammatory, antioxidative, antifibrotic, antiviral, and cytoprotective effects. These attributes render it a promising candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, viral hepatitis, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, and other liver conditions. Nevertheless, its low solubility and low bioavailability have emerged as significant limitations in its clinical application. To address these limitations, researchers have developed a number of silybin formulations. This study presents a comprehensive review of the results of research on silybin for the treatment of liver diseases in recent decades, with a particular focus on novel formulations based on the pathogenesis of the disease. These include approaches targeting the liver via the CD44 receptor, folic acid, vitamin A, and others. Furthermore, the study presents the findings of studies that have employed nanotechnology to enhance the low bioavailability and low solubility of silybin. This includes the use of nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanosuspensions. This study reviews the application of silybin preparations in the treatment of global liver diseases. However, further high‐quality and more complete experimental studies are still required to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the efficacy and safety of these preparations. Finally, the study considers the issues that arise during the research of silybin formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorpyrifos is among the most widely sold organophosphates in the agriculture sector worldwide. Static bioassays were performed in the laboratory to compare the acute toxicity between the technical grade (94% a.i.) and commercial formulation (20% EC) of chlorpyrifos to four freshwater organisms: the crustacean zooplankton Cyclops viridis, the oligochaete worm Branchiura sowerbyi, the gastropod Pila globosa, and tadpole larvae of Duttaphrynus melanostictus. The recovery of actual chlorpyrifos concentrations in water after 2 h of exposure to the nominal concentrations ranged from 82.98% to 88.56%. The commercial formulation (F) of chlorpyrifos was found to be 1.94 to 2.76 times more toxic than the technical grade (T). Based on 96 h LC50 values of T and F chlorpyrifos, C. viridis was found to be most sensitive (0.56 and 0.25 μg/L) and P. globosa as most tolerant (1482 and 536 μg/L) to chlorpyrifos. Changes in LC50 values of both T and F chlorpyrifos were noted in respect of exposure hours for the three aquatic invertebrates and the tadpole larvae of the toad. In conclusion, the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos to some non-target freshwater organisms differs between technical grade and commercial formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niacinamide, an active form of vitamin B3, is recognised for its significant dermal benefits including skin brightening, anti-ageing properties and the protection of the skin barrier. Its widespread incorporation into cosmetic products, ranging from cleansers to serums, is attributed to its safety profile and proven efficacy. Recently, topical niacinamide has also been explored for other pharmaceutical applications, including skin cancers. Therefore, a fundamental understanding of the skin permeation behaviour of niacinamide becomes crucial for formulation design. Given the paucity of a comprehensive review on this aspect, we provide insights into the mechanisms of action of topically applied niacinamide and share the current strategies used to enhance its skin permeation. This review also consolidates clinical evidence of topical niacinamide for its cosmeceutical uses and as treatment for some skin disorders, including dermatitis, acne vulgaris and actinic keratosis. We also emphasise the current exploration and perspectives on the delivery designs of topical niacinamide, highlighting the potential development of formulations focused on enhancing skin permeation, particularly for clinical benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient delivery of low water soluble paclitaxel (PTX) through the use of human serum albumin (HSA) as suitable carriers to targeted site with reduced toxicities and improved pharmaceutical attributes remains challengeable and still required deep investigation. Herein, PTX-HSA NPs were synthesized by emulsion solvent evaporation method using high-pressure homogenization technique. The impact of drug and HSA concentration, homogenization pressure, and number of cycles onto to the particle size, zeta potential, drug loading, and in vitro drug release profile of developed nanoparticles was optimized. Herein, optimized NPs (F5 formulation) possessing the particle size of 165 ± 8.53 nm, PDI of 0.126, and zeta potential of − 22.4 ± 3.5 mV were obtained as spherical shaped. Additionally, in vitro release profile of F5 formulation demonstrated the biphasic pattern initiated with burst release (12% after 2 h) followed by sustained release (45% after 48 h) at pH 7.4. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity study of optimized formulation revealed potential cytotoxicity at dose-dependent manner in which IC50 of PTX-HSA NPs displayed 12.23 ± 2.4 µg/ml and 11.31 ± 2.2 µg/ml against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines, respectively, irrespective to free drug. Stability study of F5 lyophilized powder further showed well-maintained integrity, potentivity, and stability. Conclusively, process parameter optimization and in vitro characterization of developed PTX-HSA NPs further provide suitable platform for industrial or scale-up production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of harmful chemical surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in healthcare products is a challenge that world is facing today. The present study aimed to formulate novel green shampoos using rhamnolipid and saponin instead of chemical surfactants, and comparison with commercial shampoos. Biosurfactants were confirmed by thin layer and high‐performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and their performance was evaluated by zone inhibition and critical micelle concentration (CMC). The saponin and rhamnolipid reduced the surface tension (ST) of water from 72 to 40 and 30 mN/m at their CMCs, respectively. Four novel shampoo formulations were made with SLS, rhamnolipid, saponin, and a mixture of rhamnolipid and saponin. The green shampoos were evaluated with tests of color, odor, transparency, pH, ST, detergency, solid content, foam type, foam volume, wetting time and microbial contamination standard to determine the physicochemical properties. The green formulations with rhamnolipid, saponin and mixture of rhamnolipid and saponin were clear and transparent with a good odor. Low ST (34.13, 38.83, and 31.73 mN/m), good detergency (63.87%, 57.74%, and 64.45%), comparable solid contents (25.11%, 26.95%, and 27.50%), good wetting time (160, 165, and 153 s), and good foam stability even after 60 min were observed for three green shampoos, respectively. Based on the results, it can be concluded that these green shampoos can compete with commercial shampoos and be a suitable alternative to chemical shampoos containing sulfate and sulfate‐free, especially for children, people with eye and skin sensitivities and with oily hair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of biocontrol agents including bioinoculants and biopesticides is a critical factor which determines crop growth and yield that are cultivated by organic agriculture practices. Trichoderma viride is the most commonly used biocontrol agent against diverse plant pathogens associated with various crops. In the present study, the effect of formulation like gel matrix prepared from natural products and water in oil emulsion of Trichoderma viride on the post treatment persistence adapting dilution method and soil dilution method was studied. The maximum frequency of occurrence was recorded in all the formulation over the control, and high frequency of occurrence was recorded in water in oil formulation and followed by biogel formulation. The effect of metallic nanoparticles on the formulation efficacy was also studied which reveals all the formulation could retain the viability. The effect of formulation on the biocontrol efficacy of Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata adapting soil dilution method reveals all the formulation retarded the tested pathogenic fungal colonies, and the biogel formulation of Trichoderma viride with nanoparticles treatment showed the best compatibility on decomposition of organic wastes. The study is highly recommended because of the high rate of persistence of compatibility resistant to nanoparticle treatment and best biocontrol efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Food security and