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Background: Lesions of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) are the most common knee ligament injuries and, when they occur in isolation, they often progress with satisfactory outcomes using conservative treatment. However, MCL lesions associated with anterior cruciate ligament or posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries in knee dislocations should be reconstructed to prevent failure of the central pivot. In knees with combined injuries involving the PCL and the MCL, the confluence of tunnels in the medial femoral condyle can be a potential problem during reconstruction surgery. Indications: The indication of this technique is the combined injury of the PCL and the MCL. Technique Description: The technique consists in the reconstruction of the PCL and the MCL with an Achilles tendon allograft. The bone plug of the graft is fixed on the tibial bed with the inlay technique. The graft passes through a single femoral tunnel drilled in the medial femoral condyle, with entrance point on the footprint of the PCL on the inner wall of the condyle and exit on the origin of the native MCL, near to the medial epicondyle. The graft is fixed in the femoral tunnel with an interference screw and continues to the isometric point of the anatomic insertion of the MCL in the tibia, where an interference screw is used to fix it. Results: Results from our group using this technique have shown good clinical outcomes, with complications and failure rates similar to other series in the literature. Discussion/Conclusion: This technique is an excellent option for surgeons, when an Achilles tendon allograft is available, to avoid confluence of tunnels in the medial femoral condyle. It presents good results and acceptable complication rates, compatible with the severity of this lesion. Patient Consent Disclosure Statement: The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

Background: Posterolateral knee injuries can occur in 16% of patients with acute ligament injuries, and up to 70% have a combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear. Studies have shown that, in different populations, the distance between the insertion of the popliteus tendon and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) may be smaller than the 18.5 mm previously reported in the literature. When we have an associated injury of the ACL and the posterolateral corner (PLC), the confluence of tunnels in the lateral femoral condyle can be a potential problem during reconstruction surgery. Indications: The indication of this technique is the combined injury of the ACL and the PLC. Technique Description: The reconstruction is performed with 2 semitendinosus tendons and 1 gracilis tendon. The technique consists of making a tunnel in the lateral wall of the femur, from the outside-in, at the isometric point between the origin of the LCL and insertion of the popliteus tendon, and emerging in the inner wall of the lateral femoral condyle at the anatomic point of the ACL. The graft is passed from the tibia to the femur with the doubled gracilis tendon and the 2 simple semitendinosus tendons for the ACL graft. The remaining portions of the semitendinosus tendons are left for reconstruction of the PLC structures, with one of them going straight to the posterolateral tibial tunnel (reconstructing the popliteus tendon), and the other passing through the fibular head tunnel (reconstructing the LCL) and continuing from the fibular head to the posterolateral tibial tunnel (reconstructing the popliteofibular ligament). Results: Patients undergoing this technique achieved good functional outcomes and a failure rate similar to that reported in the literature for combined ACL and PLC reconstruction. Discussion/Conclusion: This technique is an excellent option for patients with the combined injury of the ACL and the PLC, avoiding the confluence of tunnels in the lateral femoral condyle. It presents good results and acceptable complication rates, compatible with the severity of this lesion. Patient Consent Disclosure Statement: The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyse the distances between the femoral insertions of the popliteus tendon (PT) and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) through dissections of cadaveric specimens in a mixed population. Methods: Fresh cadavers were dissected, and the anthropometric data of all specimens were recorded. The distances from the origin of the PT to the LCL in the femoral region and the diameter of each structure were measured using a digital calliper. Results: In total, 11 unpaired knees were dissected, eight men and three women, with an average age of 71.5 ± 15.2 years, weight of 57.2 ± 15.6 kg, and a mean height of 170.5 ± 8.2 cm. The distance from the center of the femoral footprint of the LCL to the PT was 10.0 ± 2.4 mm. The distances between the edges closest to each other and those more distant from each other were 3.1 ± 1.1 mm and 16.3 ± 2.4 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The distance between the midpoints of the PT and the LCL in our mixed population is smaller than the distances often reported in the literature. PLC reconstruction with separate tunnels for the LCL and PT may not be technically possible for individuals of any population. Level of Evidence III, Diagnostic studies.