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Nanoparticles such as magnesium oxide (MgO), silver (Ag) and gold (Au) can be used in conjunction with therapeutic agents, including anticancer drugs, gene therapy and antibiotics, to enable precise and controlled delivery. Recently, there has been significant interest in modifying biological fluid flow over arteries, particularly for drug delivery applications. This study aims to develop a comprehensive numerical model to investigate the flow dynamics of a hybrid nanofluid, specifically using pure blood as the base fluid and incorporating magnesium oxide (MgO), gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles. The primary focus of this research is to explore the potential applications of this model in drug delivery systems, highlighting its promising capabilities for controlled and targeted drug release. The governing equations were transformed using the comparison transformation approach to address the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). MATLAB’s BVP4C program was used to mathematically solve this problem and analyze the effects of relevant parameters. The findings show that the tri-hybrid nanofluid (MgO, Au and Ag) is extremely effective for heat control and medication transport within arterial channels. Specifically, under conditions of strong thermal radiation, the heat transfer rate at the lower wall increased by 83.924%, while at the upper wall, it increased by 72.098% for the tri-hybrid nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research utilizes the bvp4c method to conduct a detailed numerical analysis of the hydrothermal behavior of magnetized hybrid nanofluids flowing across a permeable curved surface. The study explores the impact of crucial parameters such as curvature, magnetic field strength, viscosity and suction/injection, alongside the heat absorption coefficient, on the transport properties of copper (Cu) and ferric oxide (Fe3O4) nanomaterial’s suspended in water. Results reveal that as the curvature parameter increases, velocity profiles exhibit a decrease under suction conditions and an increase under injection conditions for both conventional and hybrid nanofluids. Furthermore, higher magnetic parameters are found to decrease velocities in general. Hybrid nanofluids display enhanced velocity and thermal performance compared to conventional nanofluids, manifesting higher skin friction and heat transfer rates. Temperature profiles exhibit a complex interplay with curvature, magnetic parameters and the injection/suction scenario, where injection conditions intensify thermal effects. The incorporation of the heat absorption coefficient further amplifies the thermal efficiency of hybrid nanofluids. These findings, supported by previous research, offer valuable insights for optimizing industrial processes, especially in sectors like ceramics, plastics and polymers, where efficient heat management is paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technologies regarding solar heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (S-HVAC) are aimed at making modern 3D numerical forms that address the Sutterby flow ternary nanofluids circulating onward the convective heating and extendable seats. Heat transport includes joule heating, heat source or sink along with thermal radiation. Using fitting modifications, mathematically conveyed partial differential equations of energy, fixation and strength may decrease into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). They determine ODEs beyond dimension, and for this, the mathematical process is utilized. Copper–silver–aluminum alloys/sodium alginate (Cu–Ag–AA7075/C6H9NaO7) was used to address the behavior of this research work. The natural attributes, for example, heat movement and surface drag coefficients, are numerically prepared and shown in figures and tables when there is an alteration in distant factors. The field of temperature was raised to develop the Biot number. This heat transport rate was hiked to 34.0839% although the shear stress rate was hiked to 32.8043% in the single nanoparticle case compared to the triple nanoparticle case. To validate the analysis, a comparison between the presented and existing is reported under certain assumptions on the flow parameters. It is found that the results are reliable and in line with the existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid nanofluids were expressed by heat-transfer fluids into greater surface dispersion capabilities, stability and diffusion related for traditional nanofluids. The effort on the flow of volumetric entropy generation and convective heat transport of MHD hybrid nanofluid is considered. Hybrid nanofluid involves the field over the orderly stretchable surface for variable heat flux with the resistance of electric field. Effect on convective heating and nonlinear thermal radiation is again contained in the interpreted figure. Mathematical equations such as momentum, energy, conservation of mass and entropy were collected as conversion to governing partial differential equations by ordinary differential equations, utilizing similarity variables. An efficient finite element method (FEM) is used. Numerical calculations were accomplished for silver–magnesium oxide water (Ag-MgO/H2O) hybrid nanofluid and conventional silver water (Ag-H2O) nanofluid. The graphs were created by the temperature, velocity, and entropy profiles. to analyse the impact on governing parameters. These skin friction and heat transfer rates are analysed through regression analysis. The important allegation expressed by the hybrid Nanofluid has the best heat transfer rate, which is related to convectional nanofluid. Further, It raised the Brinkman number and Reynolds number and developed a total entropy of the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis explains the magneto-hydrodynamic flow on Williamson nanofluids previous stretching surface surrounded by the permeable