Search

Monitoring the Antarctic sea‐ice is essential for improving our knowledge of the Southern Ocean. We used satellite sea‐ice concentration data for the 2002–2020 period to retrieve the sea‐ice extent (SIE) and analyze its variability in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Results provide observational evidence of the recurring formation of a sea‐ice protrusion that extends to 60°S at 150°W during the winter season. Furthermore, we discuss how the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge (PAR) influences this phenomenon. Our findings show that the northward deflection of the southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current front is driven by the PAR and is associated with the enhanced sea‐ice advance. The PAR also constrains eddy trajectories, limiting their interaction with the sea‐ice edge. These factors, within the 160°W–135°W sector, cause an average SIE increase of 61,000 km2 and 46,293 km2 per year more than the upstream and downstream areas, respectively. Plain Language Summary: Monitoring the variability of marine and continental ice is essential for the study of climate change. The aim of this study is to investigate the processes that favor the formation or melting of sea‐ice in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. To this end, we analyzed sea‐ice variability over the last two decades (2002–2020) and its interaction with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge (PAR), a topographic submarine feature that separates the Pacific and Antarctic plates. We used satellite data obtained through passive microwave sensors and altimetry for sea‐ice and ACC eddy analysis, respectively. Our results provide observational evidence of the periodic formation of a sea‐ice protrusion in the study area and show that the median extent of the sea‐ice faithfully follows the PAR. Moreover, our results show that the PAR acts as a barrier that deflects the ACC and its associated eddies northward, which limits their ability to melt the sea‐ice east of the PAR. These processes encourage the exceptional growth of the sea‐ice in this area. These outcomes have strong implications for our understanding of sea‐ice variability over the Southern Ocean. Key Points: The Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge diverts warm and cold core eddies northward, encouraging an expansion of Antarctic sea‐ice at 150°WThe Southern Ocean is characterized by the recurring formation of a sea‐ice protrusion that extends to 60°S between 150°W and 140°W [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Lateral ankle sprains are very common injuries that can be treated with different strategies. The aim of the present systematic review was to provide a comprehensive analysis on the treatment of acute lateral ankle sprains to clarify the possible differences in outcome between surgical and conservative management, different external supports, and different rehabilitation protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search on three different topics was carried out on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases on June 25th, 2021. The main objective of the literature search was to identify the randomized trials comparing: (1) surgery to conservative management, (2) different external supports, and (3) different rehabilitation protocols for the treatment of acute lateral ankle sprains. Two investigators extracted independently relevant data from each paper and assessed the quality of the trials using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies for the first topic, 8 for the second one and 4 for the last one were included in this review. 8 out of 12 RCTs demonstrated a superior outcome and better socio-economic impact of conservative treatment compared to surgical management. In the other two comparisons, due to the wide variety of braces used and the different rehabilitation protocols, inconclusive results were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative treatment should be the first choice for severe acute lateral ankle sprains, as it provides satisfactory functional outcomes without the risks and costs of surgery. It was not possible to identify the best external support, but a preference toward flexible braces emerged since they allow an earlier return to daily activities. The paucity of studies comparing different rehabilitation protocols precluded the possibility of defining the ideal one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) use by baseline D:A:D CKD risk score. Methods: Adult antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐naïve people living with HIV (PLWH) initiating treatment, with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, were identified in the OPERA cohort. CKD was defined as two or more consecutive eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, > 90 days apart. Associations between TDF use, baseline D:A:D CKD risk and incident CKD were assessed with incidence rates (IRs; Poisson regression) and adjusted pooled logistic regression. The impact of pharmacoenhancers on the observed association between TDF and CKD was also evaluated. Results: Of 9802 PLWH included, 6222 initiated TDF and 3580 did not (76% and 79% low D:A:D CKD risk, respectively). Overall, 125 CKD events occurred over 24 382 person‐years of follow‐up. Within strata of D:A:D CKD risk score, IRs were similar across TDF exposure, with high baseline CKD risk associated with highest incidence. Compared with the low‐risk group without TDF, there was no statistical difference in odds of incident CKD in the low‐risk group with TDF (adjusted odds ratio = 0.55, 95% confidence interval: 0.19–1.54). Odds of incident CKD did not differ statistically significantly by pharmacoenhancer exposure, with or without TDF. Conclusions: In this large cohort of ART‐naïve PLWH, incident CKD following ART initiation was infrequent and strongly associated with baseline CKD risk. TDF‐containing regimens did not increase the odds of CKD in those with a low baseline D:A:D CKD risk, the largest group of ART‐naïve PLWH, and may remain a viable treatment option in appropriate settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’espace franco-italo-monégasque est un exemple d’interface caractérisé par des interactions transfrontalières à différentes échelles. Plus précisément, le micro-État monégasque constitue le pivot de cet espace interface, de part ses spécificités territoriales et fiscales, générant à la fois flux et régulations. Cette communication propose d’analyser les interfaces de différentes natures produites par cet espace transfrontalier particulier, à travers le prisme de l’espace-temps. Effectivement, toute interface verticale, caractérisée par des processus qui s’articulent à différents niveaux d’organisation, conduit à une prise en compte de multiples échelles et de leur jeu. Ici, les échelles analysées vont de l’espace transfrontalier de proximité (micro-échelle) à l’espace transrégional transfrontalier (macro-échelle) et sont définies à partir des flux qu’elles produisent selon de multiples « attracteurs ». Nous proposons d’envisager ces flux sous l’angle de l’espace-temps autour de Monaco, produit par les temps de déplacement routier, le réseau autoroutier étant la colonne vertébrale de ces interactions. L’objectif de cet article, proposant un exemple géographique du concept d’interface, est double. D’une part, il propose une approche d’analyse des interactions transfrontalières combinant deux corpus théoriques, celui des interfaces et celui de l’espace-temps. D’autre part, dans une optique plus opérationnelle de l’analyse des interfaces, il fournit un cas d’application qui renvoie aux défis de la représentation graphique de dynamiques complexes (représentation multiscalaire, schématisation des interactions, cartographie de processus spatio-temporels).