waste management represent the main challenges that need to be addressed in the near future. The use of bioformulations and bioactive compounds obtained from agricultural wastes could represent some of the solutions for the management of soil-borne pathogens. Methods: In the present study, Aureobasidium pullulans strain AP1, tested in oil dispersion (OD) formulation prototype and bio-extracts [hot water extract (HWE) and warm water extract (WWE)] derived from spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of Agaricus bisporus , was tested as sustainable strategies to manage Rhizoctonia solani of lettuce. Results: By in vitro assays, AP1OD at 600 mg L−1 displayed an inhibition by 57% of pathogen mycelial growth, and the SMS extract WWE (40°C) showed a growth stimulation of lettuce seedling by 27%. By In vivo assays, AP1OD formulation used against R. solani reduced by 66.6% the soil-borne pathogen incidence on lettuce plants, and both bio-extracts significantly stimulated lettuce leaves and roots growth (>200%). AP1OD formulation and HWE treatments increased the lettuce genes expression levels (ggps and hppd pdx1) mainly imputed to plant antioxidant potential, vitamin E, and vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Discussion: The present study reported the potential of a new formulation and two bio-extracts, derived from an agricultural waste, to use against R. solani of lettuce, respectively, with antifungal and biostimulant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many individuals worldwide aspire to maintain beautiful skin and hair, making the use of safe cosmetic products essential. The objective of this study was to assess the viability of utilizing mango seed butter, a byproduct of juice production, for the environmentally friendly production of cosmetic items. The study examines the composition of fatty acids and the ability of mango seed butter to reduce inflammation in a laboratory setting. We acquired the oil using solvent extraction, using n-hexane as the solvent, and then underwent transesterification via methanolysis to yield fatty acid methyl esters. The fatty acid composition was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil contains four primary fatty acids: oleic acid (35.715%), palmitic acid (29.365%), stearic acid (25.397%), and docasadienoic acid (11.905%). Topical cream was prepared using seed butter and its ability to reduce albumin denaturation was tested. The results showed that both the seed butter and formulations had dose-dependent effects similar to the standard indomethacin, especially at lower seed butter concentrations. The findings suggest that mango seed butter, which is typically considered a waste product, shows potential in the development of both safe and cost-effective natural cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals deficient in melatonin are more prone to experiencing difficulties with sleep. The creation of an orally disintegrating tablet formulation of melatonin (MT) would enable a rapid and efficacious response to the population's needs. This formulation is suitable for all individuals, including the elderly and children, and is also preferred due to its pleasant taste. The text in question discusses the role of pyridoxine (PY) as a vital coenzyme involved in a number of physiological processes within the human body. The text emphasises the necessity of obtaining pyridoxine (PY) from external sources, given that the body is incapable of producing it autonomously. Moreover, the text delineates the formulation of a tablet containing both MT and PY, which is designed for convenient use and enhanced efficacy. Moreover, the text delineates the exhaustive testing regimen, which encompasses weight deviation, friability, disintegration time, moisture content, diameter and height measurements, and hardness tests, to ensure the physical stability of the manufactured tablets. The aforementioned tests demonstrated that the tablet satisfied the criteria set forth in the European Pharmacopoeia. The results of the physical tests conducted on the tablet containing MT and PY demonstrated that the values obtained were within the desired range and in accordance with the standards set forth in the European Pharmacopoeia. The mean hardness of the manufactured tablets was determined to be within the range of 27 ± 3.2 to 35 ± 1.5 Newton. In the friability test, the efficiency ratio was calculated to be 99.793. It is a widely accepted principle that the diameter and thickness of tablets should be 1/4. The results demonstrate that all ODTs exhibit this characteristic. The tablets were found to possess both hardness and friability, which ensures that the tablet remains stable and reduces losses to a minimum. The mean diameter of the tablets was found to be 7.08 ± 0.01 mm, with a mean height of 2.50 ± 0.01 mm. Furthermore, the mean diameter was determined to be 6.97 ± 0.01 mm, with a mean height of 3.21 ± 0.01 mm. The standardisation of the tablets was successfully accomplished. The disintegration test yielded an average disintegration time of between 20 and 28 seconds for the tablets in the oral cavity, which was deemed optimal. In conclusion, the text suggests that further evaluation through in vivo and in vitro tests could be conducted to further develop the formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Voriconazole is an antifungal drug, which is classified under Bio-Classification System-II and has low water solubility (0.71 mg/mL) and high permeability. Hardly any endeavors have been made to increase the bioavailability of voriconazole. Objective: To develop and evaluate a solid SMEDDS (self-microemulsifying drug delivery system) for antifungal activity. Methods: Based on solubility studies of Labrafil-M 1994 CS (oil), Cremophor-RH 40 (a surfactant) and Transcutol-HP (a co-surfactant) were selected as components of the SMEDDS and a pseudo-ternary phase diagram was prepared. Thereafter, the oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant were mixed with altered weight ratios (1:1/1:2/2:1) and evaluated through various in vitro, in vivo analyses. Results: The particle size of the optimized formulation was observed to be 19.04 nm and the polydispersity index (PDI) value was found to be 0.162 with steady-state zeta potential. The optimized liquid SMEDDS was converted into a solid SMEDDS. Various adsorbents, such as Aerosil-200, Avicel-PH101, Neusilin-US2, and Neusilin UFL2 were screened to better detect the oil-absorbing capacity and flow properties of the powder. Neusilin UFL2 was selected as an adsorbent due to its better oil-absorbing capacity. DSC, X-ray diffraction, and dissolution studies were carried out to characterize the formulation. Further, the Pharmacokinetic profile was also studied in Wistar rats and the Cmax, tmax, and AUC0→t were calculated. The Cmax and AUC0→t plasma concentration is considerably better for the SMEDDS than for the pure drug and marketed formulation. Conclusions: This investigation clearly reveals the potential of developing a solid SMEDDS for candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis treatment, with better efficacy as compared to the commercially available marketed formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Minimizing harm from antimicrobials requires use of the narrowest spectrum drug, at an effective dose for the minimum effective duration. Many prescribers are not currently following these guidelines. To address suboptimal antimicrobial use, the underlying reasons must be understood. Objectives: To identify factors influencing choices of antimicrobial drug, dose, and duration for companion animals. Subjects: Twenty‐two veterinarians treating companion animals in Australia. Diversity of participants was deliberately sought. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted online. Two case studies were discussed, and then a range of broader questions was posed. Transcripts were analyzed thematically, using an inductive approach. Results: Few participants chose guideline‐concordant management for the case studies. Prescribing choices were influenced by a complex array of factors associated with the clinical case, pet owner, drug, veterinarian, veterinary colleagues, and external factors. Key factors driving broad‐spectrum antimicrobial use included a sense of safety, habit, ease of administering the drug (especially in cats), pharmaceutical marketing, and the self‐perpetuating dispensary cycle. Many participants were concerned about antimicrobial resistance, but insufficiently informed about how to minimize this risk. Several participants believed that longer duration of treatment and ensuring patients finish a predetermined course would decrease the risk of antimicrobial resistance and improve clinical outcomes. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Veterinarians are engaged with the concept of antimicrobial stewardship, but face numerous practical barriers and require more information. In particular, improved education is needed on enhancing patient safety by minimizing both spectrum of activity and duration of treatment, and dispelling myths about "finishing the course." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study demonstrates how knowledge of degradation products together with predictions can establish a lean stability strategy using the accelerated predictive stability (APS) principles. Applying all available data for AZD4831, (R)-1-(2-(1-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzyl)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one, a reliable predictive model was developed despite minor differences in technical batch tablet compositions. Early forced degradation studies were performed to map potential degradation pathways. The insights from these studies guided the design of an APS study, which in turn inform on a suitable clinical stability program, initial specification and shelf-life. The use of APS predictions of degradants as well as total impurities highlighted at an early stage, when designing the clinical stability program, the opportunity to identify which degradation product that would be shelf-life limiting. Hence, it was possible to guide the development stability activities and set an initial shelf-life of a tablet formulation. The presented study displays the importance of combining several sources of information in drug development, e.g., potential degradation pathways, accelerated stability, stability program design, metabolite data, and specification limits. [Display omitted] • The importance of integrating results and information from all stability activities to inform the next steps in a drug development process is emphasized. • Predictions from the accelerated stability testing (APS) model were successfully applied and matched against the real-time stability data of the final drug product composition. • Confidence gained by shelf-life predictions allowed for adjustment of the clinical stability protocol, enabling the reduction of testing points and climates. • The APS model provided crucial information on the shelf-life limiting attributes, thereby informing limits in the drug product initial clinical specification. • The shelf-life limiting degradation product could be considered qualified, justified by available metabolite data, thus underscoring the importance of qualification of impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep infection is the second most common complication of arthroplasty following loosening of the implant. Antibiotic-loaded bone cements (ALBCs) and high concentrations of systemic broad-spectrum antibiotics are commonly used to prevent infections following injury and surgery. However, clinical data fails to show that ALBCs are effective against deep infection, and negative side effects can result following prolonged administration of antibiotics. Additionally, the rise of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria provides an urgent need for alternatives to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Phage therapy, or the use of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to target pathogenic bacteria, might offer a safe alternative to combat MDR bacteria. Application of phage therapy in the setting of deep infections requires formulation strategies that would stabilize bacteriophage against chemical and thermal stress during bone-cement polymerization, that maintain bacteriophage activity for weeks or months at physiological temperatures, and that allow for sustained release of phage to combat slow-growing, persistent bacteria. Here, we demonstrate the formulation of three phages that target diverse bacterial pathogens, which includes spray-drying of the particles for enhanced thermal stability at 37 °C and above. Additionally, we use atomic layer deposition (ALD) to coat spray-dried powders with alumina to allow for delayed release of phage from the dry formulations, and potentially protect phage against chemical damage during bone cement polymerization. Together, these findings present a strategy to formulate phages that possess thermal stability and sustained release properties for use in deep infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to clarify the process of oral drug absorption from jelly formulations. Agar and pectin-based jellies containing drugs with different membrane permeability (high: antipyrine [ANT], medium: metoprolol [MET], low: atenolol [ATE]) were prepared and tested for in vitro drug release and in vivo drug absorption in rats. All drugs showed similar release profiles in vitro from both jelly formulations, except for the faster release from pectin jelly at neutral pH. In contrast, in vivo absorption of ATE but not of ANT from jelly formulations was significantly lower than from solution. Absorption of ATE and MET was low from agar jelly after oral administration, whereas additional water intake significantly increased the absorption. The process of drug absorption was described by the compartmental model consisting of jelly, intestinal fluid, and blood compartments. Drugs in the jelly diffuse into the intestinal fluid and then permeate the intestinal membrane. By considering the rate-limiting process, membrane permeability-dependent drug absorption from agar jelly and the effects of water intake were identified. In conclusion, jelly formulations may potentially decrease and delay drug oral absorption, especially of poorly permeable drugs. Intestinal fluid volume is one of the important factors to control the drug absorption. [Display omitted] • Although oral jelly formulations are often used for pediatric or elderly patients because of their high swallowability, the precise process and mechanism of gastrointestinal (GI) drug absorption from oral jelly formulations are not fully understood. This study examined the process of drug absorption from oral jelly formulations. • In this study, the compartmental model was used to describe the unique process of drug absorption from oral jelly formulations, in which drugs dissolved in the jelly reach the intestinal fluid via diffusion through the jelly matrix. By defining the rate-limiting process of drug absorption from oral jelly formulations, the effects of the membrane permeability of the drug and GI fluid volume were identified. • The correlation between in vitro drug release and in vivo oral absorption from oral jelly formulations observed in this study will help to consider the bioequivalence of oral jelly formulations with other formulations (e.g., solution, tablet). • To clearly demonstrate the effect of membrane permeability, three model drugs with different permeabilities were incorporated in the jelly and administered to rats as a cassette. • Two different methods, intra-intestinal and oral administration, were used for in vivo drug administration to rats. The results of the intra-intestinal administration study revealed the basic mechanism of drug absorption from oral jelly formulations, whereas the oral administration study highlighted the clinical importance of water intake for drug absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), is one of the important insect pests of cotton throughout the world. Considering the adverse effects of chemical pesticides, it is necessary to find eco-friendly substitute agents for managing insect pests, including H. armigera. Plant-derived insecticides have been introduced as suitable candidates to replace detrimental synthetic chemicals. In this study, the toxicities of water, ethanol, and n-hexane extracts of eucalyptus and thyme, as well as their wettable powder formulations, against H. armigera larvae were investigated. The treated larvae represented different degrees of abnormalities, such as larva-pupa intermediate and pupa-adult stages in their different ages until they turned into pupae and completed the breeding cycle. The results showed that the considered formulations of extract of n-hexane and ethanol, and concentrations had significant effects on the mortality rates of the larvae (P≤0.05) but the interaction of extracts and concentrations was not significant. The mortality rates were enhanced by increasing the tested concentrations. The LC50 values (lethal concentrations to kill 50% of the tested insects) were 343.758% (water), 10.171% and 23.264% (ethanol), and 0.404% and 0.490% (n-hexane) for the eucalyptus and thyme extracts within 24 hours, respectively, indicating higher toxicities of n-hexane extracts. The LC50 values of wettable powder formulations of the thyme and eucalyptus extracts were 120.68% and 177.75% (water) and 36.17% and 74.65% (ethanol), respectively, which