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the knee anterolateral ligament (ALL) and establish its anatomical marks of origin and insertion. METHODS: Dissection of the anterolateral aspect of the knee was performed in six cadavers. After isolation of the ALL, its lenght, width and thickness were measured as its places of origin and insertion. The ALL origin was documented in relation to the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) origin and the insertion was documented in relation to the Gerdy tubercle, fibullar head and lateral meniscus. After the first two dissections, the ligament was removed and sent to histologycal analysis. RESULTS: The ALL was clearly identified in all knees. Its origin in the lateral epycondile was on average 0.5 mm distal and 2.5 mm anterior to the LCL. In the tibia, two insertions were observed, one in the lateral meniscus and another in the proximal tibia, about 4.5 mm distal to the articular cartilage, between the Gerdy tubercle and the fibullar head. The average measures obtained were: 35.1 mm lenght, 6.8 mm width and 2.6 mm thickness. In the ligament histological analysis, dense connective tissue was observed. CONCLUSION: The ALL is a constant structure in the knee anterolateral region. Its origin is anterior and distal to the LCL origin. In the tibia, it has two insertions, one in the lateral meniscus and another in the proximal tibia between the Gerdy tubercle and the fibullar head.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of positioning of the femoral tunnel in reconstructing the anterior cruciate ligament by means of 2 techniques: tibial tunnel and anteromedial portal. METHOD: Femoral tunnels were drilled in 20 knees from human cadavers by means of arthroscopy. Group I had the femoral tunnel drilled via a trans-tibial tunnel, and Group II via the anteromedial portal. Four variables were measured: A) posterior wall thickness; B) tunnel positioning at the notch; C) tunnel inclination in relation to the femoral axis; and D) distance between the wire guide exit and the lateral epicondyle. RESULTS: As above, respectively, A) 2.23 mm for group I and 2.36 mm for group II (P =.54); B) 25.5° for group I and 30.0° for group II (P =.23); C) 23.9° for group I and 32.0° for group II (P =.02); D) 7.8 cm for group I and 3.9 cm for group II (P OBJETIVO: Comparar a acurácia do posicionamento do túnel femoral na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior através de duas vias: túnel tibial e portal ântero - medial. MÉTODO: Foram perfurados túneis femorais em vinte joelhos de cadáveres humanos por via artroscópica. Grupo I: túnel femoral por acesso trans túnel tibial. Grupo II: via portal ântero-medial. Quatro variáveis foram estudadas: A) espessura da parede posterior; B) posicionamento do túnel no intercôndilo; C) angulação do túnel em relação ao eixo do fêmur; D) distância entre a saída do fio guia e o epicôndilo lateral. RESULTADO: A) grupo I: 2,23 mm, grupo II: 2,36 mm (p=0,543); B) grupo I: 25,5º, grupo II: 30º (p=0,226); C) grupo I: 23,9º, grupo II: 32º (p= 0,014); D) grupo I: 7,8 cm, grupo II 3,9 cm (p

OBJECTIVE: To test an intra-articular reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee in 10 human cadavers by replacing 2 anterior cruciate ligament bundles, with the purpose of producing a surrogate that would be structurally more similar to the anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament and would provide the knee with more stability. METHODS: We reconstructed the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles using a quadriceps muscle tendon graft that included a patellar bone segment. The anteromedial bundle was replaced in 10 knees (5 right and 5 left knees from different cadavers) by a quadriceps-bone tendon graft, and the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles were replaced in the matching pairs of these knees. In the latter, the bone segment was fixed to the tibia, and the tendinous portion of the graft was divided longitudinally creating two 5-mm wide bundles that were inserted individually into the femur through 2 independent bone tunnels. Then, the knees were tested mechanically to evaluate the tibial anterior dislocation in relation to the femur, as well as the rigidity of the graft. The control group