media. The apt magnetic field was suggested for the angle of the axial direction of the flow. Anyhow, this flow phenomenon was characterized into the added heat source/sink and conjunction of radiating heat. The impacts of convective heating and viscous heating by expanding surface were again the significant feature of the analysis. This originality arises by the combination of the cross-diffusion effects of reverse behavior on the thermophoresis and Brownian motion. This form sketched into the aforesaid phenomenon was modified into the nonlinear ordinary form by the appropriate assumptions on comparison transformations. Therefore, the sets of equations were controlled for the numerical access using Lobatto-IIIa collocation method applicable to this Matlab bvp4c shooting process. This parametric performance of many components about their statistical values was given numerical imitations graphically by the rate coefficients in tabular forms. The validation and the compliance of the current result were acquired by the past study on the specific case. Further, the significant results of this analysis were: This non-Newtonian Williamson parameter combination of that magnetizing property diminishes the fluid velocities. In addition, the important influence of both viscosity parameter and radiation parameter of heating process was noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the self-propelled movement on gyrotactic swimming microorganisms into this generalized slip flow by nanoliquid over the stretching cylinder with strong magnetic field is discussed. Constant wall temperature was pretended as well as the Nield conditions of boundary. The intuitive non-Newtonian particulate suspension was included into applying Casson fluid by the base liquid and nanoparticles. This formation on the bio-mathematical model gives the boundary value problem by the nonlinear partial differential equations. Primly, modeled numerical system was converted to nondimensional against this help on acceptable scaling variables and the bvp4c technique was used to acquire the mathematical outcomes on the governing system. This graphical description by significant parameters and their physical performance was widely studied. The Prandtl number has the maximum contribution (112.595%) along the selected physical parameters, whereas the Brownian motion has the least (0.00165%) heat transfer rate. Anyhow, Casson fluid was established for much helpful suspension of this method on fabrication and coatings, etc. Therefore, this magnetic field performs like the resistive force of that fluid motion, and higher energy was enlarged into the structure exhibiting strong thermal radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how a chemical reaction and a nonuniform heat source effect the flow of an MHD Casson nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet. By incorporating viscous dissipation, the energy equation is strengthened. Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis diffusion effects are taken place. By using the necessary similarity transformations, the governing equations for the current flow are converted into a nonlinear system. The RKF technique yields a numerical solution along with a shooting technique for the condensed system. Thereafter, to better understand the physical interpretation of flow and heat transfer, the flow-controlling parameters are shown graphically and in tabular form in the current work. Based on the present study's numerical results, a fair connection is found between this analysis and previous studies. Some of the observations are velocity profile is decreased for the effects of magnetics and stretching parameter variations and Eckert number plays a great role in the increase of temperature profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal aim of this investigation is to examine the gold and magnesium oxide hybrid nanoparticles in different physical capacities on the water-based hybrid nanofluid and elaborate on an erratic squeezing flow among both infinite plates. Melting effect and thermal radiation depict heat transfer features. Production of the Bejan number and entropy is upward. The explains the governing equations, and the standard transformation is supplied. The numerical solutions are carried out using an efficient finite element method. To analyze difference between heat transfer and its implication in industrial zone, the Nusselt number was arranged in a horizontal pattern. The results showed that a thicker thermal boundary layer increased the Eckert number and the volume fraction of gold nanoparticles. Anyhow, the heat transfer rate by Au–MgO/water was necessarily greater than the Au–water. The obtained results are excellent and vigorously oppose those that are applicable to the literature by the attached position. It was established for hybrid nanofluids to display higher entropy generation rates. The outcomes of this analysis were the consequence of the appraisal of the impact on few required form parameters in heat transfer and consequently on the expansion for industrial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents thorough computational and theoretical analyses of steady forced convective flow over a rotating disc submerged in a water-based nanofluid containing microorganisms. It delves into the examination of boundary layer flow characteristics of a viscous nanofluid, considering Stefan blowing effects and multiple slip conditions influenced by a magnetic field. Notably, the study accounts for novel aspects such as thermal radiation and both constructive and destructive chemical reactions. The movement of nanoparticles is elucidated based on thermophoresis and microscopic behaviors, while changes in volume fraction do not affect the thermo-physical properties of the nanofluid. To address the altered nonlinear set of differential equations, an effective numerical approach, the Keller-Box method, is implemented for critical and efficient