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Potyviral P3 is involved in viral replication, movement, and pathogenicity; however, its biochemical function is unknown. In this study, the P3 of the zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) interacted with ClBBD, a protein with high ortholog bifunctional nuclease activity, in watermelon. The binding site was shown via yeast two-hybrid screening and BiFC assay to be located at the N-terminus of P3 rather than P3N-PIPO. ClBBD localized predominantly to the chloroplast and plasma membrane. ZYMV P3 was also present in the nucleus and cytoplasm as aggregates. When co-expressed with P3 in tobacco, ClBBD formed aggregates with P3 in the cytoplasm. The knockdown of ClBBD using the VIGS vector pV190 and challenge with ZYMV revealed a positive correlation between viral accumulation and ClBBD expression, indicating that ClBBD reduces the resistance of watermelon to ZYMV. Furtherly, we found that when P3 and ClBBD were transiently co-expressed in tobacco, the level of P3 was significantly higher than that when it was expressed alone or co-expressed with GUS. It inferred that ClBBD may be able to stabilize the expression of P3. Overall, the results suggest that the interaction of P3 with ClBBD promotes virus infection, and ClBBD may be involved in stabilizing the expression level of P3.

In this paper, we consider the global well-posedness of solutions for the initial-boundary value problems of the epitaxy growth model. We first construct the local smooth solution, then by combining some a priori estimates, continuity argument, the local smooth solutions are extended step by step to all t > 0, provided that the initial datums sufficiently small and the smooth nonlinear functions satisfy certain local growth conditions.

Abstract In the study of pattern formation in bi-stable systems, the extended Fisher-Kolmogorov (EFK) equation plays an important role. In this paper, a Fourier pseudo-spectral method for solving the EFK equation in two space dimensions is presented. Prior bounds are proved using Lyapunov function. Further, optimal error estimates are established for the semi-discrete scheme. Finally, a fully discrete scheme based on Crank-Nicolson method is proposed, and related optimal error estimates are derived and some numerical experiments are presented.

A stable explicit difference scheme, which is based on forward Euler format, is proposed for the Richards equation. To avoid the degeneracy of the Richards equation, we add a perturbation to the functional coefficient of the parabolic term. In addition, we introduce an extra term in the difference scheme which is used to relax the time step restriction for improving the stability condition. With the augmented terms, we prove the stability using the induction method. Numerical experiments show the validity and the accuracy of the scheme, along with its efficiency.

In this paper, for a nonlinear differential equation describing crystal surface growth, the finite element method is presented. A nice order error estimates is derived by means of a finite element projection approximation.