was formed by the knees with intact anterior cruciate ligaments, before being resected to be reconstructed. RESULTS: The results obtained did not show superiority of double-bundle reconstruction over single-bundle reconstruction, and neither technique provided the knee with the same stability and rigidity of the intact anterior cruciate ligament. CONCLUSION: Our hypothesis, based on the anatomy and biomechanics of the knee, that reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using 2 bundles would result in a more anatomic reconstruction and provide better containment of the anterior tibial translation was not supported by the results of this study.OBJETIVO: Testar uma técnica de reconstrução intra-articular do ligamento cruzado anterior do joelho em 10 cadáveres humanos com substituição de dois feixes do ligamento cruzado anterior, com objetivo de produzir um substituto estruturalmente mais semelhante à anatomia do ligamento cruzado anterior e que conferisse maior estabilidade ao joelho. MÉTODOS: Os feixes ântero-medial e póstero-lateral foram reconstruídos com um enxerto de tendão do músculo quadríceps da coxa, incluindo um segmento ósseo patelar. Dez joelhos (cinco direitos e cinco esquerdos de cadáveres diferentes) tiveram o feixe ântero-medial substituído por um enxerto de tendão quadricipital-osso e, nos pares desses joelhos, foram substituídos o feixe ântero-medial e o póstero-lateral. Nestes últimos, o segmento ósseo foi fixado na tíbia e a parte tendinosa do enxerto foi dividida longitudinalmente, dando origem a dois feixes de 5 mm de largura, que foram inseridos separadamente no fêmur através de dois túneis ósseos independentes. Os joelhos foram então submetidos a ensaios mecânicos, nos quais avaliamos o deslocamento anterior da tíbia em relação ao fêmur e a rigidez do enxerto. Os joelhos com ligamento cruzado anterior íntegro, antes de sua ressecção para a realização das reconstruções, formaram o grupo controle. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos não mostraram superioridade da reconstrução com duplo feixe sobre a reconstrução com feixe único e nenhuma delas conferiu ao joelho a mesma estabilidade e rigidez do ligamento cruzado anterior íntegro. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de encontrarmos na anatomia e na biomecânica do joelho razões para procurarmos reconstruir o ligamento cruzado anterior com dois feixes, no intuito de tornar a sua reconstrução mais anatômica, proporcionando uma melhor contenção da translação anterior da tíbia, não conseguimos, com os nossos resultados, justificar a utilização da técnica estudada.

Descreve-se neste artigo um padrão de lesão descrito na literatura apenas duas vezes, num total de quatro casos, denominado Segond reverso por apresentar achados clínicos e radiológicos exatamente opostos aos da clássica lesão de Segond. Semelhantemente aos casos previamente descritos, apresentou fratura avulsão do planalto tibial medial, na inserção do ligamento colateral medial profundo, associada a lesão do ligamento cruzado posterior. Assim como em um dos casos prévios, foi constatada lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior. Entretanto, diferiu dos anteriormente relatados por não apresentar lesão do menisco medial.This article reports an injury pattern described only twice in literature, totaling four cases, and referred to as reverse Segond injury for its clinical and radiological findings are precisely opposite to those observed in the classical Segond injury. Similarly to the previously described cases, our case reported avulsion fracture of the medial tibial plateau at the insertion of the deep tibial collateral ligament, associated to posterior cruciate ligament injury. Similarly to one of the previous cases, anterior cruciate ligament injury was found in our case, although it differs from the previous ones because it does not show medial meniscal injury.

ABSTRACT Knee ligament reconstructions are commonly performed orthopedic procedures. Graft fixation is generally performed with metallic or absorbable interference screws. In a recent study, only ten reports of screw migration were retrieved; of these, only one was not related to the anterior cruciate ligament, and the majority was related to the use of poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) screws. Only one case retrieved in the literature reported screw migration in reconstructions of the posterolateral corner, and that was to the intra-articular region. In the present article, the authors report a case of extra-articular and transcutaneous migration of a poly-l/D-lactide (PDLLA) interference screw following popliteal tendon reconstruction. Besides being the first case of popliteal tendon migration with extra-articular screw migration, no reports of PDLLA screw migration were retrieved in the literature.