represented the greater toxicities of these types of formulations. Therefore, the wettable powder formulations of ethanol and water extracts of thyme were more toxic than their solution formulations. Based on the results of this study, wettable powder formulation of eucalyptus and thyme extracts had promising potential for H. armigera management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed control in container-grown ornamentals can be improved by careful herbicide selection. Four studies were conducted in greenhouses at Oregon State University to improve the understanding of how differences in the mode of action and formulation of herbicides can affect bryophyte control efficacy and crop safety. Granular (G) formulations of pendimethalin and indaziflam were compared with sprayable liquid (L) formulations of pendimethalin, indaziflam, and dimethenamid-p as well as with a nontreated control on four perennial container-grown ornamentals. Indaziflam in the L formulation performed better than that in the G formulations for controlling hairy bittercress up to 20 weeks after the initial treatment. Dimethenamid-p was more effective than indaziflam for liverwort and moss control. Pendimethalin in the G formulation less effectively controlled hairy bittercress than the L formulation did, but it performed better against moss during a second study. The L formulation of indaziflam injured Japanese pachysandra and boxwood and reduced root and shoot growth by 10% to 29%. Dimethenamid-p provided excellent control of the weed species tested and was safe for the crops, indicating its potential use as an alternative to hand-weeding in greenhouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of effective ultrafiltration/diafiltration processes for protein formulation requires the use of membranes with very high protein retention. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of specific buffers on the retention of a model protein (bovine serum albumin) during ultrafiltration. Albumin retention at pH 4.8 was significantly reduced in phosphate buffer compared with that in acetate, citrate, and histidine. This behavior was consistent with a small change in the effective albumin hydrodynamic diameter as determined by dynamic light scattering. The underlying conformational changes leading to this change in diameter were explored using circular dichroism spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. These results provide important insights into the factors controlling protein retention during ultrafiltration and diafiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the development of UV-curable polymer nanocomposites (PNCs), mainly based on acrylate, emphasizing material selection and formulation strategies that achieve efficient dispersion of the nanofillers (NFs). We begin by exploring various types of UV-curing coatings and delve deeper into their key components: monomers, oligomers, photoinitiators, fillers, and additives. Different types of components and examples are presented. Furthermore, this study delves into the critical importance of modifying NFs to tune the physical properties of the composite. It provides an overview of commonly used NFs and underscores the importance of surface modification (chemical and physical) as a pivotal technique for producing high-performance UV-curable PNCs. Additionally, various additives such as adhesion promoters, anti-foaming agents, and wetting and dispersing agents are discussed, emphasizing their functions within the formulation process. Different dispersion and blending methods are also discussed. The paper concludes by summarizing and presenting recent advancements in the formulation of UV-curable PNCs. This overview offers valuable insights to researchers and engineers working on the development of advanced materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labneh is a popular fermented dairy product, which contemporarily has diversified into a varied range of styles, formulated with the inclusion of multiple additives, and is sourced across the globe. This has driven labneh's emergence as a complex product with varying textural and rheological characteristics. The lack of scientific literature about labneh products available in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) market and their characterization has prompted this study. A detailed UAE market analysis of labneh for label, formulation, nutrition, and price variability was conducted. Surveyed labneh products were categorized as unpackaged, multinational company (MNC), small and medium enterprise (SME), and specialty products. They differed in manufacturing, such as acid ± enzyme coagulation with/without post-fermentation heat treatment, and contained various stabilizers, emulsifiers, preservatives, and processing aids. Interestingly, almost equal proportions, 64.7% and 67%, of MNC and SME labneh contained additives, respectively. All MNC labneh were post-heat-treated, in contrast to only 7% of SME labneh. Organic labneh and non-bovine milk-based labneh are not yet widely available. The second part of the study involved the physicochemical characterization of a select number of packaged labneh that were categorized in accordance with fat content as high-fat (17–18%), full-fat (7.1–8%), and lite-fat (3.5–4.5%). High-fat labneh showed a significantly higher complex viscosity, complex modulus, hardness, adhesiveness, stringiness, and fracturability, followed by lite-fat labneh compared to full-fat labneh, especially when it contained pectin. Full-fat labneh with added gums (and starch) and high-fat labneh with gums showed a significantly lower complex modulus compared to their respective control labneh. This study highlights the variety of commercial labneh products available and differences in their formulation, manufacturing, and composition, and provides specific dependencies of materials with their physicochemical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of probiotics has been gaining popularity in terms of inclusion into human diets over recent years. Based on properties exerted by these organisms, several benefits have been elucidated and conferred to the host. Bacteria have been more commonly used in probiotic preparations compared to yeast candidates; however, yeast exhibit several beneficial properties, such as the prevention and treatment of diarrhea, the production of antimicrobial agents, the prevention of pathogen adherence to intestinal sites, the maintenance of microbial balance, the modulation of the immune system, antibiotic resistance, amongst others. Saccharomyces boulardii is by far the most studied strain; however, the potential for the use of other yeast candidates, such as Kluyveromyces lactis and Debaryomyces hansenii, amongst others, have also been evaluated in this review. Furthermore, a special focus has been made regarding the production considerations for yeast-based probiotics and their formulation into different delivery formats. When drafting this review, evidence suggests that the use of yeasts, both wild-type and genetically modified candidates, can extend beyond gut health to support skin, the respiratory system, and overall immune health. Hence, this review explores the potential of yeast probiotics as a safe, effective strategy for preventative health in humans, highlighting their mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and production considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blossom blight is the most destructive strawberry disease worldwide. Minerals play a significant role in the control of plant diseases. The antimicrobial effects of salt solutions have been widely documented for the management of various plant diseases. This study aims to evaluate the impact of mineral compounds on strawberry blossom blight caused by Botrytis cinerea. Ten mineral compounds were used to evaluate the inhibition of mycelial growth, mycelium deformation, and conidia production of B. cinerea in vitro. Five mineral compounds, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium metabisulfite, borax, and potassium sulfate, were chosen based on in vitro results for further study. Linseed oil, castor oil, and three inert materials were used to formulate these minerals. The number of infected and healthy flowers was used to evaluate the efficacy of the mineral compound formulations in the control of strawberry blossom blight under greenhouse conditions. The observed efficacy was between 33%—51%. The most effective formulations of mineral compounds were aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate formulated with castor oil by two and one parts per thousand, respectively. The results show that these two mineral compounds can be used as alternative to fungicides for the control of B. cinerea especially in