solutions. These appropriate transformations are defined and applied. When compared to blowing suction, it shows a better enhancement in the rate of heat transfer, mass, and microorganisms. Some of the main observations are there is a decrease in wall skin friction in the directions of radial and tangential as magnetic field strength is increased. The evaluation of thermal boundary layer thickness and temperature is noted for the radiation parameter (Rd) improvement. The present analysis has applications in electromagnetic micro-pumps and nanomechanics. As to the applications in the science and engineering fields, technologies such as micro-electromechanical systems-based microfluidic devices and microfluidic-related technologies will be accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTransferring biological fluid through arteries is a topic that has garnered serious interest in recent times, especially when it pertains to applications such as drug delivery. In our body, arteries serve as the primary conduits for blood flow and this study aims to model the blood flow in this situation. The working fluid is essentially pure blood, which acts as a base fluid, supplemented with nanoparticles of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and Gold (Au). Nanoparticles could change the thermal and rheological properties of blood which might be particularly advantageous for ensuring smoother flow or optimal distribution of drug molecules within the bloodstream. In the present work, a porous channel is considered with parallel walls that exhibit varying permeability on boundaries. Such a design enables the nanoblood to enter and exit the channel, mimicking certain natural processes like transvascular fluid exchange. Additionally, the variable height of the channel that expands and squeezes uniformly could be reminiscent of the pulsatile nature of blood flow seen in our arteries due to heartbeats. To understand the dynamics of this hybrid nanoblood flow, the governing equations are converted into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using the similarity transformation approach. For solving these transformed equations, the research harnesses the BVP4C built-in function in MATLAB software. Through this computational approach, the research provides insights into the velocity and temperature profile of the fluid, the distribution of normal pressure, wall shear stress, and the Nusselt number concerning various parameters. The findings of the present study can be significant and useful in biological sciences and technologies and the detailed results are presented completely in the article’s body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of electro-magneto-hydrodynamics has great significance due to its numerous applications like chromatography, fluid pumping, micro coolers and fluid stirring thermal reactors and flow regulation in fluidics systems. Subject to upper functions on electrical magnetic field, the consequences of electromagnetic initiation into ternary nanofluids flow through the Riga plate were noticed. Furthermore, this ternary hybrid nanofluid flow was based on the effect on slip condition, uniform heat source, convective energy and thermal radiation. The ternary hybrid nanofluid was built from the scattering of silver, copper and copper oxide nanoparticles by this base fluid blood. This phenomenon had been formed by the model of the system in partial differential equations; it was made easy in the dimensionless nonlinear structure of ordinary differential equations by employing comparison substitutions. This result on the acquired set of the differential equations was simulated over the bvp4c method. It has been discovered that the ternary hybrid nanofluid velocity is essentially lower along the differing numbers of permeable media, although it amplifies along the upshot on the Hartmann number. Moreover, an enhanced heat transport rate of up to 14% was marked for the triple nanoparticle nanofluid by relating it to another nanofluid and establishing an excellent behavior on triple nanoparticle nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Riga plate is the inventive magnetic mechanism created from assembly of arranged constant magnets and alternate electrode through the plane surface. The inventive magnetic mechanism produces the wall-parallel Lorentz force into postponing the boundary layer division and reducing turbulence effect. In this analysis, the flow performance on silver-engine oil-based nanoparticles by Casson–Jeffrey, Casson–Oldroyd-B and Casson–Maxwell binary nanofluids through the Riga plate was analyzed. By analyzing the correlation transformation, the controlling model was changed into a system of ordinary differential equations, it has been resolved by applying finite element methods. The investigation of the acquired outcomes had been verified by the flow by second-grade fluids which affected importantly the governing parameters. The both EMHD parameter and nanoparticles had acted on the thermal improvement of these non-Newtonian employing fluids. The velocity profiles were magnified when the Lorentz force was instigated over the EMHD parameter. Overall, this Casson–Jeffrey and Casson–Maxwell nanofluid model is more effective than the Casson–Oldroyd-B nanofluids model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condition monitoring of gear train assembly has been carried out with vibration signals acquired from an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) gearbox. The location of the defect in the gear was identified based on finite element analysis results. The vibration signals were acquired using an accelerometer under good and simulated fault conditions of the gear. The raw vibration signatures acquired from all the possible conditions of the gear train assembly were processed using the descriptive statistics tool. A set of descriptive statistical features were extracted from the raw vibrational signals. This study used a deep learning algorithm based on the tree family, which includes the decision tree, random forest, and random tree algorithms, to classify gear train conditions. Among the tree family algorithms, the random forest algorithm produced maximum classification accuracy of 99%. The decision rules were used to design an online monitoring system to display the gear condition. This study will help to implement online gear health monitoring in ATVs, ensuring the safety of drivers.