OBJECTIVES: Healing is an event that is fundamental to the success of total knee arthroplasty. The aims of the present study were to compare the rates of complications related to wound healing between two groups of volunteers submitted to total knee arthroplasty and to evaluate the effects of postoperative oxygen supplementation by means of a nasal catheter. METHOD: A total of 109 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty were randomized into two groups, namely, groups that did and did not receive postoperative oxygen supplementation via a nasal catheter. The surgical wound was monitored every day during the hospital stay and on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 30th and 42nd postoperative days. Characteristics related to healing were observed, including hyperemia, dehiscence, necrosis, phlyctenules and deep and superficial infection. RESULTS: There were no cases of deep infection. Hyperemia was statistically correlated with the total number of complications in the groups, with oxygen demonstrated to be a protective factor against hyperemia. Approximately 30% of the patients who exhibited hyperemia had other complications, independent of oxygen supplementation. CONCLUSION: Oxygen supplementation following total knee arthroplasty was shown to be effective in diminishing hyperemia around the operative wound. The development of hyperemia was a precursor to other complications, irrespective of whether oxygen supplementation was used.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a experiência com transplante homologo do mecanismo extensor nas artroplastias totais do joelho e comparar resultados com experiência internacional. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente três casos de transplante homologo do mecanismo extensor após artroplastia total do joelho que foram realizados em nosso serviço com apoio de um dos poucos bancos de tecidos brasileiros e tentamos estabelecer se nossa experiência foi similar à reportada na literatura internacional quanto a indicação do paciente, técnica utilizada e resultados. RESULTADOS: Dois casos evoluíram bem com o procedimento e um caso apresentou resultado insatisfatório evoluindo para amputação. Assim como mostra a literatura, tensão adequada do enxerto, fixação tibial apropriada e principalmente seleção precisa do paciente são os melhores preditores de bom resultado. CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento em questão tem indicação precisa, apesar de incomum, tanto pela raridade da problemática quanto pela baixa demanda de enxertos devido aos poucos bancos de tecidos no Brasil. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the correlation between magnetic resonance imaging, clinical examination and intraoperative identification of posterolateral corner injuries of the knee. METHODS: We compared the findings of physical examination under anesthesia and intraoperative findings as the gold standard for the posterolateral corner injury with the reports of the MRIs of patients who underwent reconstruction of the posterolateral corner. Thus, we evaluated the use of MRI for the diagnosis of lesions. RESULTS: We found a sensitivity of 100% in lesions of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), 86.96% in lesions of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), 57.58% in lesions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and 24.24 % in tendon injuries of the popliteal muscle (PMT). CONCLUSION: Posterolateral corner injury is difficult to visualize and interpret; therefore, MRI imaging should not be used alone for diagnosis. Level of Evidence II. Diagnostic Studies.

Injury to the posterolateral corner (PLC) is difficult to diagnose; most lesions of this type are included within the context of complex knee injuries. Study of the posterolateral complex is growing in importance because of the complex instability generated by these injuries. Although various physical examination tests are described for the diagnosis of PLC lesions, in 72% of cases these lesions are not identified at their initial presentation, which shows the difficulty in both performing these tests and interpreting the results. The maneuver described in this report is performed by executing external rotation of the leg. With the thumb of the proximally positioned hand, the examiner evaluates the positioning of the lateral tibial plateau in relation to the femoral condyle. With this maneuver, in lesions of the PLC and particularly lesions of its external rotation–restricting structures, we observe external rotation of the tibia and posterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau that cause the anterior edge of the tibial plateau to be posteriorized in relation to the anterior edge of the lateral femoral condyle. The idea behind this maneuver is not to eliminate the use of other tests but, rather, to add it to a diagnostic arsenal that still has interpretation flaws.