organic production of strawberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This case study examines the application of Integrated Enhanced Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (I-CBTE) for a patient with severe, longstanding anorexia nervosa and multiple comorbidities, including organic hallucinosis, complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), and severe self-harm. Such complex presentations often result in patients falling between services, which can lead to high chronicity and increased mortality risk. Commentaries from two additional patients who have recovered from severe and longstanding anorexia nervosa are included. Case study: The patient developed severe anorexia nervosa and hallucinosis after a traumatic brain injury in 2000. Despite numerous hospitalisations and various psychotropic medications in the UK and France, standard treatments were ineffective for 17 years. However, Integrated Enhanced Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (I-CBTE) using a whole-team approach and intensive, personalised psychological treatment alongside nutritional rehabilitation proved effective. Methods: In this paper, we describe the application of the I-CBTE model for individuals with severe, longstanding, and complex anorexia nervosa, using lived experience perspectives from three patients to inform clinicians. We also outline the methodology for adapting the model to different presentations of the disorder. Outcomes: The patient achieved and maintained full remission from her eating disorder over the last 6 years, highlighting the benefit of the I-CBTE approach in patients with complex, longstanding eating disorder histories. Successful treatment also saved in excess of £360 k just by preventing further hospitalisations and not accounting for the improvement in her quality of life. This suggests that this method can improve outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Conclusion: This case study, with commentaries from two patients with histories of severe and longstanding anorexia nervosa, provides a detailed description of the practical application of I-CBTE for patients with severe and longstanding eating disorders with complex comorbidities, and extensive treatment histories. This offers hope for patients and a framework for clinicians to enhance existing treatment frameworks, potentially transforming the trajectory of those traditionally deemed treatment resistant. Recommendations: We advocate the broader integration of CBT for EDs into specialist services across the care pathway to help improve outcomes for patients with complex eating disorders. Systematic training and supervision for multidisciplinary teams in this specialised therapeutic approach is recommended. Future research should investigate the long-term effectiveness of I-CBTE through longitudinal studies. Patient feedback on experiences of integrated models of care such as I-CBTE is also needed. In addition, systematic health economics studies should be conducted. Plain language summary: This case study, with commentaries from two other patients who have recovered from severe and longstanding anorexia nervosa, examines the use of Integrated Enhanced Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (I-CBTE) for a patient with severe and longstanding anorexia nervosa and multiple comorbidities. The patient had a history of multiple hospitalisations and was treated with various psychotropic medications without success for 17 years. However, she responded to I-CBTE. The model integrates multidisciplinary treatment to address the eating disorder and co-occurring conditions effectively. The patient achieved and maintained full remission from her eating disorder over the last 6 years, highlighting the effectiveness of the I-CBTE approach in patients with complex, longstanding and severe eating disorders. This intervention is cost-effective and has significant financial advantages for healthcare systems. The authors recommend further research into the long-term effectiveness of I-CBTE and broader integration of CBT for ED into clinical services and existing treatment frameworks to enhance care for patients with severe and longstanding eating disorders. Systematic training and supervision for multidisciplinary teams is needed and patient feedback on experiences of integrated models of care such as I-CBTE is also needed. Finally, systematic health economics studies should be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two‐component low‐molecular‐weight gelator (LMWG) formed from a modified amino acid and an aldehyde was formulated with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Basic APIs (propranolol, atropine) can be mixed with the LMWG prior to gel assembly while acidic APIs (naproxen, rosuvastatin) inhibit assembly by disrupting the LMWG imine bond and were loaded by diffusion after gel assembly. For diffusion‐loaded gels, the API in the liquid‐like phase was rapidly released, with the remainder, interacting with gel fibres, retained in the gel. Rosuvastatin release was particularly low with Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR indicating interactions between the aromatic ring and the self‐assembled gel network. Propranolol also interacted with the gel via its aromatic unit, and its release led to gel erosion. Using agarose as a polymer gelator additive reinforced the gel, restricting erosion. In contrast, atropine was readily released over a period of hours ‐ it is primarily in the liquid‐like phase with STD NMR indicating no interactions with the gel network. The atropine‐loaded gel retained its thixotropic properties. Overall, APIs must be carefully chosen to optimise formulation/release. Of the APIs investigated, atropine has most potential for further development. Atropine has applications in treating myopia, and our results suggest potential ophthalmic applications of supramolecular gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of delivery systems for cosmetics has revealed two critical challenges in the field: enhancing the solubility of active ingredients and ensuring the stability of natural materials used in cosmetics. Nanoemulsion technology has emerged as an indispensable solution for addressing these challenges, not only enhancing the stability of cosmetics but also improving the solubility of pharmaceuticals and active ingredients with poor solubility. Nanoemulsion formulations have reinforced stability and amended the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Moreover, nanoemulsion exhibit excellent skin penetration and long-lasting effects, making them particularly appealing to consumers, especially in the cosmetic industry. This article aims to provide an overview of herbal nanoemulsion formulations as cosmetic products, covering formulation, production, and characterization. Herbal nanoemulsions is an effective, stable, and promising option for cosmetic delivery. The nanoemulsions were characterized by their key properties, such as particle size, polydisperse index (PDI), zeta potential, viscosity, stability and others. Techniques like zeta potential measurement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the surface morphology, whereas stability tests were employed to evaluate nanoemulsion performance. This review also delves into the high-energy and the low-energy methods of manufacturing nanoemulsions. Additionally, we also explore the selection of appropriate surfactants, co-surfactants, and ingredients for creating herbal nanoemulsions with desirable attributes and qualities. Overall, this review consolidates the current knowledge on herbal nanoemulsion formulations for cosmetic preparations, designs, shedding light on their effectiveness, characteristics, and stability. These formulations hold promise in overcoming challenges related to meeting the increasing demand for effective herbal nanoemulsion and high-quality cosmetic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to inform risk assessments concerning microbial exposure to quaternary ammonium biocides (QUATs) by investigating their effects on 10 microbial strains of hygiene relevance. Biocides were divided into three categories: simple aqueous solutions, biocide mixtures, and formulated biocides. Organisms were grown in the presence of biocides for 10 generations and then subsequently for another 10 generations in biocide-free media. Control organisms were passaged 20 times in biocide-free media. Strains were then assessed for biocide and antibiotic susceptibility, changes in growth dynamics, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Biocide mixtures demonstrated greater antimicrobial potency than singular and formulated biocides. Susceptibility changes of under twofold were observed for all biocides tested. Susceptibility decreased