In this paper, the free convection flow phenomenon on magnetized second-grade nanofluid over a nonlinear elongating surface has been modeled under the assumptions of generalized Fick's and Cattaneo–Christov heat flux relations. The non-uniform heat source and sink and thermal radiation effects are used in the energy equation with the Buongiorno nanofluid model. The effect on activation energy and chemical processes is also examined, making the current numerical scrutinization innovative. The current mathematical model begins with partial derivative equations (PDEs), which are then transformed into ordinary derivative equations (ODEs) using similarity transformations. The outcomes are obtained using a combination of the finite-difference scheme with the collocation method, approximated up to desirable accuracy, and the effects of various parameters on the modified second-grade nanofluid are discussed using tables and graphs. The temperature distribution for the thermal boundary layer is raised with nonlinear thermal radiation and Brownian motion parameters. The present thorough analysis identified several technical and industrial applications, including Biomedical applications in cancer treatment, electrical wire manufacturing, oil friction control in pipelines, manufacturing processes, and aerodynamic expulsion utilizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluids are the fluid suspensions in nanoparticles. A considerable enhancement in their features is less nanoparticle concentrations. Various studies on nanofluids focused on representing their performance with respect to the functions — here enhancing straight heat transfer was critical, like that in nuclear reactors, transportation, different industrial settings, biology, food and electronics. Hence, this consideration analyzes the utilization of the novel mathematical method, called the bvp4c method by viscous heat energy research in Buongiorno-modeled nanoliquid confined by the apt permeable plate along with slip mechanism. The thermophoresis and Brownian dispersion affects are again assumed. This transfer of solutal and thermal energy was dependent on the appreciable effect on heat source, variable chemical reactions and nonlinear thermal radiation. The dimensional model of partial differential equations (PDEs), applied to precise related applications, had been adapted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). This modified Nusselt number decreases with increasing viscous heating, thermal radiation, thermophoresis parameter and Brownian motion, always it rises due to increasing temperature ratio parameter. The validation of the outcomes was attained with past solutions by free convectional flow and non-magnetic research. There are many functions in petroleum industries and engineering like electroplating, chemical processing of substantial metals and solar water heaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study addresses the effects of nonlinear thermal radiation and heat fall/rise on the thermal radiated viscoelastic fluid flow through spiraling disks with a homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical response. The properties of the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model, a revised model of conventional Fourier’s law that predicts thermal relaxation properties, are examined in detail. The rotation of both the disks in the same and opposite directions is evaluated. The effect of heterogeneous-homogeneous chemical reactions is also considered in the present communication, making the study reasonably adaptable. The coupled partial differential equations, such as energy, momentum, and concentration, are transformed into ordinary differential equations by von Kármán variables. The outcomes of the present work confirm that flow behavior is reversed due to stretching action. Velocity and pressure profiles are reduced with the impact of Deborah’s number. In addition, it is noticed that increasing heterogeneous-homogeneous reaction parameters decreases the fluid concentration. Numerically computed values are compared with the predicted results using L.R. regularized L.R. and regularized S.V.R. It is observed that the regularized L.R. method outperformed the other two machine learning methods. Graphical illustrations of axial, radial, and tangential flows and concentration and temperature profiles are illustrated in graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of bioconvection into the application of nanoparticles has had a significant impact on fundamental technological and industrial functions in recent years. These discussions are being carried forward by the bioconvection appearance on that flow by attracting nanoparticles into additional features on thermal radiation and activation energy. The investigation had been proposed on the appealing features of the mass and thermal convective boundary constraints. The high desirable subclass on rate-type fluid, especially Williamson fluid, was used to anticipate the absolute rheological parameters. The designated partial differential system was modified along with nonlinear ordinary differential equations applying enhance being related conversion, the designated partial differential system was modified along nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The governing equations are interpreted into ordinary differential equations, and in the following, shooting process was obeyed to build up the mathematical classification on the convert dimensionless