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This paper introduces the overseas smart substation technology scheme, describes the communication network architecture and equipment redundancy configuration in the typical overseas test smart substation scheme, and compares the similarities and differences between China’s smart substation redundancy configuration technology and the overseas smart substation configuration technology. The distribution of measurement and control functions of overseas smart substations that are different from China’s designs are explained in detail. The different architectures of overseas smart substations and China’s smart substations are illustrated. Finally, the suggestions of overseas Smart Substation and China’s smart substation are summarized.

This work presents the fabrication of a photocatalytic hydrogel band through facile one-pot processes of mixing with TiO2 nanotubes (TiNT)/graphene oxide sheets (GO)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), in situ photoreduction of GO and freeze–thaw gelation. The interactions between TiNT/rGO/PVA make the constructed porous gel network possess good mechanical strength with flexibility and self-healing capability. The gelation matrix also allows the TiNT/rGO/PVA hydrogel band to easily adhere to various smooth surfaces. The structural and optical analysis of the TiNT/rGO/PVA hydrogel bands indicated that the binding of rGO on TiNT can boost the photocatalytic activity by accelerating charge separation and inhibiting charge recombination of TiO2. Due to the combined effects of enhanced activity, porous features to facilitate molecular diffusion, and improved mechanical strength, the TiNT/rGO/PVA hydrogel bands exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance for the decomposition of dyes with well-maintained activity without a loss after repeated usages. These results showed the potential of hydrogel-based photocatalytic systems for more convenient and reliable usages in environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional model of factor-driven economic growth can no longer be maintained due to an increasing demand to save energy and reduce emissions and a rapid rise in the cost of related factors. The concept of green total factor productivity (GTFP) has emerged as an essential component of high-quality economic growth; consequently, how to boost GTFP through the development of technical advancement has become an important question in recent years. An improved CES production function of labor, capital, and energy is created using the theoretical framework for biased technological growth as its foundation. Subsequently, the mechanisms resulting from the synergy of factor structure, factor efficiency and biased technological progress (BTP) on GTFP are theoretically deduced and empirically analyzed. The conclusion shows that the types of technical advancement are mainly net labor-enhancing and net energy-enhancing technical advancement in China from 2001 to 2017. Due to the biased effect of technical advancement, the relative comparison of the three elements is determined predominantly by excessive capital investment and less by labor and energy. Factor-enhancing technical advancement led to the growth of GTFP, while the synergistic effect of BTP, factor structure and factor efficiency hindered the growth of GTFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum dots (QDs) have become the most valuable luminescent materials due to their excellent optical properties, such as high color purity, high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), and tunable luminescence spectra. QDs‐based display devices have been used commercially and have shown outstanding advantages such as wide color gamut, high brightness, etc. However, for high‐end displays such as micro‐light‐emitting diodes (Micro‐LED), fine precise patterning of QDs is still a prerequisite and key challenge. Recently, direct photolithography, a method based on photochemical reactions of QDs photoresist (QDPR), has been considered as the most potential patterning technology to achieve high resolution and high‐throughput. This review focuses on the recent progress of QDPR from the point of view of different photochemical reaction mechanisms: starting the monomer polymerization, followed by the ligand crosslinking or decomposition, and eventually introducing crosslinking additives. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the current applications of QDPR in displays is provided based on the different types of LED devices. Finally, existing problems in QDs direct photolithography are discussed, along with possible reasons and solutions. This review is expected to accelerate the development of direct photolithography patterning method and provide general guidance for the further design of QDPR for high‐end displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) photoresists are promising building blocks for photolithographically patterned devices. However, their complex synthesis and combination processes limit their optical properties and potential patterning applications. Here, we present an exceptionally simple strategy for the synthesis of PQDs photoresist. Unlike traditional approaches that involve centrifugation, separation, and combination processes, our direct synthesis technique using polymerizable acrylic monomer as solvent to fabricate PQDs photoresists without complex post‐synthesis process. We demonstrate that the change in solubility of the precursors is the main reason for the formation of PQDs in the polymerizable monomer. By direct photolithography, colorful PQD patterns with high photoluminescence quantum yields and high thickness are successfully demonstrated. This work opens a new avenue for the direct synthesis of PQDs photoresist, expanding their applications in various integrated applications, such as photonic, energy harvesting, and optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the marine cryosphere, seasonal sea ice dynamics affect the behavior of gaseous mercury, yet the mechanism remains poorly understood. By carrying out an outdoor sea ice mesocosm study, we examine primarily the abiotic factors influencing mercury dynamics and show distinct behaviors of gaseous mercury across the sea ice‐seawater interface over the full growth‐melt cycle. The distribution of gaseous mercury in sea ice is influenced by entrapment of gaseous mercury from different sources into sea ice of different textures, transport schemes within sea ice, and in situ cryo‐processes that affect mercury speciation. In the growing sea ice sections where solar radiation penetrated, production of gaseous mercury was observed, supporting the occurrence of in‐ice cryo‐photoreduction of divalent mercury. In under‐ice seawater, concentrations of dissolved gaseous mercury decreased gradually during ice growth and increased rapidly to pre‐freezing levels as ice started to melt, suggesting that the atmosphere‐sea ice‐seawater exchange pathway of gaseous mercury could be re‐established through melting first‐year sea ice. Our results from this unique mesocosm study provide new insights on the dynamics of gaseous mercury in and around sea ice that are primarily driven by abiotic processes, assisting model parameterizations for mercury cycling in polar regions. Plain Language Summary: Mercury is a contaminant of health concern that can be readily redistributed globally in the form of gaseous mercury. The air‐sea exchange of gaseous mercury is the primary pathway for mercury transport between the atmosphere and surface oceans. However, such a process is largely modified in polar regions where the presence of sea ice not only physically impedes the direct air‐sea interaction but also induces cryo‐processes that influence mercury speciation. Despite studies on the distribution of gaseous mercury in the Arctic, little is known about the cryo‐processes controlling the dynamics of gaseous mercury in sea ice. In this study, we report temporal evolution of total and gaseous mercury in experimental first‐year sea ice from an outdoor sea ice mesocosm. We show that the distribution and entrapment of gaseous mercury in sea ice depend on ice textures and vary temporally over the growth‐melt cycle. We further show evidence for in‐ice mercury photoreduction that leads to the production of gaseous mercury during the formation of sea ice. Key Points: The dynamics of gaseous mercury in sea ice and seawater, primarily driven by abiotic processes, were studied over a full growth‐melt cycleThe sources, sinks and dynamics of gaseous mercury in sea ice evolve temporally and are associated with ice textures and cryo‐processesNet mercury photoreduction could occur in sea ice where solar radiation penetrates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]