significantly for organisms passaged with singular biocides (1.29-to 4.35-fold) and biocide mixtures (1.4- to 1.5-fold), but not for formulated biocides (1.3- to 1.84-fold) compared to controls. Antibiotic susceptibility both increased and decreased in passaged organisms, with heightened susceptibility occurring more frequently in the singular biocide group. Changes in susceptibility and growth dynamics were similar in the passaged and unexposed controls for fitness measures of adapted bacteria; there were no significant differences between biocide groups, but significant ly lower generation and doubling times in organisms exposed to singular biocides. Similar frequencies in SNPs occurred for the three biocide groups and unexposed controls. While some adaptations occurred, particularly with singular biocides, the impact on antibiotic resistance and genomic mutations was limited. These findings suggest that the use of formulated QUATs may pose a comparatively lower risk for antimicrobial resistance. IMPORTANCE Biocides are used globally to control microbial growth and effective assessment of the risks and benefits of their use is therefore a high priority. Much of the data used to assess risk has been based on sub-lethal exposure of bacteria to singular biocides in simple aqueous solutions. This work builds on limited prior realismbased studies to demonstrate enhanced potency in biocidal mixtures; the mitigation of resistance selection by formulations and inconsistent cross-resistance effects with both increases and decreases in susceptibility for a wide range of antibiotics. These data can be used to better inform risk assessments of biocide deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few decades, considerable attention has been focused on the development of novel drug delivery system (NDDS). The NDDS should ideally fulfil two prerequisites. Firstly, it should deliver the drug at a rate directed by the needs of the body, over the period of treatment. Secondly, it should channel the active entity to the site of action. Conventional dosage forms including prolonged release dosage forms are unable to meet none of these. At present, no available drug delivery system behaves ideally, but sincere attempts have been made to achieve them through various novel approaches in drug delivery. In the present review attempt was made to highlight the formulation consideration, characterization and applications of Niosomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parenteral artesunate is the first-line therapy for severe malaria. Artesunate, in its current formulation, must be prepared immediately before administration by first dissolving in sodium bicarbonate solution and then diluting in saline. A novel solvent for rapid and stable single step reconstitution of artesunate was recently developed showing improved solubility and stability. This study aimed to compare the safety and pharmacokinetic properties of the currently available and newly developed parenteral formulation of artesunate in healthy Thai volunteers. Methods: This was an open-label, randomized, 4 periods, 4-treatments, 24-sequence, single-dose, cross-over study in 72 male and female healthy Thai volunteers. Frequent pharmacokinetic samples were collected in all volunteers at each dose occasion. Observed concentration–time profiles were analysed with a non-compartmental approach followed by a bioequivalence evaluation. Results: Both intramuscular and intravenous administrations of the new parenteral formulation of artesunate were safe and well-tolerated, with no additional safety signals compared to the currently used formulation. The pharmacokinetic properties of artesunate and its active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin, were well-characterized, and showed rapid conversion of artesunate into dihydroartemisinin. Intramuscular administration of the newly formulated artesunate resulted in almost complete bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin. The pharmacokinetic properties were similar between the old and new formulation. Conclusions: The new and more easily prepared formulation of artesunate was safe and well-tolerated, with similar pharmacokinetic properties compared to the currently used formulation. Dihydroartemisinin, the active metabolite responsible for the majority of the anti-malarial effect, showed equivalent exposure after both intravenous and intramuscular administration of artesunate, suggesting that both routes of administration should generate comparable therapeutic effects. Trial registration: The study was registered to clinicaltrials.gov (#TCTR20170907002). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Topical tretinoin is the mainstay of treatment for photoageing, despite the risk of skin irritation. Cosmetic combination anti‐ageing formulations may offer similar efficacy to tretinoin, while improving on tolerability. We aim to demonstrate facial appearance benefits of a novel triple‐active cosmetic formulation containing 4‐hexylresorcinol, retinyl propionate, and niacinamide and to identify transcriptomic biomarkers underpinning these benefits. Methods: A cosmetic prototype formulation containing 4‐hexylresorcinol, retinyl propionate, and niacinamide was evaluated ex vivo and in a clinical study. For ex vivo experiments, the cosmetic formulation was applied for 3 days to healthy surgical discard skin from female donors aged 31–51 years, with tissues harvested for gene expression and histologic analyses. In the clinical study, females aged 47–66 years with moderate‐to‐severe overall visual photodamage on the face applied either topical 0.02% tretinoin or the cosmetic formulation to the face for 16 weeks and to forearms for 1 week, with forearm biopsies taken for gene expression analyses. Visual grading for facial photodamage and VISIA‐CR images was taken throughout the clinical study. Safety was visually assessed during site visits, and adverse event monitoring was conducted throughout. Results: Gene expression analyses in both studies revealed modulation of pathways associated with skin rejuvenation, with several genes of interest identified due to being implicated in ageing and differentially expressed following the application of the cosmetic formulation. Reversal of a consensus skin ageing gene signature was observed with the cosmetic formulation and tretinoin in the ex vivo and clinical studies. Both the cosmetic formulation and tretinoin clinically improved the overall appearance of photoageing, crow's feet, lines, wrinkles, and pores. Adverse event reporting showed that the cosmetic formulation caused less skin irritation than tretinoin. Conclusion: In a double‐blind clinical study, the novel triple‐active cosmetic combination formulation improved the visual appearance of photoageing similarly to prescription tretinoin. The cosmetic formulation and tretinoin reversed a consensus gene signature associated with ageing. Together with adverse event reporting, these results suggest that the cosmetic formulation may be a well‐tolerated and efficacious alternative to tretinoin for improving the visual features of photoageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfactin is a natural surfactant almost exclusively produced by Bacillus species with excellent physical‐chemical, and biological properties. Among innovative applications, surfactin has been recently used as an ingredient in formulations. The antibacterial and anti‐acne activities, as well as the anti‐wrinkle, moisturizing, and cleansing features, are some of the reasons this lipopeptide is used in cosmetics. Considering the importance of biosurfactants in the world economy and sustainability, their potential properties for cosmetic and dermatological products, and the importance of patents for technological advancement in a circular bioeconomy system, the present study aims to review all patents involving surfactin as an ingredient in cosmetic formulas. This review was conducted through Espacenet, wherein patents containing the terms "cosmetic" and "surfactin" in their titles, abstracts, or claims were examined. Those patents that detailed a specific surfactin dosage within their formulations were selected for analysis. All patents, irrespective of their publication date, from October 1989 to December 2022, were considered. Additionally, a comprehensive search was performed in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, spanning from their inception until the year 2023. This complementary search aimed to enrich the understanding derived from patents, with a specific emphasis on surfactin, encompassing its associated advantages, efficacy, mechanisms of action on the skin, as well as aspects related to sustainability and its merits in cosmetic formulations. From the 105 patents analysed, 75% belong to Japan (54), China (14), and Korea (9). Most of them were submitted by Asian companies such as Showa Denko (15), Kaneka (11) and Kao Corporation (5). The formulations described are mainly emulsions, skincare, cleansing, and haircare, and the surfactin dose does not exceed 5%. Surfactin appears in different types of formulas worldwide and has a high tendency to be used. Surfactin and other biosurfactants are a promising alternative to chemical ingredients in cosmetic formulations, guaranteeing skin health benefits and minimizing the impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to produce a diet beverage based on aloe vera and investigate its physicochemical, microbiological, antioxidant, and sensory properties. To achieve this goal, aloe vera gel at concentrations of 5%, 5.7%, and 10% underwent heat treatment at 80°C for 30 minutes (Treatment A) and 90°C for 3 minutes (Treatment B). Aspartame was added at concentrations of 100, 150, and 200 ppm, and the beverages were stored for a period of 31 days. The study was conducted using a fractional factorial design with 34 samples under investigation. Optimization was performed based on a maximum amount of 10 gr of aloe vera, 200 ppm of aspartame, and a minimum amount of 5 gr of aloe vera and 100 ppm of aspartame. The use of the sweetener aspartame was highly effective in improving the taste of the beverage, as it provides a much sweeter sensation compared to saccharide sugars and is beneficial for diabetic patients. Based on the microbiological test results, the heat treatment (pasteurization) was successful. Furthermore, sensory evaluation showed improvements in taste, aroma, texture, and mouthfeel with the addition of aloe vera gel to the samples with no undesirable characteristics observed. After determining the models and variable combinations using the Design Expert software, an optimized sample was introduced, containing 200 ppm of aspartame, 10 gr of aloe vera, and the optimized pasteurization process, which was Treatment B for 30 minutes. The results of this study indicate that a vegetable -based diet beverage containing aloe vera can be successfully produced as a beneficial product with desirable sensory characteristics that are acceptable to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal proteins from meat and its stuffs have recently been one of main concerns in the drive for sustainable food production. This viewpoint suggests that there are exciting prospects to reformulate meat products that are produced more sustainably and may also have health benefits by substituting high-protein nonmeat ingredients for some of the meat. Considering these pre-existing conditions, this review critically reviews recent data on extenders from several sources, including pulses, plant-based components, plant byproducts, and unconventional sources. We used the related keywords from Scopus-database without limiting the publishing date. With an emphasis on how these findings may impact the sustainability of meat products, it sees them as a great chance to enhance the functional quality and technological profile of meat. Therefore, to promote sustainability, meat alternatives such as plant-based meat equivalents are being made available. To boost consumer acceptability of these goods, further initiatives should also be developed to enhance the functioning of these innovative food items and increase public knowledge of plant-based meat analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Obstacles facing chemotherapeutic drugs for cancers led scientists to load Gemcitabine (GEM) into nanocarriers like liposomes, known for their nontoxicity profile and targeting capacity. The liposomal nanostructures containing GEM were coated with Fucoidan (FU) due to its anti-tumor properties by targeting cancer cells. Thus four different cationic liposomes formulations were prepared by thin-film hydration method in optimal conditions: DOTAP (formulation A); DPPC/DOTAP (4:1 molar ratio, formulation B), DPPC/DMPC/DOTAP (4:1:1 molar ratio, formulation C) and DPPC/DMPC/DOTAP/DSPE-mPEG2000 (4:1:1:0.1 molar ratio, formulation D). They were studied to identify lipid-compositions offering effective GEM-entrapment and successful coating of FU on the liposome surface. Additional qualitative characteristics, such as particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, stability and in vitro drug release were then evaluated. Formulation C gave the best GEM-entrapment efficiency (EE) but formed aggregates when coated with FU, giving non-homogenous large size particles then not suitable for effective delivery. It was the same situation with formulation A and B. Only the formulation D showed a good GEM-EE (> 80%) and affinity by successful coating FU from three different algae species. The PEGylated formulation D coated of FU, with regard to storage stability and drug release studies, revealed to be a promising approach on design of optimal drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective was to identify acceptable volume and delivery rates of SC saline, as assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores, a tolerability and acceptability questionnaire, and infusion leakage. Results: Infusions that met the acceptability criteria were 1 mL in 10s, 4 mL in 58s, and 3 mL in 2 mins. Higher delivery volumes and rates were associated with higher VAS pain scores but remained within the VAS acceptability criteria. Conclusion: These findings may support the development of larger-volume injectors for self-administration of future medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gels, specifically hydrogels and aerogels, have emerged as versatile materials with profound implications in pharmaceutical sciences. This comprehensive review looks into detail at hydrogels and aerogels, providing a general introduction to gels as a foundation. The paper is then divided into distinct sections for hydrogels and aerogels, each delving into their unique formulations, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. In the realm of hydrogels, we scrutinize the intricacies of formulation, highlighting the versatile advantages they offer. Conversely, potential limitations are explored, paving the way for a detailed discussion on their applications, with a specific focus on their role in antimicrobial applications. Shifting focus to aerogels, a thorough overview is presented, followed by a detailed explanation of the complex formulation process involving sol–gel chemistry; aging; solvent exchange; and drying techniques, including freeze drying, supercritical drying, and ambient-pressure drying (APD). The intricacies of drug loading and release from aerogels are addressed, providing insights into their pharmaceutical potential. The advantages and disadvantages of aerogels are examined, accompanied by an exploration of their applications, with a specific emphasis on antimicrobial uses. The review culminates in a comparative analysis, juxtaposing the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogels and aerogels. Furthermore, the current research and development trends in the applications of these gels in pharmaceutical sciences are discussed, providing a holistic view of their potential and impact. This review serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers, practitioners, and enthusiasts, seeking a deeper understanding of the distinctive attributes and applications of hydrogels and aerogels in the ever-evolving research concerning pharmaceutical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for naturally derived cosmetic ingredients is rising as consumers increasingly prioritize green and environmentally friendly products. Naturally derived ingredients, such as plant extracts rich in polyphenols like flavonoids and tannins, are often perceived as more sustainable and beneficial for skincare. Epilobium angustifolium (fireweed) is a circumpolar plant with traditional uses in Northern and Eastern Europe known for its skincare benefits. This review explores the chemical composition, traditional uses, and potential skincare benefits of E. angustifolium, focusing on its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Literature surveys, ethnopharmacological research, and database searches were conducted to investigate the properties of E. angustifolium. The plant contains various compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, steroids, and triterpenes, each with potential skincare benefits. Pharmacological reports suggest that E. angustifolium exhibits antioxidant and antibacterial properties, making it a valuable ingredient in skincare products. The availability of E. angustifolium in the market as a raw material for cosmetics offers opportunities for formulators to create innovative products with skin-conditioning and anti-inflammatory