flow problem. This value of physical restraint was displayed on the table and plots tests. This noted theoretical imitation could be highly successful in improving the solar energy systems and thermal extrusion processes. The outcomes reported that the rise in Weissenberg number and Hartmann number decreased the nanoparticles velocity distribution. The progressing temperature distribution was observed to develop radiation parameter and thermal conductivity parameter. That was further noted to modify bioconvection Lewis number and Peclet number that were reduced into motile microorganism distribution effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Riga plate, which extends the configuration with permanent magnets and electrodes, may induce a wall-parallel Lorentz force over the magnetic field and exterior electrics, enabling efficient control of the fluid flow. In this paper, the focus is on considering the three-dimensional flow characteristics of Williamson fluid past the Riga plate in the absence of variable thermal properties. Many influential factors, such as convective boundary conditions of temperature, viscous dissipation, binary chemical reactions, and thermal radiation, are studied in their analysis. To address the study problem, dimensionless parameters are used to clarify the conductive partial differential equations. This dimensionless form was consequently determined mathematically by applying the shooting technique. The affected engineering parameters were interpreted graphically to appeal to physical interest. It was observed that the velocity distribution slows down into the viscosity parameter and stretching ratio constant. The enhanced temperature distribution was noticed in the increase in the thermal conductivity parameter. The rate of heat transport (130.56%) rises in the presence of Biot numbers. This causes significant increases in convective heat transport and heat energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrothermal performance of a hybrid nanofluid made of graphene, gold/polydimethylsiloxane between two squeezing plates is discussed in this study. In the investigation of thermal transport of the flow, both linear and nonlinear thermal radiation's effects are taken into account. Bejan numbers are used to determine the system's energy efficiency. Viscous and thermal radiation effects on Maxwell hybrid nanofluid flow in a squeezing channel are incorporated to explore the outcomes. By applying similarity transformations, the set of ordinary differential equations in this case is transformed into the governing equations. With the use of the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg technique converted system is solved numerically. Skin friction and heat transfer rates under the influence of certain oriented parameters are numerically analysed and presented in tabular form. The impacts of different factors on the temperature and velocity profiles are illustrated graphically and briefly described. Important findings include that the Bejan number raises as the radiation parameter Rd rises, but that it falls with respect to the Eckert number effect. Additionally, the skin friction values and Nusselt number in the hybrid nanofluid case are larger than in the nanofluid case. Furthermore, it has been found that the Deborah number-described stress relaxation phenomenon causes the flow field and thermal energy transfer to be less efficient when fluids are moving. There is surprisingly little research on the hybrid fluid integrated into their issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the present study is the heat transfer analysis of MHD Eyring-Powell flow over a stratified stretching sheet immersed in a porous material. Mixed convection as well as viscous dissipation effects are considered in order to observe the heat transfer analysis. To strengthen the energy equation viscous dissipation effect is incorporated in this study. Here, temperature distribution is carefully examined to assess rate of heat transmission for the present consideration. Present consideration can have many applications in various engineering fields. Later, the most appropriate similarity transformations are utilized to transform the governing partial differential equations into a nonlinear set of ordinary differential equations. Thereafter, a powerful and convergent procedure namely Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg procedure together with shooting technique is applied to obtain numerical solution for the condensed problem. Graphs are drawn for various values of flow controlling parameters to observe clear insight of the present study through velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. Numerical solutions are tabulated for comparison purpose. The main observations indicate that the temperature and velocity of the fluid decrease over a stretched sheet as the Eyring-Powell fluid material parameter increases. Moreover, mixed convection exhibits a significant impact on the present study, as the parameter value increases. correspondingly, velocity increases, but temperature shows a reverse nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The viscoelastic characteristics of an incompressible, axisymmetric Casson–Maxwell nanoliquid flow between two stationary discs were examined in this paper. Two porous discs are constrained for uniform injection. The Christov model is used in conjunction with the Buongiorno model. In an energy equation with a nonlinear form, thermal radiation characteristics are used. In the current continuation, the impact of chemical reactions is taken into account, making the work more adaptable. Using appropriate transformations, the constructed model was transformed into a dimensionless form. The solution is obtained by employing the FEM technique. The related parameters are described using physical results. The radial velocity distribution at the center line was reduced using a magnetic parameter and a Casson parameter. When the Brownian motion constant and radiation parameter are increased, the temperature distribution of nanoparticles enhances. Furthermore, the rate of the reaction increases in the presence of a chemical reaction. