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Introduction: About 20% of patients with a diagnosis of primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) present directly with metastatic disease. The aim of the present manuscript is to describe, for the first time a RCC metastasis located to the distal female urethra and to present an update on metastatic locations to the male spermatic cord. Materials and methods: We report two cases of rare RCC metastases. The first concerns a 92-year-old female patient who came to our attention for recurrent urethral bleeding, which was initially believed to be secondary to urethral mucosal ectropion. Pathology demonstrated a RCC metastasis. The second concerns a 67-year-old male patient with a previous history of RCC who came to our attention for the finding of palpable, mobile and indolent right inguinal lump. Given the past history of malignancy, it was excised and revealed to be a RCC metastasis. Discussion: In the first case, the pathologic specimen allowed the detection of an unknown renal tumor, whereas in the second, the previous neoplastic history of the patient has led clinicians to focus on a possible neoplastic recurrence, perform a correct excision of the node, and begin an early systemic therapy. Conclusions: These cases are emblematic of possible unexpected RCC metastasis. These findings should be taken into account in order to clarify the differential diagnosis and to address these patients to a correct therapeutic course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perioperative bleeding is a potential complication of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) that may worsen outcomes. The role of local hemostatic materials in RALP has not been adequately assessed. We evaluated the hemostatic impact of FloSeal (Baxter International Inc., Fremont, Calif., USA) in RALP. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of 392 consecutive patients with prostate cancer who underwent RALP at our institution between February 2008 and July 2014. The patients were divided into 2 consecutive homogenous groups based on the use of FloSeal. Group A included 200 patients who underwent RALP between February 2008 and May 2011, with hemostasis performed using only traditional techniques. Group B included the remaining 192 patients, who underwent RALP between June 2011 and July 2014 and received FloSeal 5 ml after traditional hemostatic methods. We compared the blood transfusion rate, the differences between immediate postoperative hemoglobin (Hb) and mean postoperative day 1 (POD1) Hb levels, difference between POD1 and least Hb levels and difference between immediate postoperative Hb and least Hb levels. Results: The intraoperative use of FloSeal significantly decreased the blood transfusions rate, from 8.5 to 2.1% (p = 0.004). FloSeal was also associated with significant improvements in the difference between the immediate postoperative Hb and POD1 Hb levels (p = 0.03), mean POD1 Hb and least Hb (p = 0.01) and mean immediate postoperative Hb and least Hb levels (p = 0.034). Conclusions: In this study, the use of FloSeal improves hemostatic outcomes in patients undergoing RALP compared with traditional hemostatic techniques, without increase of cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate perioperative results of open (OPN), laparoscopic (LPN), and robot-assisted partial nephrectomies (RAPN) and to identify predictive factors of Trifecta achievement for clinical T1b renal tumors in a multicenter prospective dataset.Methods: Data of 285 patients who had OPN (133), LPN (57), or RAPN (95) for cT1b renal tumors were extracted from the RECORd Project. High-volume centers were defined as ≥50 overall cases of partial nephrectomy per year. Trifecta was defined as simultaneous absence of perioperative complications, negative surgical margins, and ischemia time <25 minutes.Results: The 3 groups had comparable body mass index, preoperative hemoglobin, creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate, tumor clinical diameter, and growth pattern. LPN and RAPN were more frequently exclusive of high-volume centers. RAPN showed significantly lower median estimated blood loss compared with OPN and LPN. Trifecta was achieved in 62.4%, 63.2%, and 69.5% of OPN, LPN, and RAPN (P = NS) cases. Median warm ischemia time (WIT) was significantly shorter during OPN than during LPN and RAPN. RAPN had significantly shorter WIT compared with LPN. RAPN was significantly less morbid than OPN regarding intraoperative and postoperative complications. LPN (1.9%) and RAPN (2.5%) showed a lower rate of positive margins compared with OPN (6.8%) (P = NS). At multivariable analysis, exophytic tumor growth pattern, estimated blood loss, and high-volume centers were significant predictive factors for Trifecta achievement.Conclusion: Clinically, T1b renal tumors suitable for NSS can be safely treated by LPN or RAPN in high-volume centers. RAPN allows for significantly lower WIT and estimated blood loss with higher rate of Trifecta achievement compared with LPN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urethral reconstruction has received much attention in recent years, due to pathologies such as recurrence of urethral strictures after treatments. Various surgical techniques have been developed to obtain the best risk-benefit ratio, such as autologous grafts taken from the oral cavity. Tissue engineering and stem cells, growing in a tissue from a small biopsies, can further improve surgery, reducing invasiveness and morbidity. To determine whether urethra or other epithelia can be equally useful for urethra engineering, a comparison of clonogenic ability, proliferative potential and stem cell markers should be obtained. In this study, 19 biopsies from urethra, and 21 from oral mucosa were obtained from patients, during reconstructive surgery. Urethral and oral tissues were removed from the same donor, to develop primary cultures and cell characterization. The long term regenerative properties of both tissues were investigated in vitro by life span, clonal analysis and markers of different clonal types. Results revealed the same high proliferative potential for urethra and oral mucosa cultures, but maintenance of specific markers. Karyotype and growth factor dependence confirmed the normal phenotype of cultured cells. Clonal analysis of the proliferative compartment highlighted a very different proportion of stem and transient amplifying cells, characterised by dissimilar cell size profile and marker expression. In conclusion, both tissues can be cultured and preserve their stem cells in vitro. Few differences appeared in oral mucosa vs urethra, suggesting that they can be equally useful for tissue engineering of the urethral tract.

Transperineal prostate biopsy is a procedure that can be used to obtain histological samples from the prostate. To improve both the quality of the biopsy core samples and prostate cancer detection, we are currently performing a prospective, randomized trial comparing prostate biopsy samples obtained using an 18 G-needle to those obtained using a 16 G needle. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate pain and complication rates in both groups in order to assess whether performing a prostate biopsy with a larger calibre needle is a feasible procedure. One hundred and eighty-seven patients undergoing transperineal prostate biopsy were prospectively evaluated and divided into two groups. The first group (94 patients, Group A) received a transperineal prostate biopsy using a 16 G-needle and the second group (93 patients, Group B) underwent transperineal prostate biopsy with an 18 G-needle. Anaesthesia was obtained with a single perineal injection at the prostatic apex in all subjects. A visual analogue scale (VAS) and facial expression scale (FES) were used to assess pain during multiple steps of the procedure in each group. A detailed questionnaire was used to obtain information about drug use because it could potentially influence the pain and complications that patients experienced. Two weeks after the procedure, early and late complications were evaluated. Statistical analysis was carried out using non-parametric tests. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and drug use were similar at baseline between the two groups. Pain during prostate biopsy, which was measured with both the VAS and FES instruments, did not differ significantly between the 18- and 16 G-needle groups, and no significant differences were found in early or late complication rates between the groups. Transperineal prostate biopsy with a 16 G-needle is a feasible procedure in terms of pain and complication rates. Further studies with larger patient populations are required to assess whether or not this procedure can improve prostate cancer detection rates.