properties. Understanding the chemical composition and bioactivity of E. angustifolium can guide the development of effective and sustainable skincare formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Improved efficacy of probiotics can be achieved by using different strategies, including the optimization of production parameters. The impact of fermentation parameters on bacterial physiology is a frequently investigated topic, but what happens during the formulation, i.e., the step where the lyoprotectants are added prior to freeze-drying, is less studied. In addition to this, the focus of process optimization has often been yield and stability, while effects on bioactivity have received less attention. In this work, we investigated different metabolic activities of the probiotic strain Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 during formulation with the freeze-drying protectant sucrose. We discovered that the strain consumed large quantities of the added sucrose and produced an exopolysaccharide (EPS). Using NMR, we discovered that the produced EPS was a glucan with α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds, but also that other metabolites were produced. The conversion of the lyoprotectant is hereafter designated lyoconversion. By also analyzing the samples with GCMS, additional potential bioactive compounds could be detected. Among these were tryptamine, a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and glycerol, a precursor for the antimicrobial compound reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde). To exemplify the bioactivity potential of lyoconversion, lyoconverted samples as well as purified EPS were tested in a model for immunomodulation. Both lyoconverted samples and purified EPS induced higher expression levels of IL-10 (2 times) and IL-6 (4–6 times) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells than non-converted control samples. We further found that the initial cultivation of DSM 17938 with sucrose as a sugar substrate, instead of glucose, improved the ability to convert sucrose in the lyoprotectant into EPS and other metabolites. Lyoconversion did not affect the viability of the bacteria but was detrimental to freeze-drying survival, an issue that needs to be addressed in the future. In conclusion, we show that the metabolic activities of the bacteria during the formulation step can be used as a tool to alter the activity of the bacteria and thereby potentially improve probiotic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional Tablets are solid oral dosage forms that contain an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) along with excipients. These tablets are typically prepared through direct compression, wet granulation, or dry granulation. They are designed to disintegrate and release the API in a controlled or immediate manner, depending on the formulation. Tablet coating is a vital process in pharmaceutical technology, designed to improve the therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance, and stability of oral dosage forms. This comprehensive review explores the key aspects of tablet coating, including the types, compositions, and recent advancements. Coating materials such as polymers, plasticizers, and pigments are discussed in detail, along with their roles in controlling drug release, masking taste, and enhancing aesthetic appeal. The recent advancements focus on innovative coating techniques like film coatings, enteric coatings, and the application of nanotechnology to improve precision and functionality. Additionally, the current status of tablet coating is analyzed in terms of regulatory compliance and industry trends. The review highlights the future potential of personalized coatings, smart coatings, and environmentally friendly approaches, showcasing the evolving landscape of tablet coating technologies/pans in modern pharmaceutical manufacturing and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we describe compatibility assessments of a recombinant, trivalent non-replicating rotavirus vaccine (t-NRRV) candidate with a mock trivalent Sabin inactivated polio vaccine (t-sIPV). Both t-sIPV and t-NRRV are incompatible with thimerosal (TH), a preservative commonly used in pediatric pentavalent combination vaccines (DTwP-Hib-HepB) distributed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), preventing the development of a heptavalent combination. The compatibility of t-NRRV with a mock DTwP-Hib-HepB formulation is described in a companion paper. This case study highlights the analytical and formulation challenges encountered when combining a mock t-sIPV vaccine (unadjuvanted) with Alhydrogel® (AH) adjuvanted t-NRRV. Selective and stability-indicating competition ELISAs were implemented to monitor antibody binding to each of the six antigens (±AH). Simple mixing caused the undesired desorption of t-NRRV from AH with the concomitant binding of t-sIPV to AH. Although the former effect was mitigated by dialyzing sIPV bulks, decreased sIPV storage stability was observed at accelerated temperatures in the bivalent combination with a rank-ordering of P[8] > P[6] > P[4] and sIPV3 > sIPV2 > sIPV1. The compatibility of AH-adsorbed t-sIPV with alternative preservatives was evaluated, and parabens (methyl, propyl) were identified for potential use in this multi-dose bivalent formulation. Along with a companion paper, the lessons learned are discussed to facilitate the future formulation development of pediatric combination vaccines with new antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ mucoadhesive gel provides the drug release at a controlled rate for prolong period of time directly to the target site which reduces side effects, thus improving patient compliance. The main advantages of the implants of formation in situ are as follows: they can easily be injected into periodontal pockets, harden to form a solid implant with customized geometry, the time-controlled release of drugs and no need to remove the empty remnants. For the formulation of Curcumin and Eugenol Nanoemulsion In-situ Mucoadhesive gel poloxamer-407 was used as thermo reversible agent and surfactant for nanoemulsion while carbopol-934 was used as mucoadhesive and pH sensitive agent. Curcumin and Eugenol Nanoemulsion In-situ Mucoadhesive gel were prepared and evaluated for zeta potential, globule size, size distribution, viscosity, syringeability, gelation temperature, mucoadhesive strength, in-vitro release study. Batch F3 showed good in vitro drug release and also shown good result for all parameters when compared with all other formulations. Hence Batch F3 was considered as the optimized formulations. Batch F3 was subjected for four different models viz. Zero order, First order, Higuchi matrix and Peppas model equations and the formulations best fit in to the Peppas model by giving the value of diffusion exponent (n) 1.596 for curcumin and 1.592 for Eugenol respectively, that indicate the formulation had release the drug by case II transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Attract‐and‐kill (AK) beads are biological, microbial insecticides developed as an alternative to synthetic soil insecticides. For wireworm control, beads are based on calcium alginate/starch co‐encapsulating the carbon dioxide (CO2) producing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae H205 as the attract component, and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum CB15‐III as the kill component. However, the physicochemical processes inside beads during co‐cultivation are still unclear. Here we reveal for the first time the spatiotemporal conditions of oxygen and pH inside AK beads measured with microelectrodes and describe the impact of S. cerevisiae on CO2 and conidia formation. RESULTS: Measurements revealed a steep oxygen gradient already 2 days after co‐encapsulation, with an internal hypoxic zone. Encapsulating either S. cerevisiae or M. brunneum already decreased the average pH from 5.5 to 4.7 and 4.6, respectively. However, on day 3, co‐cultivation lead to temporal strong acidification of beads down to pH 3.6 which followed the maximum CO2 productivity and coincided with the maximum conidiation rate. Decreasing the yeast load decreased the total CO2 productivity to half, and the conidial production by 93%, while specific productivities normalized to 1% yeast load increased eight‐fold and three‐fold, respectively, with day 3 being an exception. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate a general beneficial interaction between M. brunneum and S. cerevisiae, but also suggest competition for resources. These findings will contribute to develop innovative co‐formulations with maximum efficiency to save application rates and costs. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]