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to discover a relationship between the Sherwood and Nusslet numbers. To determine the linear relationship between variables, the t -test method is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle aim is to investigate the micro-inertia for vertex viscosity effects that were utilized about design to act on heat energy. Heat transfer was imposed out that unsteady distributed stagnation point flow by micro-polar fluid. That define the energy equation, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux figure was used for formal Fourier's law. Effects on exponential space-dependent heat source and linear thermal radiation were more comprise on the interpreted model. Numerical technique finite element method was occupied about the results to ordinary differential equations that were acquired against governing partial differential equations below the convenient equal transformations. This flow reach toward the departure domain displayed the absorbed flow aspect and opposite flow aspect susceptible on that physical parameters elaborate into the analysis. In view of acquired results, we observed that thermal profile downturn about extra sizably higher values of relaxation time, during increase into increasing radiation factor. An increase in vertex viscosity increases angular motion. Moreover, space-dependent heat digestion is extra applicable about cooling process. That more, the acceptance of current results was entire as growing analogy into actual circulated work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal radiation and convective condition principles were working on specific functions like gas turbines, electrical fuel, renewable energy, projectiles, nuclear power plants, aerospace engineering, and thermal transportation. Considering the aforementioned functions, the present analysis inspected the stagnation point hybrid nanofluids movement over the rotating sphere on the behavior of viscous dissipation and thermal radiation. Silver and Ferrous nanoparticles including the host fluid water were held into affected the flow. The presence of convective boundary conditions is incorporated within the system. Applying appropriate correspondence factors, nonlinear governing equations were transformed with ordinary differential equations. This finite element method is applied to find the mathematical solutions to the boundary conditions and simplified equations. These outcomes convey to temperature was decreased about accelerated factor, although primary velocity was found into increased. The heat transfer was magnified by thermal Biot number, and that rate of development was greater about hybrid nanosuspension. The heat transport method was reduced by the Eckert number; also that reduction rate was similarly dull on hybrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the mechanism of radiative Walter's B nanofluid on a rotational cone under magnetic regime is examined. Time-dependent fluid flow caused by cone rotation includes implication theoretically and practically in engineering and applied sciences. Additionally, interesting characteristics of thermophoresis, Brownian motion, and chemical reactions are examined. Self-similar solutions are obtained by treating angular velocity as an inverse linear function of period toward too far from the cone. The Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg fourth–fifth procedure was used to replicate the performance of the course visually and obtain the numerical result of a reduced nonlinear system. Comparing the acquired result to previously published material is another significant aspect of the current investigation that serves to verify the outcome. The Brownian motion parameter is found to have conflicting influences on heat and mass transfer rates, along with temperature and concentration fields. The existence of chemical reactions, according to the research, may be more beneficial in developing reaction processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional Merkin and Needham wall jet issue was investigated for a copper-titanium dioxide incorporating magnetic field and heat production or heat absorption implications. Further, suction/injection and radiation effects are also considered. Employing correspondent alterations, the central equations were modified as non-linear ordinary differential equations which resolved quantitatively in favour of the hybrid nanofluid circulation and heat allocation that use the shooting approach. Consequently, we discover equations for the decreased layer resistance coefficient along with a lower Nusselt number. The analysis presented that the velocity of fluid enhances with increment in moving stricture, while it can be lowered via higher estimation of velocity slip stricture. The layer resistance coefficient is lowered via the velocity slip factor, whereas it increased for Cu-nanoparticle volume fraction. When there is a magnetic polarity and heat flux present, nanofluid transfers heat more slowly than hybrid nanofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to develop a neural networks model to predict the performance monitoring of the compression ignition engine at various injection timings (21°, 24°, 27°bTDC) using fish oil biodiesel thereby increasing the sustainability of the biodiesel and leading to greener environment. The influence of the injection timing on the engine performance, emission, and combustion are observed in a four‐stroke single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection with a rated output of 4.4 kW using fish oil biodiesel blended with diesel. Feed forward back propagation, Elman feed forward, and Cascade back propagation neural networks‐based models are created to predict the parameters like ignition delay, maximum rate of pressure rise, combustion duration, smoke, hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature. Scaled conjugate gradient and Levenberg–Marquardt have been used as training functions. The predictive capability of the models is compared with each other. It is observed that Elman feed forward with trainlm is the best model with the correlation coefficient is 0.9–1 and low root mean square error. The developed artificial neural network (ANN) predicts the engine parameters with the acceptable correlation limits and proves the efficiency and precision of the model which significantly reduces the time consumption and cost incurred in real time application. Hence by using limited experimental investigations the more accurate engine performance and emissions can be determined for wider engine operating conditions using Elman feed forward ANN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article employs the Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion concept to examine thermal and solute energy transfer processes in Maxwell liquid movement. The irregular two-dimensional movement of a Maxwell liquid with changing heat conductivity across an extended cylinder is investigated, together with thermal radioactivity and velocity slip. We develop partial differential equations for heat and mass transmission in Maxwell liquid using the Cattaneo-Christov pattern instead of Fourier's and Fick's law. Numerical shooting solves ordinary differential equations obtained from controlling partial differential equations via similarity transformations. We noticed that unstable factor should be no more than one for optimal outcomes. Greater Maxwell values minimize the movement field and increase liquid energy transfer. Heat and concentration diffusions in Maxwell liquids decline as thermal and concentration relaxation times approach maximum. In addition, a low thermal conductivity characteristic improves the temperature field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the second‐grade nanofluid flow over a porous stretching sheet based on entropy generation is done in this study. In the mathematical modeling, the revised Buongiorno model is utilized. Employing exponential space‐dependent heat generation and Heat transfer subject to melting effect is implemented. Energy and concentration expressions are retained based on the impact of activation energy, Joule heating, nonlinear thermal radiation, and viscous dissipation. Implementation of solutions for a standard transformation, governing equations, and the numerical procedure is done. Several governing parameters are discussed based on the effect of comprehensive effects of the flow region. A thicker thermal boundary layer is obtained by increasing the magnetic strength and Brownian movement. Thermophoresis increases similarly while the trend takes place, and for the melting parameter, the reverse order is noted. Melting parameter increases with increase in entropy generation rate and Brinkman number increases with reduction in Bejan number. In the literature, it is found that the situation is limited for the obtained results in the model. Higher entropy generation rates are exhibited for the demonstration of magnetic force. From the results, it is observed that the design parameters will consequently optimize the heat transfer in the assessment of industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consequences of Soret in addition to Dufour of natural convection heat and mass transfer for the unsteady three‐dimensional boundary layer flow through a perpendicular condition of the existence of viscous dissipation, invariable suction, Hall as well as ion slip consequences into relation. The prevailing partial differential equation is dissolved digitally utilizing the implicit Crank–Nicolson finite difference method. The velocity, temperature, as well as concentration dispensations, is addressed computationally and demonstrated by the graphs. Numerical values of the Nusselt number, skin friction as well as Sherwoods numbers nearby the plate are discussed for a choice of values of substantial parameters and are displayed in a tabular manner. It is noticed that the temperature of the fluid diminishes with higher Prandtl numbers. The resulting velocity diminishes with the growing Hartmann number. Rotation, Soret, and Dufour parameters strengthen the velocity and momentum boundary layer thickness. The velocity intensifies through growing Hall and ion‐slip parameters and the revoke trend is acquired with enhancement in suction parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow of Burgers' fluid in the magnetic field new mathematical modeling is introduced in this article which is heated convectively and maintained. The thermal energy transport aspects are examined by employing the space- and temperature-related heat source. In the present investigation, the homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions will present the features of scrutiny of the fluid concentration. For the purpose of dimensionless similarity transformations, ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are utilized practically. Developed ODEs are solved by introducing the concepts of Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg's fourth-fifth method. The graphs show the pertinent outcome. The relaxation time parameter is exhibited by diminishing the thermal distribution of Burgers' fluid property, and this will depend on the relaxation time factor. Biot number and retardation time factor behaviors are analyzed by opposing the behavior of the material factor of Burgers' fluid. The response of homogeneous strength is deteriorated by the concentration rate of the fluid, and this will augment the data using the heterogeneous response with greater magnitude. By using already published studies, it is investigated that the present investigation is validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present analysis addresses linear and nonlinear radiation effects in hydrodynamic viscous Maxwell fluid flow on a unidirectional stretching surface through viscous dissipation. The relaxation effect is considered in the mathematical model, which elucidates mass transport mechanisms under binary chemical reaction and activation energy. Mathematical modeling contains nonlinear partial differential equations using boundary conditions. Appropriate trans- formations convert the partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. Numerical solutions for regular differential equations are brought by Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg numerical quadrature and a shooting method with a tolerance level of 10−9 . The influence of physical variables, such as Deborah relaxation number, rotation parameter, Biot number, activation energy parameter, reaction rate parameter, Eckert number, and Prandtl number are investigated. Increasing the Biot number improves the temperature region in the boundary layer. With high rotation, the increasing Deborah number enhances the fluid temperature substantially throughout the boundary layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work boundary layer flow of Casson fluid over a stretched sheet is considered to analyze the heat transfer analysis in presence of viscous dissipation. The study of Casson fluid is the best study to analyze the nature of non-Newtonian fluid. The set ordinary equations are derived from the governing equations of the flow along with boundary conditions. The transformed coupled ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by using the spectral relaxation method. Later the numerical solutions are compared with exact solutions. The consequences of governing parameters on dimensionless quantities like velocity, temperature, friction factor and local Nusselt numbers are shown and discussed. Here the result shows that the Casson fluid has a propensity to decrease the velocity of the fluid due to its higher viscidness. And the fluid of relatively small Prandtl number has high temperature in the occurrence of viscous dissipation. Applications of such type of problems are obtained in the control of complex fluid materials significant to energy and biomedical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study article addresses the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a magnetite Fe3O4 micropolar ferrofluid flow past a stretching sheet. For practical interest, thermal radiation, Newtonian heating, and a heat source or sink are considered in this investigation. A useful Tiwari‐Das nanofluid model is considered to analyze the microstructure and inertial characteristics of the water‐based nanofluids containing iron oxide. The dimensionless nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved by employing suitable similarity variables. The resulting nonlinear system is solved by the spectral quasi‐linearization method. The effects of different nondimensional parameters on various profiles are shown graphically and explored in detail. It is found that the micropolar ferrofluid exhibits a higher energy distribution than that of a classical micropolar fluid. Compared to the classical micropolar liquid, local skin-friction is more significant for the micropolar magnetite ferrofluid. In the presence of Newtonian heating, the thermal behavior of the micropolar nanofluid is remarkably better than that of the classical micropolar fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation is performed for exploring the steady boundary layer flow of mixed convective boundary layer flow of non-Newtonian nanofluid over a stretchable sheet with convection heating. Eyring-Powell fluid is considered as working fluid. The impact of heat absorption/generation, Brownian motion and thermophoresis are taken into consideration. Nonlinear ordinary differential equations are derived from governing equations by utilizing the similarity transformations. To get solution SQL method is used. Accuracy of the proposed technique is checked by comparing with numerical approximations of proposed technique and with results available in literature. The study of parametric approach produces the influence of flow, heat and mass transfer processes. The outcomes of proposed study revealed that parameter of Eyring-Powell fluid ε reduces the velocity of the flow and thickness of the momentum buoyancy layer for both assisting and opposing flow conditions while it enhances the temperature and concentration profiles for both flow conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper intends to investigate and highlight the steady, two dimensional flow of heat and mass transfer of magneto hydrodynamic tangent hyperbolic fluid with suction/injection. In the present study tangent hyperbolic fluid is considered as the working fluid to investigate. The obvious viscosity of the study is varies to the extreme points i.e. between zero shear rates to the shear rate of infinity. Due to the stretching flow is induced. To get the numerical solution the powerful numerical technique that is spectral relaxation method is applied for the set of transformed equations those are derived from physical model of the flow. Thereafter, numerical outcomes are computed to discuss the convergence and accuracy of the proposed technique. The impacts of different flow controlling parameters which are experienced in the problem are resolved. All the obtained outcomes from the above numerical procedure are displayed through graphs and tables to discuss various resulting parameters. The main notable observations are it is found that on increasing Power law index (n) causes considerable increase in the thickness of the fluid. Therefore, the velocity profiles are decreased. Further, on increasing power law index causes considerable increase in both thicknesses of thermal and concentration boundary layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]